开菲尔紫苏粕发酵乳工艺及稳定性研究

为研究和探讨开菲尔紫苏粕发酵酸乳的最优发酵条件,试验以开菲尔为发酵剂对添加紫苏粕酶解液的牛乳进行发酵,采用单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺参数。结果表明,开菲尔紫苏粕发酵乳最佳发酵工艺为:蔗糖添加量10%、开菲尔接种量10%、紫苏粕酶解液添加量25%、培养时间12 h。在此发酵条件下进一步研究和探讨CMC-Na、蔗糖酯和卡拉胶这三种稳定剂添加量对开菲尔紫苏粕发酵乳稳定性的影响。试验结果表明:开菲尔紫苏粕发酵乳最佳稳定条件为:CMC-Na添加量0.5%、蔗糖脂肪酸酯添加量0.5%、卡拉胶添加量0.07%。     

乳酸菌发酵韩国泡菜工艺优化研究

以大白菜和乳酸菌为主要原料,干法腌制韩国泡菜。通过测定pH值、亚硝酸盐含量及感官评分,研究在不同蔗糖添加量、食盐添加量、乳酸菌添加量和香辛料添加量条件下韩国泡菜的品质变化。在单因素基础上进行正交试验,研究结果表明:最优工艺条件为乳酸菌添加量1%,蔗糖添加量4%,食盐添加量2%,香辛料添加量3%。在此工艺条件下,可发酵生产出酸香纯正、清爽可口的泡菜。     

优化发酵关键工艺对酱鱼品质的影响

在浓度为1×107 cfu/g和接种量为2%的乳酸菌发酵剂的条件下,研究食盐、蔗糖、甜面酱的添加量和发酵时间、发酵温度等关键工艺,对发酵酱鱼品质的具体影响。结果表明:添加量为食盐2%、蔗糖2%、甜面酱10%,发酵时间3 d、发酵温度30℃时发酵生产的酱鱼品质最佳。     

芒果椰浆凝固型酸奶的发酵工艺研究

用芒果与椰浆为原料,研究了芒果椰浆凝固型酸奶的发酵工艺条件。通过考察奶粉添加量、接种量、蔗糖添加量、椰浆添加量、芒果添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间对芒果椰浆凝固型酸奶感官评价的影响,设计正交试验,最后获得了芒果椰浆凝固型酸奶的最佳工艺条件:奶粉添加量14%,接种量3%,蔗糖添加量8%,椰浆添加量10%,芒果添加量10%,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间4 h。     

响应面法优化火麻仁中药型酸奶的发酵工艺研究

本研究以火麻仁、脱脂奶粉为主要原料,通过单因素试验分别考察了火麻仁浆添加量、奶粉添加量、蔗糖添加量、接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间对火麻仁酸奶感官评分的影响,并利用响应面分析法进行了方差分析,建立了数学模型,得到了火麻仁中药型酸奶的最佳发酵工艺条件。结果表明：火麻仁酸奶的最佳发酵工艺条件为：火麻仁添加量13%、奶粉添加量14%、蔗糖添加量8%、接种量8%、接种量6.5%、发酵温度43℃、发酵时间3.5h。在此工艺条件下制备的火麻仁酸奶具有火麻仁特有的甘甜味,质地均匀,柔滑可口。     

滇红茶凝固型发酵乳的研制及工艺的优化

为研发一种滇红茶凝固型发酵乳,以滇红茶、生牛乳为原料,研究滇红茶粉添加量、蔗糖添加量、发酵时间3个工艺参数对滇红茶凝固型发酵乳产品质量的影响。在单因素试验基础上,以感官评分为评价指标,采用响应面法优化滇红茶凝固型发酵乳发酵工艺,并对产品质量进行检测。结果表明,滇红茶凝固型发酵乳最佳发酵条件为滇红茶粉添加量0.3%、蔗糖添加量9.2%,发酵时间11 h。在此优化条件下,所得滇红茶凝固型发酵乳感官评分为82.33分,色香味俱佳,口感细腻,有较香浓的滇红茶味和发酵乳独特的风味,可为丰富滇红茶的应用及发酵乳新品种的开发提供参考。     

