低碳经济时代印染助剂的发展(二)

(5)磷酸酯双子型表面活性剂 磷酸酯阴离子型表面活性剂具有良好的乳化、分散和抗静电功能.磷酸酯反应产物通常都是单酯和双酯的混合物.磷化剂、反应物配比、温度等对产品的组成有较大的影响.     

磷酸酯的合成及其在皮革加脂剂中的应用

综述了磷酸酯阴离子表面活性剂的特性、合成原理和优缺点，介绍了P2O5分散投料制备磷酸酯的新方法；比较了磷酸酯的组成分析方法，阐明了磷酸酯表面活性剂在皮革加脂中的应用前景。     

精练剂的润湿渗透性和复配

分析了精练剂的作用机理，介绍了常用精练剂的成分，重点讨论了润湿渗透性，指出磷酸酯型表面活性剂及表面活性剂的复配技术已经成为目前精练助剂研究方向的主流。     

磷酸酯表面活性剂的基本合成方法进展

重点介绍了脂肪醇磷酸酯、脂肪醇醚磷酸酯、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯、Gemini磷酸酯表面活性剂、两性磷酸脂表面活性剂以及含硅（氟）磷酸酯、烷基多苷磷酸酯等的基本合成方法。     

磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的合成及应用

系统介绍了磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的应用及合成 ,对磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的深入研究及拓宽其应用领域提供了有益的参考     

磷酸酯类表面活性剂在煮练助剂中的增效作用

磷酸酯类表面活性剂在高温、强碱作用下具有很好的润湿渗透作用，同时与其它阴、非离子表面活性剂有很好的协同作用。将磷酸酯与其它表面活性剂复配能大大增强煮练液的润湿、乳化、净洗作用。煮练后织物半成品毛效、白度均较好，而且对去除亚麻中的木质素有辅助作用。     

两性磷酸酯表面活性剂的合成与皮革加脂

详细阐述了两性磷酸酯表面活性剂（包括硅氟两性磷酸酯表面活性剂）的合成方法,且讨论了在皮革加脂中的应用前景。     

磷酸酯型表面活性剂在染整工业中的应用

介绍了磷酸酯型表面活性剂特性、五氧化二磷与脂肪醇合成反应的一般工艺条件和不同分子结构对产品性能的影响.在染整工业中作为耐碱渗透剂、精练剂、丝光渗透剂,抗静电剂以及洗涤剂、阻燃剂已得到了广泛的使用.随着有机合成、表面化技术的进步,磷酸酯表面活性剂在染整工业中,应用必将日益扩大.     

氧乙烯型磷酸酯的渗透效应

非离子表面活性剂的浊点，限制了它的使用范围。氧乙烯型磷酸酯在耐碱、渗透、增溶方面有很多独到之处，因此越来越多地应用于各种复合型助剂产品中。本文对其与非离子表面活性剂复配后所具有的耐碱渗透效应进行研究，从中归纳出一些规律性问题。     

皮革化工材料知识及典型产品介绍（8）

2.1.4 磷酸化油 含有羟基的脂肪醇,烷基酚及含有羟基的天然植物油与磷酸化试剂反应可生成磷酸化的单酯或双酯，甚至于可生成聚磷酸酯。而生成的磷酸酯都是酸性的磷酸酯，酸性磷酸酯用适当的碱中和后生成磷酸酯表面活性剂。这种表面活性剂可广泛用于工业助剂。如果控制适当的磷酸化深度（磷酸基引入的数量）和中和深度，所得到的磷酸化产品可用于皮革加脂，也可与其它中性油脂或磺化油类、硫酸化油类组成性能良好的皮革加脂剂。     

松香类表面活性剂的合成及其应用

本文综述了由松香及其衍生物合成松香系列的表面活性剂,包括阳离子、阴离子、非离子和两性表面活性剂,本文进一步介绍了这四类表面活性剂的合成反应及其在各个领域的应用,广泛应用在农业生产、科研和人们的日常生活。并对今后的研究工作提出了建议和展望。     

双子表面活性剂的合成及应用

双子表面活性剂是一类新型的表面活性剂,它是由联结基团通过化学键将两个或多个单体表面活性剂连接在一起,可以获得临界胶束浓度低、表面活性高、增黏能力强等一系列优异性能,这些优良性能使其具有良好的应用潜力.综述了双子表面活性剂的结构与性质、合成及在皮化材料上的应用前景.     

