Volatile Compounds and Chemical Changes in Ultrapasteurized Milk Packaged in Polyethylene Terephthalate Containers

The volatile compounds profile and chemical stability of ultrapasteurized 2% milk bottled in amber polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were studied along with its shelf life of 60 d at 5 °C. Identification of volatile compounds using a solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) technique with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was performed in situ in the commercial product. Chemical stability was determined by measuring dissolved oxygen, free sulfhydryl groups, ascorbic acid, and headspace oxygen. The classes of volatile compounds identified were ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohol, and miscellaneous compounds. Volatile compounds found consistently during the storage period were 2‐heptanone, methoxy‐phenyl‐oxime, decane, 1‐ethyl‐2,4‐dimethyl‐benzene, D‐limonene, 2‐nonanone, octanoic acid, dodecane, and 4‐(1,1,3,3, ‐tetramethylbutyl) phenol. Possible products of lipid oxidation, such as hexanal, octanal, and nonanal, were also positively identified. Chemical stability of PET‐bottled milk was demonstrated by the insignificant changes in pH or TA, with the exception of ascorbic acid concentration, which degraded in the product at 60 d of refrigerated storage. Sensory evaluation of the milk samples revealed that there is no noticeable oxidized or rancid off‐flavor at 60 d of storage.     

QUALITY AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF MILK SOLD IN THE STATE OF KUWAIT

ABSTRACT

The food chain operational links for locally produced and imported milk were prepared. Quality and safety assessment of milk were also carried out by collecting raw milk samples from the farms, and pasteurized milk from retail and wholesale outlets. Milk samples were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, clot on boiling, aflatoxin M1, antibiotic residues, and microbiological quality and safety. Results have shown that the mean pH and acidity of raw milk were 6.83 and 0.180%, while the mean pH and acidity values for local and imported pasteurized milk were 6.9 and 0.170%, and 6.8 and 0.150%, respectively. Furthermore, all raw and pasteurized milk samples were negative for the clot on boiling test and were within the allowable limits for aflatoxin M1 and antibiotic residues. However, raw milk samples collected from the local dairy farms were unacceptable because of the high somatic cell count and high Staphylococcus aureus counts.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Securing an adequate food supply for the nation has always been the fundamental concern of Kuwait's policy makers. Under local Kuwaiti conditions, with high temperatures over most of the year and the high level of imported products with unknown histories, combined with handling by unskilled labors, food losses can be excessive. This situation creates marketing problems for some of the highly perishable foods like milk. The baseline data of milk losses obtained during this study would help to bring about improvements in storage, handling and distribution practices and develop recommendations for private/public agencies to adopt technologies for improving milk losses. Furthermore, since there are no accurate statistics on milk losses in Kuwait, these primary data could be used to determine the economic values of milk losses in Kuwait.

     

浓缩与冻结方式对牛乳品质的影响

通过膜分离将鲜牛乳浓缩成不同总固形物含量的乳样(11. 83%、14. 94%、17. 61%、23. 01%),采用4种冻结方式(冰箱冻结、冷库冻结、螺旋冻结、平板冻结)对乳样进行冻结处理。测定乳样的色度、p H值、酸度、粒度、乙醇稳定性和热稳定性,并结合共聚焦显微镜和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行对比分析。结果表明,随着总固形物含量的升高,牛乳的p H值、酸度、乙醇稳定性和热稳定性降低,总色差值、平均粒径增大。经冻结处理后乳样中β-乳球蛋白含量均降低。在4种冻结方式中,平板冻结速率最快,乳样的乙醇稳定性和热稳定性均最高;冰箱冻结的乳样平均粒径和乳脂肪球粒径均最大。综上,推荐将鲜牛乳浓缩至总固形物含量为23. 01%,然后采用平板冻结的工艺,可以更好地维持冻结乳样的品质。     

The effect of inulin as a fat replacer on the quality of set-type low-fat yogurt manufacture

The influence of different levels of inulin on the quality of fat-free yogurt production was investigated. Inulin was added to milk containing 0.1% of milk fat to give inulin levels of 1, 2 and 3%. The experimental yogurts were compared with control yogurt produced from whole milk. The total solids content of milk was standardized to 14% by adding skim milk powder to the experimental yogurt. The chemical composition, pH, titratable acidity, whey separation, consistency, acetaldehyde and volatile fatty acidity contents were determined in the experimental yogurts after 1, 7 and 15 days. Sensory properties of the yogurts were evaluated during storage. The addition of inulin at more than 1% increased whey separation and consistency. Acetaldehyde, pH and titratable acidity were not influenced by addition of inulin. Tyrosine and volatile fatty acidity levels were negatively affected by inulin addition. With respect to the organoleptic quality of yogurt, inulin addition caused a decrease in organoleptic scores: the control yogurt had the highest score, and the lowest score was obtained in yogurt samples containing 3% of inulin. Overall, the yogurt containing 1% of inulin was similar in quality characteristics to control yogurt made with whole milk.     