发酵萝卜中亚硝酸盐含量影响因素分析

为了加速亚硝酸盐的降解,控制其在发酵萝卜中的含量,对发酵萝卜工艺进行了研究。首先对乳酸菌菌株进行单菌株和复合菌株发酵,筛选出复合菌剂配比为乳杆菌属(LP)∶肠膜明串珠菌属(LM)为1∶2这一菌株组合作为复合发酵菌剂,在此基础上,通过对蔗糖添加量、食盐添加量、复合菌株接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度进行单因素和正交试验,得出亚硝酸盐降解的最优发酵工艺为:蔗糖添加量0.5%、食盐添加量4%、接种量4%、发酵时间72h、发酵温度28℃。在此亚硝酸盐降解工艺条件下,发酵萝卜中亚硝酸盐含量为0.255mg/kg,不仅缩短了发酵周期,而且加速了亚硝酸盐的降解,降低了其在发酵萝卜中的含量。     

LP-7501S用于发酵萝卜中亚硝酸盐降解工艺的研究

为使泡菜中亚硝酸盐快速降解,利用从自然发酵泡菜中筛选出的一株具有高效降解亚硝酸盐功能的优势菌株LP-7501S,对泡菜进行强化发酵,以蔗糖添加量、食盐添加量、氮源添加量、发酵时间和发酵温度进行单因素试验与正交试验,研究其最佳发酵工艺。结果表明最优发酵工艺为:蔗糖添加量0.7%、食盐添加量4%、氮源添加量0.7%、发酵时间84h、发酵温度30℃。在此发酵条件下,测得发酵萝卜中总酸含量为0.73g/100g,亚硝酸盐可快速降解,含量为0.432mg/kg。     

巴旦木风味酸奶的研制

以新鲜牛奶、巴旦木浆为原材料,考察巴旦木浆添加量、蔗糖添加量、发酵时间、发酵剂添加量4个因素对巴旦木风味酸奶的影响。以感官评分为响应值,采用响应面法对巴旦木风味酸奶的最佳工艺参数进行优化,结果表明巴旦木风味酸奶的最佳工艺条件为巴旦木浆添加量9%,蔗糖添加量7%,发酵时间4.2 h,的发酵剂添加量3%。在此优化条件下制作的巴旦木酸奶不仅口感绵柔细腻,且具有独特的巴旦木风味,感官评分为89.8分。     

发酵法制备大豆肽的工艺优化及其抗氧化能力

主要研究了枯草芽孢杆菌1398发酵制备大豆肽的工艺条件。以大豆肽含量和平均肽链长度为指标,通过对蔗糖添加量、水分添加量、接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间的单因素实验和正交实验,确定了发酵法制备大豆肽的最优工艺条件:蔗糖添加量0.5%,水分添加量70%,接种量2.0%,32℃条件下发酵32 h。此条件下测得短肽含量为252.95 mg/g。初步提纯后,粗肽的DPPH.,O2-.和.OH清除能力较市售肽分别提高了119.53%,26.02%,65.56%。实验结果表明,发酵工艺能够显著提高产物的大豆肽含量及抗氧化能力。     

不同变性淀粉对冷冻面团热力学特性的影响

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究4种不同种类变性淀粉对冷冻面团热力学特性(玻璃化转变温度、冰晶融化特性和可冻结水含量)的影响。结果表明,冷冻面团的玻璃化转变温度在-30℃左右,不同变性淀粉对冷冻面团玻璃化转变基本无明显影响;添加5%马铃薯羟丙基淀粉、木薯羟丙基淀粉和木薯醋酸酯淀粉可以显著降低冷冻面团冰晶融化范围,面团中形成的冰晶大小更加均匀;冷冻面团可冻结水含量随着马铃薯醋酸酯淀粉和马铃薯羟丙基淀粉添加量的增加呈降低趋势,添加10%木薯羟丙基淀粉时,面团可冻结水含量显著低于空白组,而木薯醋酸酯淀粉对面团可冻结水含量无显著影响。     

薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响

为研究薯类淀粉种类对黄冈鱼面品质的影响,测定了红薯淀粉（SPS1、SPS2、SPS3）、马铃薯淀粉（PS）、木薯淀粉（CS）的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度,分析了这些性质与鱼面品质之间的关系。结果表明:不同薯类淀粉的理化性质、糊化特性、粒径、溶解度及膨胀度均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉的糊化温度（78.37~79.97 ℃）最高,马铃薯淀粉的粒径、溶解度及膨胀度最大。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面的质构特性、煮制品质、感官评价及色泽均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。红薯淀粉加工鱼面的硬度显著大于马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉（P<0.05）,红薯淀粉中SPS3加工鱼面的硬度最大。马铃薯淀粉加工鱼面的拉伸强度、吸水率及煮制损失率最大。SPS2加工鱼面的感官评价最高,CS加工鱼面的最低。不同薯类淀粉加工鱼面干燥前的色泽在亮度、红绿值和白度上差异显著（P<0.05）,但对鱼面干燥后的色泽影响并不明显。根据综合评分的大小对鱼面的品质进行排序为:SPS2>SPS1>SPS3>PS>CS。淀粉的糊化特性、直链淀粉含量、粒径与鱼面的品质具有显著的相关性（P<0.05）。     