表面活性剂的研究热点及其绿色化发展

综述了表面活性剂的研究热点以及表面活性剂工业未来绿色化的发展趋势.     

新型表面活性剂的表面张力和电导率性能研究

合成了三种孪连型阳离子季铵盐表面活性剂16-4-16,2Br-1、14-4-14,2Br-1、18-2-18,2Br-1,对三者的性能进行评定,分别通过表面张力和电导率测得临界胶束浓度(CMC)、表面活性剂在气-液界面的吸附量、单个分子的面积和胶束电离度α。结果表明:首先,相对于单头基单尾链的表面活性剂,三种孪连表面活性剂的表面活性更强,CMC值更低;其次,三种表面活性剂都有其各自的特性,16-4-16,2Br-1的粘弹性能较好,而14-4-14,2Br-1、18-2-18,2Br-1表面张力很低。实验表明,通过调节孪连表面活性剂联结基和疏水链的长度会对产品的性能有很大的影响。     

表面活性剂对幕帘稳定性的影响

研究表面活性剂的动态表面张力、发泡性及表面活性剂用量对幕帘稳定性的影响。试验结果表明：0．2s内的动态表面张力小则利于形成稳定的幕帘;发泡性强的表面活性剂会对幕帘的稳定性造成不利的影响;在一定的范围内,幕帘的稳定性会随表面活性剂用量的增加而增加。一定范围内,表面活性剂动态表面张力小、发泡性低、用量增加利于扩大操作窗口,利于在低车速的情况下实现低的涂布量。     

Sodium lauryl sulphate/amphoteric surfactant interactions: selective diffusion through a collagen film

Diffusion tests of anionic, amphoteric and mixtures of amphoteric/anionic surfactants have been performed using a collagen film.
A sensitive potentiometric method has been developed to determine the surfactant diffused avoiding the interferences observed in the usual analytical measurements due to the simultaneous presence of amphoteric/anionic surfactants.
From the results obtained it is evident that the surfactant mixtures exhibit a synergistic behaviour as there is a mutual inhibition of the surfactant diffused through the collagen film.
Empirical equations have been derived to describe the diffusion process of both the individual surfactants and mixtures of surfactants which allow the diffusion of the individual surfactants and the inhibition of diffusion in mixtures to be quantified.     

Function of surfactants in hair dyeing by oxidation dyes 2. Effect on formation of oxidation dyes by p-aminophenol and 5-amino-o-cresol in dye bath(1)

The effect of surfactants on an oxidation-hair-dye-formation reaction in a dye bath was studied in order to learn the mechanism of the effect of surfactants on the dyeability of hair by the oxidation dye. The dye-formation behaviours for the p-aminophenol and 5-amino-o-cresol system with the surfactants, of which the hydrophilic parts have different charges, were compared changing the concentration of surfactants. It was found that the same dyes are produced, regardless of the charge of surfactants added, and the rate of dye produced in the dyebath is increased in the presence of surfactants. The order of the production rate is, with an anionic surfactant > with non-ionic surfactant > with cationic surfactant > without surfactant. The relation between the dyeability of hair and the rate of dye produced in the dyebath in the presence of surfactants is not found. The major factor governing the dyeability of hair is different from the mechanism of the increased dye in the solution. It was also found that the dye-formation rate is increased by immersing hair into the reaction solution, and hair works as an accelerator for the dye-formation reaction.     