Effects of somatic cell counts in milk on physical and chemical characteristics of yoghurt

The quality of plain stirred yoghurt produced from whole milk with somatic cell counts (SCC) at low (147,000 cells mL⁻¹), intermediate (434,000 cells mL⁻¹) and high (1,943,000 cells mL⁻¹) levels was examined. Each milk treatment was obtained from selected cows, according to its SCC status and milk composition. Yoghurt samples were analysed on days 1, 10, 20 and 30 after production. Analyses included pH, acidity, fat, lipolysis (expressed as free fatty acids, FFA), proteolysis and apparent viscosity. Viscosity of high SCC yoghurt was higher (P<0.05) than the low SCC yoghurt on days 10, 20 and 30 of storage. High SCC yoghurt also had higher FFA content (P<0.05). SCC did not affect pH, acidity, fat content and proteolysis of the yoghurt (P>0.05). Results indicate that SCC in milk increases the lipolysis in the resulting yoghurt during storage for 30 d.     

冻藏条件对人乳脂质及挥发性风味物质的影响

以新鲜人乳为对照(0d),设置-18、-60℃和-60℃快速冷冻(-60℃(Q))3种冻藏条件分别冻藏60 d与180 d,通过测定脂质含量、非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acids,NEFA)含量、脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxide,LPO)含量、脂肪酸组成、乳脂肪球微观结构及挥发性...     

A survey of the physicochemical and microbiological quality of ultra‐heat‐treated whole milk in Brazil during their shelf life

The objective was to evaluate the quality of important brands of ultra‐heat‐treated (UHT) milk marketed in the northern of Parana State, Brazil, during the shelf life of the product. Five brands were analysed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after UHT milk production. The physicochemical quality of the milk was assessed in terms of fat content, titratable acidity, density, freezing point depression, total solids, solids‐not‐fat, proteolysis and alcohol stability. Microbiological quality was assessed by the enumeration of aerobic mesophilic micro‐organisms. None of the brands complied with all the physicochemical standards. Two brands met all applicable microbiological requirements. Gelation was observed from 90 days of storage onwards in all brands.     

Effect of beet and honey on quality improvement and carotene retention in a carrot fortified milk product

The effect of beet and honey on quality attributes and carotene retention of carrot fortified milk product during storage at 30 °C were studied. Six types of samples were prepared and stored in a close container at 30 °C for 10 days. The samples were CC [chhana (a heat and acid coagulated milk protein mass i.e. casein mass, analogous to cottage cheese):carrot = 1:1], CCB1 (chhana:carrot:beet = 2:1:1), CCB2 (chhana:carrot:beet = 4:3:1), CCH1 (chhana:carrot:honey = 2:1:1), CCH2 (chhana:carrot:honey = 4:3:1) and CCBH (chhana:carrot:beet:honey = 3:1:1:1). Effect of beet and honey on the quality of the samples was evaluated on the basis of changes in acidity, pH, free fatty acid level and sensory analysis of the samples. Carotene retention was determined on the basis of amount of carotene degraded after processing and storage. With the longer storage time, acidity, free fatty acid content increased and pH, carotene retention as well as colour preferences and overall acceptance decreased for all the samples. Addition of beet and honey in both proportion to the product showed synergistic role i.e. they reduced the acidity and free fatty acid formation, pH reduction and carotene degradation. However, regarding sensory evaluation, honey addition to the carrot based milk product showed better result. Equal mixture of carrot, beet and honey was best regarding antioxidant activity and retention of carotene. The study showed in overall that addition of equal mixture of beet and honey along with carrot is effective for quality improvement and carotene retention of carrot fortified milk product.Industrial relevanceThis study is of relevance because it deals with the effectiveness of natural antioxidant sources (beet and honey) in quality improvement and carotene retention of carrot fortified milk product. Fortification of carrot in milk products at higher concentration (1:1) is a new idea. In addition to that, fortification of beet and honey in carrot fortified milk product for quality improvement and carotene retention is an innovative work. The data represented in the work suggest that addition of 1:1 mixture of beet and honey along with carrot is effective for quality improvement and carotene retention of carrot fortified milk product. The use of natural antioxidant sources particularly in food is always recommended as safe and good medicines for health as well as several diseases. This innovative idea confers benefits in the dairy industry as well as in the agriculture industry by building a bridge between these two industries. Besides, this technology can reduce the spoilage of agricultural commodities due to seasonal glut.     

