基于机器视觉图像提取的马铃薯内部病虫害特征识别

构建二维马铃薯内部病虫害视觉图像采集模型,对采集的马铃薯内部病虫害视觉图像进行分块融合检测,根据马铃薯绿叶素纹理分布进行病虫害的特征检测,提取马铃薯内部病虫害视觉分形特征量,采用表面纹理配准和分块自适应检测方法进行病虫害的特征点标定,结合小波变换方法进行马铃薯内部病虫害视觉图像的特征分解,根据颜色梯度变化的差异性实现机器视觉下的马铃薯内部病虫害特征识别。仿真结果表明采用该方法进行马铃薯内部病虫害特征识别的准确率接近90%,提高了马铃薯内部病虫害的防治和识别能力。     

Hygiene-related and feed-related hoof diseases show different patterns of genetic correlations to clinical mastitis and female fertility

Hoof diseases are a problem in many dairy herds. To study one aspect of the problem, genetic correlations between 4 hoof diseases, protein yield, clinical mastitis, number of inseminations, and days from calving to first insemination were estimated in first-parity Swedish Red cows using trivariate linear animal models. Occurrence of dermatitis, heel horn erosion, sole hemorrhage, and sole ulcer were reported by hoof trimmers. The data set contained about 314,000 animals with records on at least one of the traits; among these, about 64,000 animals had records on hoof diseases. Heritabilities were low for all hoof diseases (0.03 to 0.05). The hoof diseases fell into 2 groups: (1) dermatitis and heel horn erosion (i.e., diseases related to hygiene) and (2) sole hemorrhage and sole ulcer (i.e., diseases related to feeding). The genetic correlations between traits within the 2 groups were high (0.87 and 0.73, respectively), whereas the genetic correlations between traits in different groups were low (≤0.23). These results indicate that the 2 groups of hoof diseases are partly influenced by the same genes. All genetic correlations between hoof diseases and protein yield were low to moderate and unfavorable. Moderate and favorable genetic correlations were found between the feed-related hoof diseases and clinical mastitis (0.35 and 0.32), whereas the genetic correlations between the hygiene-related hoof diseases and clinical mastitis were low and not significantly different from zero. The genetic correlations between the hygiene-related hoof diseases and number of inseminations were low to moderate and favorable (0.32 and 0.22), and the genetic correlations between the feed-related hoof diseases and number of inseminations were low and not significantly different from zero. A moderate genetic correlation was found between sole ulcer and days from calving to first insemination (0.33), whereas the genetic correlations between days from calving to first insemination and sole hemorrhage and the hygiene-related hoof diseases were low and not significantly different from zero. In general, the 2 groups of hoof diseases showed different patterns of genetic correlations to the other functional traits, but both were unfavorably correlated to protein yield. A simulation study showed that inclusion of hoof diseases in the selection index will not only reduce the genetic decline in resistance to hoof diseases but also be favorable for other functional traits and improve overall genetic merit.     

食源性疾病现状及监控技术的研究

食源性疾病通常由食源性微生物、寄生虫、有害化学物质等物质通过食物传播的形式引起,对人体器官组织伤害较大,导致人体中毒,甚至死亡。中国作为一个食品消费大国,食品安全极为重要,我国暴发的食源性疾病严重危害着消费者的身体健康,并影响消费者对食品安全的信心。本文首先对我国食源性疾病的现状进行了综述,以期提高对我国食源性疾病现状的认识和了解,在此基础上,从政府和检测机构两个层面对食源性疾病的监测技术进行阐述,介绍了我国食源性疾病报告的监测网络和监测报告系统,并具体综述了对有毒化学物质和食源性病原体的监测方法。本文有利于揭示我国食源性疾病的现状,并为我国食源性疾病的预防、监测和控制提供可供参考的理论依据。     

Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: a high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae

The ketocarotenoid astaxanthin can be found in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp., and the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. The microalga H. pluvialis has the highest capacity to accumulate astaxanthin up to 4–5% of cell dry weight. Astaxanthin has been attributed with extraordinary potential for protecting the organism against a wide range of diseases, and has considerable potential and promising applications in human health. Numerous studies have shown that astaxanthin has potential health‐promoting effects in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases, exercise‐induced fatigue, male infertility, and HgCl₂‐induced acute renal failure. In this article, the currently available scientific literature regarding the most significant activities of astaxanthin is reviewed.     