Mass Balance Model for Enthalpy of Water Binding by a Mixture

A thermodynamic approach was based on sorption data over a wide range of water activity (a_w) at each of three temperatures. The hypothesis tested was the total partial enthalpy change for the water of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial enthalpy changes for the water of the individual ingredients at the same a_w. This was tested with sorption data for starch, casein, sucrose, starch:casein (1:l) and starch:sucrose (9:l) at 7.2, 20 and 30°C. Experimental values for the starch:casein mixture were in agreement (±5%) with those calculated from data on the individual ingredients, validating the hypothesis for a mixture of polymers. The starch:sucrose indicated a greater variation as the sucrose concentration increased to saturation.     

Fermentation by Amylolytic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Consequences for Starch Digestibility of Plantain, Breadfruit, and Sweet Potato Flours

The potential of tropical starchy plants such as plantain (Musa paradisiaca), breadfruit (Artocarpus communis), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) for the development of new fermented foods was investigated by exploiting the capacity of some lactic acid bacteria to hydrolyze starch. The amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) Lactobacillus plantarum A6 and Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi E1 were able to change the consistency of thick sticky gelatinized slurries of these starchy fruits and tubers into semiliquid to liquid products. Consequently, a decrease in apparent viscosity and an increase in Bostwick flow were observed. These changes and the production of maltooligosaccharides confirmed starch hydrolysis. Sucrose in sweet potato was not fermented by strain A6 and poorly fermented by strain Ogi E1, suggesting possible inhibition of sucrose fermentation. In all 3 starchy plants, rapidly digestible starch (RDS) was higher than slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) represented between 17% and 30% dry matter (DM). The digestibility of plantain was not affected by fermentation, whereas the RDS content of breadfruit and sweet potato decreased and the RS content increased after fermentation. Practical Application: The characteristics resulting from different combinations of gluten free starchy plants (plantain, breadfruit, sweet potato) and amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) offer opportunities to develop new functional fermented beverages, mainly for breadfruit and sweet potato, after further investigation of their formulation, sensory attributes, nutritional, and prebiotic characteristics.     

ARTIFICIAL CELL STUDIES IN SIMULATED APPLE AND POTATO STARCH CELL COMPLEX DURING OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION

ABSTRACT

Visking tubing was employed as an artificial cell system to investigate the behavior of water in simulated apple and potato starch cell complex during osmotic dehydration. The study involved a factorial experimental design at three levels of temperature (32.2, 40 and 55C) and five levels of solute concentration solutions (four sucrose concentrations: 40, 50, 60 and 70%; one sodium chloride concentration: 0.5%). A time period of 0–3 h was implemented with 30‐min sampling period for every treatment. Three phases of a sharp decrease in the initial weight of the visking tubing in the first 30 min were observed for all temperatures and solute concentrations. In all the treatments, there was an incremental increase in water loss with increased temperature and sucrose and salt concentrations. Water loss was higher for simulated apple and 1% potato starch solutions compared with 15% potato starch solution. Starch in the visking tubing competed for the removal of water during osmotic dehydration. The amount of starch contributed to the differences in the rate of water loss in the visking tubing.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In order to better understand the behavior of water in simulated apple and potato starch cell complex during osmotic dehydration of plant materials, the Visking tubing was used as an artificial cell in simulating biological membranes. Simulated apple and potato starch was studied as representatives of cellulosic and starchy plant materials, respectively. Notably, there was antagonistic effect between starch and salt solutions, starch and sugar solutions similar to sugar and salt solutions as a result of differences in their molecular weights. This study is industrial applicable to achieve efficient osmotic dehydration processes for plant materials that are cellulosic or starchy in nature.     