原料乳离心除菌对UHT乳品质的改善作用

离心除菌可以改善原料乳的质量,本文研究了常规UHT(N-UHT)乳和离心除菌UHT乳(C-UHT)在贮藏过程中理化性质、蛋白分布变化。结果表明:UHT乳贮藏期颜色变深、粒度增加、Zeta电位绝对值降低、黏度增加、酸度增加和纤溶蛋白酶活性增加,乳胶体稳定性降低;离心除菌UHT乳(C-UHT)的物理化学稳定性优于普通UHT乳(N-UHT)。贮藏过程中酪蛋白(CN)含量变化不显著,乳清蛋白含量(WN)逐渐降低,非蛋白氮(NPN)含量逐渐增加;贮藏6个月后,N-UHT和C-UHT的NPN分别从4.2%增加到8.7%和7.9%;C-UHT的蛋白降解程度低于N-UHT。     

复合菌发酵米乳饮料的配方优化及其储藏品质变化

以米粉和脱脂乳为主要原料,基于发酵米乳复配菌株适宜配比的优化,研究米乳饮料的配方及其储藏品质。比较商用酸奶发酵剂(保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌)和植物乳杆菌ZSM-002在米乳中的发酵特性,确定发酵米乳复配菌株适宜配比;通过单因素和正交试验优化米乳饮料配方(米水比、脱脂乳加量、白砂糖加量、菌接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度);采用均匀设计试验,通过考察离心沉淀率确定复配稳定剂配比;最终研究优化米乳饮料的储藏品质。结果表明,商用酸奶发酵剂和植物乳杆菌ZSM-002以3:2复配效果较好;优化的米乳饮料配方为:米水比1:10 (g/mL)、复合菌3%、脱脂乳10%、白砂糖9%、复合稳定剂0.2%(海藻酸丙二醇酯60%,蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.2%,果胶38%,黄原胶1.8%),37 ℃发酵10 h,此条件下发酵米乳饮料的离心沉淀率为2.25%,滴定酸度为(17.03±0.92) °T,活菌数为(8.53±0.08)lg (cfu/mL),感官评分为(8.83±0.20)分;在4 ℃条件下储藏7 d后,其酸度为(34.2±1.56) °T,活菌数为(7.44±0.12)lg (cfu/mL),满足乳酸菌饮料益生菌存活数达到106 cfu/mL标准,制作的米乳饮料口感黏稠,有柔和的乳酸风味。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌GG发酵驼乳与牛乳的发酵特性和降糖活性比较

本试验以耐酸、耐氧、定植力强及功能性丰富的鼠李糖乳杆菌GG (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,L-GG)单菌发酵的驼乳和牛乳为研究对象,通过鼠李糖乳杆菌GG的生长曲线确定发酵时间,评价不同发酵时间和不同储藏时间下,发酵驼乳与牛乳的发酵特性(pH、滴定酸度和活菌数)、蛋白质水解活性和降糖活性(α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性)。结果表明,pH、滴定酸度、活菌数和蛋白质水解活性存在一定的内在联系。随着发酵时间的增加,两种发酵乳的pH下降,滴定酸度上升,活菌数和蛋白质水解活性也在不断增加。在储藏期间,pH、滴定酸度、活菌数和蛋白质水解活性逐渐趋于稳定。发酵驼乳较发酵牛乳的pH低,滴定酸度、活菌数和蛋白质水解活性高,在维持发酵品质和延长货架期方面优于发酵牛乳。经过发酵后的原料乳降糖活性提高,在发酵和储藏期间发酵驼乳和牛乳都表现出很高的α-淀粉酶抑制活性,在储藏期间表现出较高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,整体上看发酵驼乳的降糖活性优于发酵牛乳。     