益生菌对雌激素代谢及部分妇科相关疾病影响的研究进展

人类肠道内包含的微生物与人类宿主之间保持着动态平衡,一旦发生微生物群落失调,可能会影响雌激素的代谢从而导致很多相关妇科疾病。妇科疾病可能改变全身各部位的微生物群,而微生物群的组成可以影响妇科疾病的疗效。食品益生菌是服用一定数量后对人体健康有益的活的微生物,通过益生菌对微生物群进行调节,可能有助于提高妇科疾病的治疗效果。本文综述了雌激素代谢与常见妇科疾病的关系,分析了益生菌调控体内雌激素代谢的主要途径,并总结了益生菌在常见妇科疾病防治上的应用,以期为食品益生菌在雌激素依赖性妇科疾病的预防和治疗提供理论参考。     

澧阳平原提子类葡萄抗病性调查分析及对策

为更好地开展葡萄病害防治工作,减少因病害造成的经济损失,采用系统观察与一般调查方式,根据检索相关书籍、咨询有关专家等对湘西北的澧阳平原的提子类葡萄进行病害调查。结果表明,澧阳平原提子类葡萄病害种类有13种,以霜霉病、灰霉病、裂果病、青霉病、软腐病为主,且7月和8月为病害高发期。不同葡萄品种抗病性存在差异,抗病性较强的葡萄品种为:克伦森无核、红宝石、维多利亚。提子类葡萄病害主要受葡萄品种、环境条件、土壤肥力、生产管理、贮藏条件等的影响,进行合理控制,葡萄病害能得到有效防治。     

小麦麸质蛋白相关性疾病的研究进展

小麦是主要的粮食作物,但也可引发多种过敏性疾病和自身免疫性疾病。麸质蛋白的摄入,是引起这些疾病的关键因素,麸质蛋白主要存在于小麦中,但也存在于大麦,黑麦和燕麦中。特别是小麦麸质蛋白因含有大量的非极性氨基酸和谷氨酰胺而耐胃肠道酶消化,生成使部分人群致病的毒性肽。麸质蛋白相关性疾病的全球患病率接近5%,已经严重影响了部分人群的生活质量,甚至危及生命,已成为全球性不可回避的食品安全问题之一。本文主要对麸质蛋白结构、麸质蛋白相关性疾病的发病机制、流行病学、诊断和治疗进行了概述,为小麦的安全食用提供参考。     

国内外微生物源食源性疾病监测及其防控进展

微生物源食源性疾病是一个世界性的公共卫生问题,其暴发不仅严重危害了人类健康,还带来了严重的经济损失,受到各国的高度重视。全面了解国内外微生物源食源性疾病监测的网络和机制、食源性疾病暴发相关的原因食品以及国内外微生物源食源性疾病的发病季节和分布规律,有助于我们对食源性疾病的监测、预防和控制。本文总结了食源性疾病爆发的相关知识,介绍了世界卫生组织、发达国家(美国、英国、丹麦和澳大利亚)以及我国对常见微生物源食源性疾病的监测现状。通过了解和借鉴世界各国的监测方式,提出了预防和控制食源性疾病的措施,包括:加强食源性疾病监测网络建设,加大食品安全监管力度,扩大食源性疾病监测范围和加强对食源性疾病的宣传教育,为我国食源性疾病的监控和防控提供有价值的参考。     

Genetic relationship between body condition score, dairy character, mastitis, and diseases other than mastitis in first-parity Danish Holstein cows