山药添加量对鲢鱼鱼糜制品品质的影响

鱼糜中添加山药,不仅可以丰富制品的营养,降低生产成本,还可以替代淀粉增强鱼糜制品的凝胶强度。对不同山药添加量的鲢鱼鱼糜制品凝胶强度、白度、折叠性、持水性进行实验,结果表明：用山药代替马铃薯淀粉,其添加量为15%～20% 时有利于制品品质的改善;山药鲢鱼鱼糜中添加2%～4% 的马铃薯淀粉其品质得到进一步提高,其中2% 马铃薯淀粉与15% 山药或4% 马铃薯淀粉与10% 山药配合使用效果最好。     

辅料配比及烹饪方式对速冻羊肉饼品质的影响

研究木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶3 种辅料对速冻羊肉饼质构特性与感官品质的影响,确定羊肉饼的最 佳工艺配方;同时对3 种烹饪方式（100 ℃蒸煮20 min、121 ℃高温蒸煮20 min、160 ℃大豆油油炸8 min）熟制后 的羊肉饼进行质构、风味特性及感官品质评价。结果表明：当木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别为12%、 90%和1.5%时,羊肉饼的质构特性和感官评分的综合评价最好;油炸羊肉饼的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性明显优于其他 2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）,且油炸羊肉饼中的醛类、含氮含硫类物质等羊肉特殊挥发性风味物质的种类及相对含 量均显著高于其他2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）。综上所述,辅料配方中木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别 为12%、90%和1.5%、经160 ℃大豆油炸熟制的羊肉饼咀嚼性更强、风味佳、品质好。     

混合试验仪Mixolab确定低成本 水晶粉丝配粉最佳配方

本文针对100%马铃薯淀粉制成的水晶粉丝成本高问题,采用新型的流变学检测仪器Mixolab混合试验仪,对目前市场上水晶粉丝的加工原料—马铃薯淀粉、鲜木薯淀粉和小麦淀粉三种不同淀粉的流变学特性进行测定,根据其不同的流变学特性,配以谷朊粉、复合增稠剂等辅料,得到不同配料间的差异性,优化产品配方,确定低成本粉丝配粉配方为马铃薯淀粉:木薯淀粉:小麦淀粉:谷朊粉:复合增稠剂为0.699:0.1:0.15:0.04:0.011,吸水率为58%。制作出来的粉条与100%马铃薯淀粉制成的粉丝相比,回生值较低,糊化温度较高,稳定性较好,蛋白含量较高,色泽相近,柔韧性较好,且生产成本下降。本文研究结果为实现低成本水晶粉丝的产业化提供理论依据。     

酵母菌发酵生淀粉提高马铃薯淀粉回生率机理研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,淀粉回生率为考察指标,研究酵母菌发酵对马铃薯淀粉回生率的影响。通过对比发酵前后马铃薯回生淀粉的可见和红外吸收曲线,分析了酵母菌发酵提高马铃薯淀粉回生率的机理。结果表明,纤细酵母菌发酵马铃薯淀粉可使马铃薯淀粉回生率由12%提高到39.4%,提高了2.28倍。发酵后马铃薯回生淀粉中直链淀粉的最大可见吸收波长为587.8 nm,大于发酵前的569.6 nm。酵母菌发酵马铃薯淀粉提高其回生率的原因有两方面:一是发酵过程产生的酶使马铃薯支链淀粉脱支生成直链淀粉,增加了参与回生直链淀粉的量;二是发酵过程使马铃薯淀粉中醛基部分转变为伯醇基,进而生成糖苷键,增加直链淀粉链长,有利于淀粉回生过程晶体长大。     

纳豆发酵猪肉脯的工艺优化

为丰富肉脯品种,提高肉脯营养价值,本文以剪切力、水分含量、色差和感官评分为指标,研究水与纳豆的添加比例、纳豆液添加量、发酵时间和蔗糖添加量对纳豆发酵猪肉脯（NDMS） 品质的影响。并采用响应面分析法优化发酵工艺条件,以剪切力和感官评分为响应值,得到纳豆发酵猪肉脯最佳工艺技术为:水与纳豆的添加比例1.5:1、纳豆液添加量8.0 g/100 g、发酵时间18 h、蔗糖添加量20.7 g/100 g,此条件下,制得猪肉脯的色泽清亮红色,具有纳豆特有的香气和滋味,嫩度佳,口感好,高蛋白38.6 g/100 g,低脂8.4 g/100 g,测得剪切力（49.86±0.29）N,感官评分（93.25±0.58）分,与模型预测值无显著性差异,模型拟合度好,实验结果可靠。