Determination of shelf life of concentrated yogurt (labneh) produced by in-bag straining of set yogurt using hazard analysis

Strained yogurt, labneh, produced by straining cow's milk set yogurt in cloth bags, was stored at 5, 15, and 25 degrees C, and changes in microbial counts, pH, titratable acidity, percentage of free whey, and sensory attributes were monitored during storage. Counts of total aerobes, psychrotrophic yeasts, yeasts and molds, and lactic acid bacteria, except in samples stored at 25 degrees C, increased irrespective of storage temperature. The pH of samples decreased, titratable acidity and percentage of free whey increased, and texture defects were detected at a later stage than flavor changes during storage. Shelf-life data of labneh was adequately described by the Weibull distribution. The nominal shelf life determined using sensory changes and yeast counts as failure criteria ranged from 8.5 to 10.5, 4.7 to 5.8 and 2.3 to 2.7 d at 5, 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Q10 (shelf life at T degrees C/shelf life at T+10 degrees C) for flavor quality loss was 1.98 at 5 degrees C, and the corresponding activation energy was 11.3 kcal/mol.     

Comparative study on shelf life of whole milk processed by high-intensity pulsed electric field or heat treatment

The effect of high-intensity pulsed electric fields (HI-PEF) processing (35.5 kV/cm for 1,000 or 300 μ with bipolar 7-μs pulses at 111 Hz; the temperature outside the chamber was always < 40° C) on microbial shelf life and quality-related parameters of whole milk were investigated and compared with traditional heat pasteurization (75° C for 15 s), and to raw milk during storage at 4° C. A HIPEF treatment of 1,000 μ ensured the microbiological stability of whole milk stored for 5 d under refrigeration. Initial acidity values, pH, and free fatty acid content were not affected by the treatments; and no proteolysis and lipolysis were observed during 1 wk of storage in milk treated by HIPEF for 1,000 μ. The whey proteins (serum albumin, β-lactoglobulin, and α-lactalbumin) in HIPEF-treated milk were retained at 75.5, 79.9, and 60%, respectively, similar to values for milk treated by traditional heat pasteurization.     

EFFECT OF LIPASE ENZYME ON THE RIPENING OF WHITE PICKLED CHEESE

The effect of addition of pregastric lipase enzyme on the accelerated ripening of white pickled cheese was investigated. Commercial pregastric lipase was added to milk before rennet addition at a level of 0,5, 8, 11 g per 100 L of milk and cheeses were made from this milk. Total solids, fat, total nitrogen, salt, titratable acidity, pH and free fatty acids (C₂-C_18:1) were analysed in the samples during 1–90 days of ripening period at 15 days intervals. Total solids, fat, total nitrogen, salt, titratable acidity, and pH of cheeses slightly increased during the ripening period. Free fatty acids and volatile free fatty acid contents in cheeses made from pregastric lipase added milk were affected by pregastric lipase and their contents were increased significantly (P<0.01) during the ripening period. Particularly, when cheese had a high level (11 g per 100 L milk) pregastric lipase, the amounts of butyric, caproic and caprylic acids in white pickled cheese were quite high. The relative amounts of volatile free fatty acids varied with storage time and pregastric lipase levels.     

Microbiological,chemical, textural and sensory characteristics of Hispánico cheese manufactured using frozen ovine milk curds scalded at different temperatures

Hispánico cheese is a semi-hard variety, manufactured in Spain from a mixture of pasteurized bovine and ovine milk. To study one strategy for overcoming a seasonal shortage of ovine milk in summer and autumn, curds made from ovine milk, scalded at 32, 35 or 38 °C, were pressed for 30 min and frozen at ?24 °C for 4 months. After thawing, they were added to fresh bovine milk curd for the manufacture of experimental Hispánico cheeses. Control cheese was made from a mixture of pasteurized bovine and ovine milk in the same (80:20) proportion. No significant effect of the addition of frozen ovine milk curd or scalding temperature was found for lactic acid bacteria counts, dry matter content, hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides, 45 out of 65 volatile compounds, texture, and sensory characteristics throughout a 60-day ripening period. Differences between cheeses, of low magnitude and little practical significance, were found for pH value, aminopeptidase activity, proteolysis, free amino acids, free fatty acids, and the remaining 20 volatile compounds. Thus, the addition of frozen ovine milk curd to fresh bovine milk curd does not alter the main physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Hispánico cheese.     