The aim of this study was to explore the possibilities of using body condition score (BCS) or dairy character (DC) as indicators of mastitis and diseases other than mastitis in first-parity Danish Holsteins. The dataset included 28,948 observations on conformation scores and 365,136 disease observations. The analysis was performed using a multitrait linear sire model. Heritability estimates for BCS and DC were moderate (0.25 and 0.22), and heritability estimates for mastitis and diseases other than mastitis were low (0.038 and 0.022). Between BCS and diseases other than mastitis, the genetic correlation was -0.22, whereas the genetic correlation was -0.16 between BCS and mastitis. The genetic correlation between DC and diseases other than mastitis was 0.43, and between DC and mastitis it was 0.27. The genetic correlation between BCS and DC was -0.61. Residual correlations were close to 0, except between BCS and DC (-0.37). Including DC as an indicator of diseases other than mastitis will increase the accuracy of the predicted breeding value for diseases, especially when the progeny group is small. Using BCS as an additional indicator of diseases did not increase the accuracy. Breeding for less DC will increase resistance to diseases.     

AP2/ERF转录因子调控果蔬采后病害的作用研究进展

果蔬在采后贮藏运输过程中易受到各种生理性病害和侵染性病害的胁迫,这些病害极大地缩短了各类水果和蔬菜的货架期。已有研究表明,AP2/ERF转录因子超家族在果蔬响应各种采后病害中起着重要作用,该家族转录因子可参与调控果蔬的生长发育,并对各类生物和非生物胁迫作出响应。为了明确AP2/ERF转录因子对果蔬采后生理性病害和侵染性病害的调控作用,本文对AP2/ERF转录因子及其在果蔬中的分布和数量进行了概述,并阐明了其响应果蔬采后生理性病害和侵染性病害的作用及机理,介绍AP2/ERF转录因子在香蕉、黄瓜、辣椒等果蔬中响应采后病害的研究进展,以期为研究其他果蔬中的AP2/ERF转录因子以及利用AP2/ERF转录因子增强采后果蔬对病害的抗性提供参考。     

我国细菌性食源性疾病疾病负担的初步研究

目的 初步估计我国细菌性食源疾病的疾病负担.方法 利用文献综述的方法推算我国急性腹泻的发病率,综合胃肠炎患者腹泻比例、胃肠炎患者食源性比例可推算我国食源性疾病的发病率,结合食源性疾病的细菌比例可推算细菌性食源性疾病的发病率,同时推算住院率.利用卫生部调查数据获得细菌性感染性疾病的病死率,结合食源性比例,获得细菌性食源性疾病的病死率.结果 我国细菌性食源性疾病每年发病人数可达9411.7万人次,其中2475.3万患者曾就诊,335.7万患者曾因病住院,8 530例患者死亡,病死率0.009 1 % o结论我国细菌性食源性疾病的负担依然较重.我国应逐步开展覆盖全国的食源性疾病负担研究.     

拮抗微生物对枣果实采后病害生物防治的研究进展

枣果实采后极易发生真菌侵染性病害而造成重大损失,利用拮抗微生物防治枣果实采后病害是替代化学合成杀菌剂的一种绿色、环保、安全的防治方法。目前应用于防治枣果实采后病害的拮抗微生物主要为梅奇酵母属(Metschnikowia sp.)、假丝酵母属(Candida sp.)、隐球酵母属(Cryptococcus sp.)以及芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。这些拮抗微生物防治枣果实采后病害的机制包括通过营养与空间的竞争,分泌抑菌性物质和诱导果实抗病性等方面。该文分别从拮抗菌的来源、生防效果、增效途径、作用机制等几个方面阐述目前用于防治枣果实采后病害的主要拮抗微生物,并讨论当前枣果实采后生物防治存在的问题。     

肠道黏液层降解菌Akkermansia muciniphlia和肠道屏障功能关系研究进展

肠道屏障功能异常与肥胖等一系列慢性代谢性疾病相关。Akkermansia muciniphlia是一种肠道黏液层降解菌,与肠道屏障功能关系密切,其丰度在部分代谢性疾病临床病例和动物模型中变化显著,提示该菌可能参与代谢,但具体作用机制有待明确和归纳。本文从A. muciniphlia与肠道黏液层、代谢疾病以及肠道免疫关系这3 个角度,综述了近年来相关研究进展,试图探讨该菌对肠道屏障功能的影响和作用机制,为通过饮食预防慢性代谢疾病提供新的思路。     