Solution behaviour of new cationic surfactants derived from Guerbet alcohols and their use in hair conditioners

The solution behaviour of new cationic surfactants, synthesized by using long-chain Guerbet alcohols, in water was investigated by a polarizing microscopic technique, differential scanning calorimetry, and electric conductivity measurements. These surfactants show the gel–liquid crystalline phase transition to be lower than 0°C and form lamellar liquid crystals even in cold water and at low concentrations of surfactants. The sorption of cationic surfactants from aqueous solutions onto hair was determined as a function of temperature. The effect of adsorbed cationic surfactants on the critical surface tension and kinetic frictional coefficients of hair surface have been investigated. These surface characteristics of hair treated with quaternary ammonium compounds derived from Guerbet alcohols were found to be significantly improved. These results can be explained by the high ability of sorption onto hair. Hair rinses and conditioners having excellent ease of combing or brushing for wet and dry hair can be formulated by the application of these cationic surfactants.     

Effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on the sorption of Brij 30 and Brij 35 onto aquifer sand

Surfactant sorption is of considerable importance to environmental applications, including surfactant flushing to mobilize hydrophobic contaminants; effects of surfactants on the transport of dissolved contaminants, microorganisms, and colloids through porous media; and bioremediation of hydrophobic organic compounds, as well as understanding the fate and transport of surfactants as environmental contaminants themselves. Although most sorption studies consider pure surfactants, commercial detergent formulations typically consist of mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants. In this study, the effects of varying concentrations of the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on micelle formation and sorption behavior of the two commonly used nonionic surfactants Brij 30 and Brij 35 onto aquifer sand were examined. A strong linear relationship was observed between the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the Brij surfactants and the concentration of LAS in the mixture, with the CMC decreasing with increasing concentration of LAS. The relative change in CMC as a function of the LAS concentration was identical forthe two Brij surfactants, indicating that LAS interacted with their common alkyl chains. Sorption isotherms were developed for Brij 30 and Brij 35 present as single surfactants in an aqueous solution as well as when present with LAS. Although LAS had minor effects on the maximum sorption plateaus of the Brij surfactants, Brij sorption at was significantly enhanced as a function of the LAS concentration for Brij aqueous concentrations below the CMC. Application of a multi-interaction isotherm model indicated that the formation of surface aggregates (e.g., hemimicelles) decreased with increasing LAS concentration. Overall, these results provide insight into the complex sorption behavior of surfactant mixtures.     

Micellar partitioning and its effects on Henry's law constants of chlorinated solvents in anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions

Micellar partitioning of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in surfactant solutions and its effects on vapor-liquid equilibrium is fundamental to the overall design and implementation of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation. Surfactant micelles greatly enhance contaminant recovery from the subsurface; however, the reduced volatility of organic compounds compromises the aboveground treatment of surfactant-laden wastewaters using air-stripping process. Batch equilibrium tests were performed to acquire micellar partition coefficients (Km) and apparent Henry's law constants (H*) of three prominent groundwater contaminants (tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, cis-dichlorethylene) in the presence of two anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS; sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, SDBS) and two nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 80). The H* values were significantly reduced in the presence of all four surfactants over their critical micelle concentrations (cmc's). On a cmc basis, the anionic surfactant SDS had the greatest effect on H*, followed by SDBS, Triton X-100, and Tween 80. Anionic surfactants decreased H* to an order of magnitude lower than nonionic surfactants, although nonionic surfactants decreased the H* at concentrations significantly lower than the anionic surfactants due to their lower cmc's. Nonionic surfactants present higher Km and molar solubilization ratio than anionic surfactants. Tetrachloroethylene has the highest Km values among three chlorinated solvents, which agrees well with the hydrophobicity (Kow) of these chemicals. An empirical correlation between log Km and log Kow is developed on the basis of data from this study and the Km values reported for a number of chlorinated and nonchlorinated hydrocarbons. Equilibrium data were also tested against three sets of models that describe the partitioning of volatile compounds in vapor-water-micelle phases. Applications of these models in experimentally determining Km from batch vapor-water equilibrium data are discussed.