THE QUALITY OF BLENDED RAW MILK IN CREAMERIES IN SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND

The quality of raw blended milk going to manufacture at five creameries in southwest Scotland has been surveyed over a two-year period. Analyses of gross composition, somatic cell count, numbers and types of bacteria present and the concentration of free fatty acid in the milk show that milk quality was of a high standard. However, extended storage of the milk at 6°C indicated that the bacteria in the milk were actively multiplying and the results showed that extended storage of milk at creameries could seriously jeopardize milk quality. The development of lipolysis on extended storage of the milks was associated with the numbers and types of bacteria present in the milk before storage.     

Traditional Tunisian butter: Physicochemical and microbial characteristics and storage stability of the oil fraction

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, fatty acid composition and thermal stability of traditional Tunisian butter (TTB) were studied. Changes in microbiological and physicochemical parameters were monitored during storage at 4 and 10 °C. The physicochemical characterisation shows a fat level lower than 80% and a high value of water activity. The content of saturated fatty acid was higher (71.84%) than the unsaturated one (27.09%). The major fatty acids of butter samples were myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. During storage at 4 and 10 °C, the pH decreased and the titratable acidity increased. Counts of lactic acid bacteria exhibited relatively small changes upon storage, at 4 and 10 °C, whereas yeasts and moulds' counts increased irrespective of storage temperature. Effect of heating on some quality characteristics (absorption at 232 and 270 nm, peroxide value, free fatty acid content, viscosity, texture, colour and fatty acid composition) of traditional Tunisian butter oil (TTBO) has been investigated at 60 °C. Results show that TTBO was resistant to oxidation. All these characteristics consolidate the incorporation of TTB on food formulation.     

添加豆浆对牦牛酸奶品质的影响

将不同添加量（0、20%、40%、60%）豆浆添加到牦牛乳中制备豆浆-牦牛酸奶,探讨不同添加量豆浆对牦牛酸奶理化指标、贮藏期内酸度、质构特性（硬度、稠度、黏聚性与黏性指数）、持水力、乳酸菌数和感官特性的影响。结果表明,在贮藏期内（1～14 d）,随着豆浆添加量在0～60%范围内增加,牦牛酸奶酸度、持水力、质构特性、乳酸菌数均有所下降。添加20%豆浆制备的牦牛酸奶蛋白质、脂肪及非脂乳固体含量分别为3.28 g/100 g、4.58 g/100 g、8.76 g/100 g,乳酸菌数＞107 CFU/mL,感官评分为87.9分,其酸度、持水力、质构、乳酸菌数等与未添加豆浆的对照相比均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。因此,在牦牛乳中添加20%的豆浆制备豆浆-牦牛酸奶是可行的,可进一步推广应用。     

The effects of starter culture on chemical composition, microbiological and sensory characteristics of Turkish Kaşar Cheese during ripening

Kaşar cheese samples were produced from raw milk and starter culture-added pasteurized milk. Chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of kaşar cheeses were analysed at certain times during the ripening periods (on the 1st, 7th, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th days). Generally, chemical parameters were not affected by starter culture. The pH, ripening index, water-soluble nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen did not show significant differences between the cheese samples. The addition of starter affected the microbiological quality of the cheeses. Starter culture-added kaşar cheeses contained low levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, moulds and yeasts, and coliforms, and achieved higher organoleptic scores than those of cheeses made from raw milk. The starter cultures contributed to acidity and microbial quality of the cheese.     

美藤果油水包油型乳液的制备及其稳定性研究

应用高压匀质法制备美藤果油水包油型乳液。以乳液的平均粒径和分散系数(PDI)为指标,探究Tween乳化剂类型、油质量分数、乳化剂添加量、剪切速率及均质压力对乳液的平均粒径以及PDI的影响。通过测量储藏期内乳液的粒径变化、油相氧化程度(过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸含量)、液滴的自扩散系数以及游离脂肪酸含量变化,进一步探究储藏期内乳液的物理、氧化以及水解稳定性。结果表明:制备乳液的优化工艺条件为Tween60添加量1%、油质量分数10%、剪切速率16 000 r/min、均质压力40 MPa,此条件下制备的乳液平均粒径为(218. 27±2. 21) nm,PDI为0. 118±0. 002;该工艺条件下制备的美藤果油乳液在14 d的储藏期间内具有较好的耐受pH、盐离子的物理稳定性和较高的氧化稳定性,并且未发生明显的水解作用。