The genetic relationship of body weight and early-lactation health disorders in two experimental herds

The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for body weight (BW) and BW change (BWC) and genetic correlations of BW and BWC with diseases and genomic predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) of productive and conformation traits of Holsteins during the first 120 DIM. Daily BW data were from the Afiweigh cow body weighing system (SAE Afikim, Kibbutz Afikim, Israel), which records BW as a cow exits the milking parlor. Disease categories included metabolic diseases, ketosis, infectious diseases, mastitis, reproductive diseases, and other diseases. Edited data included 68,914 and 11,615 daily BW observations from 441 Pennsylvania State University and 72 Virginia Tech Holstein cows, respectively. Two-trait random regression models were used to estimate relationships between BW, BWC, and diseases at 25, 38, and 58 mo of age at calving. Fixed effects for BW were age at calving nested within lactation group, week of lactation, and herd date; random effects for BW included animal, permanent environment, and error. Fixed effects for disease were herd-year-season of calving and age at calving nested within lactation group; random effects for disease were animal, permanent environment (for mastitis only), and error. Correlations of PTA for BW and BWC with genomic PTA for productive and type traits were also estimated with data from 117 cows. Heritability estimates for daily BW ranged from 0.34 to 0.63. Greater BW and less BWC were favorably correlated with ketosis, metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, and other diseases. The genetic correlation estimate between BW and ketosis was strongest at 60 DIM (−0.51), and genetic correlation estimates at 60 DIM with metabolic diseases (−0.52), infectious diseases (−0.81), and other diseases (−0.48) followed the same trend as ketosis. The genetic correlation estimate between BWC and ketosis was strongest for the change from 5 to 20 DIM (0.70) and was similar for metabolic diseases (0.37), infectious diseases (0.74), and other diseases (0.49). Correlations of BW and BWC with reproductive diseases tended to be in the reverse direction of those reported for ketosis. A larger PTA for BW was significantly correlated with smaller genomic PTA for milk yield, dairy form, rear udder height, and udder cleft. Predicted transmitting ability for BWC was negatively correlated with genomic PTA for protein percentage, strength, and hip width (ranging from −0.26 to −0.13 across lactation) and was positively correlated with dairy form, rear udder height, and udder cleft (ranging from 0.20 to 0.37 across lactation). Selection for reduced BW loss can be implemented with automated body weighing systems and may be successful in decreasing disease incidence in the early stages of lactation.     

生防芽孢杆菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究进展

果蔬在采后贮藏运输过程中易受到病原菌的侵染而腐烂变质,采后病害的控制主要依赖化学合成杀菌剂,但长期使用会导致环境污染和食品安全等问题。生物防治具有绿色环保的特点,正在逐渐被应用。芽孢杆菌作为重要的生防菌,在果蔬采后病害防治中发挥了重要作用,目前国内外已有大量生防杆菌在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究。本文对生防芽孢杆菌防治采后病害的种类、作用机制和在采后病害的应用现状进行了综述,以期为生防芽孢杆菌在果蔬采后病害的发展和创新提供借鉴思路。     

Regulation of the intestinal tight junction by natural polyphenols: A mechanistic perspective

Impairment of the epithelial barrier function is closely linked to the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal diseases, food allergies, type I diabetes, and other systematic diseases. Plant-derived polyphenols are natural secondary metabolites and exert various physiological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-aging effects. Recent studies also show the role of plant polyphenols in regulation of the intestinal barrier and prevention of intestinal inflammatory diseases. Here we summarize the regulatory pathways and mediators linking polyphenols to their beneficial effects on tight junction and gut epithelial barrier functions, and provide useful information about using polyphenols as nutraceuticals for intestinal diseases.     

Genetic correlations among protein yield, productive life, and type traits from the United States and diseases other than mastitis from Denmark and Sweden.

Sire genetic evaluations for protein yield, productive life, and selected type traits from the US were correlated with sire evaluations for disease from Denmark and Sweden and were then adjusted to approximate genetic correlations. Disease categories from Denmark included reproductive diseases, foot and leg diseases, metabolic and digestive diseases, and all diseases other than mastitis. Genetic evaluations for Denmark were from separate analyses for each disease category using a multiple-trait sire model with first, second, and third lactations handled as multiple traits. Evaluations from Sweden for all diseases other than mastitis were from a single-trait sire model using only first lactations. In addition, Danish and Swedish genetic evaluations were regressed on US type evaluations to test for quadratic relationships. Relationships were based on 104 bulls with US and Danish evaluations (88 with US type) and 84 bulls with US and Swedish evaluations (83 with US type). Genetic correlations between US protein yield and diseases were unfavorable, but correlations were favorable between productive life and disease. Genetic correlations among US type and diseases were around zero, except for correlations with US dairy form (range -0.34 to -0.73). Genetic correlations calculated from residual correlations (adjusted for predicted transmitting abilities for milk) between productive life and diseases were favorable (range 0.29 to 0.51). Genetic correlations calculated from residual correlations (adjusted for predicted transmitting abilities for milk) between dairy form and diseases ranged from -0.10 to -0.53. Selection for increased productive life may reduce disease occurrences, but selection for higher dairy form scores will increase disease occurrences.     

Genetic parameters of dairy character, protein yield, clinical mastitis, and other diseases in the Danish Holstein cattle

The primary aim of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between dairy character, protein yield, clinical mastitis, and other diseases. Data consisted of first lactation records of Danish Holstein cows calving from 1990 to 1999. After editing, the data included records on 934,639 cows, of which 101,853 were assessed for dairy character, 472,421 for diseases, and 834,993 for protein yield. The disease traits were defined as binary traits in the period from 10 d before to 50 d after calving for clinical mastitis, and from 10 d before to 100 d after calving for diseases other than mastitis. Data were analyzed with a linear sire model using the method of AI-REML. Heritabilities were estimated to be 0.265 for protein yield, 0.261 for dairy character, 0.035 for clinical mastitis, and 0.020 for diseases other than mastitis. Estimates of genetic correlations between protein yield and dairy character, protein yield and clinical mastitis, and protein yield and diseases other than mastitis were 0.38, 0.33, and 0.14. Between the two disease traits, the genetic correlation was 0.24. The genetic correlation between dairy character and clinical mastitis was 0.24. Between dairy character and diseases other than mastitis the genetic correlation was 0.41. Thus, cows with high score for dairy character were more prone to diseases. The genetic correlation between dairy character and the disease traits, when both traits were adjusted for protein yield, was 0.13 for clinical mastitis and 0.39 for diseases other than mastitis. These findings suggest that, dairy character should be given a negative rather than a positive weight in the breeding goal.     

地中海饮食及其对慢性疾病改善作用的研究进展

地中海饮食(Mediterranean diet,MD)作为最健康的饮食模式之一,在困扰人类健康良久的各类慢性疾病中起到了很好的改善作用,但相关机制尚未完全清楚。本文归纳了地中海饮食中的特征食物组成,就地中海饮食在改善心血管疾病(Cardiovascular diseases,CVDs)及代谢综合征、神经退行性疾病(Neurodegenerative diseases)、癌症(Cancer,CA)等慢性疾病中的应用进行综述,并归纳了地中海饮食的国内外研究进展,以期为地中海饮食的进一步应用与推广提供依据。     

Addressing the gut microbiome and implications for obesity

Identification of the gut microbiota as an environmental factor that modulates obesity and metabolic diseases has provided the medical and functional food industry with new targets to treat metabolic diseases. However, only limited knowledge about the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota contributes to these lifestyle diseases are known. The gut microbiota is involved in energy harvest from the diet, modulation of endocrine signalling, and promoting metabolic inflammation. This review will discuss how the gut microbiota is altered in obesity, some of the mechanisms by which it promotes disease development, and how pre- and probiotics may be used to improve metabolic diseases.