蛋黄凝胶特性影响因素及改善方法研究进展

文章介绍了蛋黄凝胶形成机理及其特点，综述了不同影响因素在蛋黄凝胶形成中的作用，阐述了蛋黄凝胶常用的改善方法，并对其应用进行了展望。     

不同代数酵母对啤酒风味物质的影响

对CRB2酵母菌株不同代数酵母发酵过程中啤酒风味物质的形成进行了跟踪试验．发现其风味物质形成与酵母代数之间有一定的相关性。     

浅谈哈尔滨市阿城区森林生态旅游资源的开发与利用

庞大而结构复杂的森林形成其独特的森林生态系统,并对其周围形成巨大的效益。近些年来,人们对传统的森林经营目标进行了较大的反思和调整,认识到森林除了可以获得较大的直接经济效益以外,还有巨大的潜在生态环境效益和社会效益。     

啤酒中乙酸乙酯的形成机制及其影响因素

乙酸乙酯是啤酒中含量最高、最重要的酯类,能赋予啤酒水果香味。作为啤酒中重要的风味物质,其形成机制以及影响因素的研究,对于啤酒生产与风味控制具有重要意义。本文主要论述了乙酸乙酯的形成机制,并结合最新的研究进展,对影响其形成与积累的主要因素进行了分析讨论。     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸在水溶液中的聚集行为

用透射电镜和动态光散射法研究了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸盐(AEC)酸型产品在水溶液中的聚集行为,发现其在水溶液中由于氢键作用能形成囊泡,对其囊泡形成机理进行了初步探讨.     

发酵蔬菜风味形成机制及其分析技术的研究进展

发酵蔬菜的风味是决定其感官品质的重要因素。不同的发酵蔬菜产品风味各异,其风味的形成机制和分析技术随着原料和加工工艺的改变而有所不同。本文概述了发酵蔬菜风味的变化规律及形成机理,并对其分析技术的研究进展进行综述。     

黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯形成机理及控制方法研究进展

氨基甲酸乙酯是一种存在于黄酒中的致癌物质.该文主要从氨基甲酸乙酯的形成机理,酿造工艺对其形成影响和控制方法等方面进行综述,同时对未来研究方向进行了展望.旨在为企业更好地控制黄酒中的氨基甲酸乙酯含量提供参考.     

重庆水豆豉发酵过程中NaCl、还原糖和氨基酸变化与滋味的形成

为探究重庆水豆豉独特滋味形成的影响因素,对水豆豉自然发酵过程中呈味物质变化与其滋味形成的关系进行了研究。以重庆本地大豆为原料,采用自然发酵工艺生产水豆豉,对其发酵过程中NaCl、还原糖、总酸、游离氨基酸等组成变化进行了测定,并对其感官评价结果进行了相关性分析。结果表明,水豆豉滋味主要形成于后发酵阶段,发酵结束时游离氨基酸含量增加了11. 25倍,其中鲜味氨基酸占比13. 45%,水豆豉鲜味主要来源于鲜味氨基酸;甜味氨基酸占比22. 25%,甜味氨基酸和还原糖共同构成了其略有回甜的滋味;咸味来源于NaCl质量分数增加;总酸增加形成一定的弱酸味。这些与添加的辣椒、姜等混合最终形成了重庆水豆豉独特的鲜咸酸辣略有回甜的滋味。研究结果对重庆地方调味品的滋味研究有一定意义。     

肉制品风味研究进展

风味是肉制品的一种重要食用品质。本文综述了肉制品风味形成机理和影响肉制品风味形成的因素,评述了肉制品挥发性风味成分提取和分离鉴定技术研究现状,并对其前景进行展望。     

草类原料备料除尘管道的磨损及其对策

对磨损的形成机理及其影响因素进行了分析,提出了防止磨损的对策措施。     

阿魏酸与咖啡酸对丙烯酰胺形成及消减的影响

探讨阿魏酸与咖啡酸在美拉德模拟体系中对丙烯酰胺形成和消减的影响。结果表明:在天冬酰胺/葡萄糖模拟反应体系中,阿魏酸与咖啡酸的添加量为250 mmol/L和25mmol/L时可抑制丙烯酰胺的形成,而二者浓度低于2.5mmol/L时则促进丙烯酰胺的形成。将阿魏酸与咖啡酸分别与丙烯酰胺单独高温处理,发现2种酚酸对丙烯酰胺都具有消减效果,但效果不明显,因此判定阿魏酸与咖啡酸对美拉德模拟体系中丙烯酰胺含量的影响主要作用于丙烯酰胺的形成阶段。另外,酸性条件下,醌型酚酸比酚型酚酸对丙烯酰胺的消减作用更大,而在中性条件下,酚型酚酸的消减作用更强。     

葡萄糖/天冬酰氨模拟体系丙烯酰胺形成

采用葡萄糖与天冬酰氨的模拟体系来研究反应条件对丙烯酰胺的产生的影响.以色度、198 nm下紫外吸光度和丙烯酰胺含量为指标,考察反应温度、时间、初始pH值和摩尔配比对丙烯酰胺形成的影响.结果表明反应温度是影响丙烯酰胺形成关键因素,葡萄糖比天冬酰胺对模拟体系的丙烯酰胺形成影响要大,初始pH值在8时,丙烯酰胺形成最大.     

加工工艺对绿茶丙烯酰胺生成的影响

目的:研究杀青、揉捻、干燥等工艺对绿茶丙烯酰胺生成的影响。方法:利用三重串联四极杆液相色谱-质谱联用仪定量,对比杀青方式、揉捻时间、干燥方式等对丙烯酰胺生成的影响规律,并进行正交试验设计,得出减少丙烯酰胺生成量的最佳加工方式。结果:通过L_9(3~4)正交试验,对绿茶中丙烯酰胺含量的影响程度排序为热风干燥温度揉捻时间滚筒杀青温度,滚筒杀青温度150℃、揉捻时间30 min、热风干燥温度150℃为优选工艺。结论:茶叶加工过程中,常规热处理方式较微波热处理方式更不利于丙烯酰胺的生成;其中,随着滚筒杀青温度的升高丙烯酰胺的生成量增加,揉捻时间延长和热风干燥温度升高则丙烯酰胺的生成量降低。     

咖啡中丙烯酰胺的形成与控制研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种广泛存在于热加工食品中的危害物,咖啡是其重要的摄入来源之一。本文阐述了丙烯酰胺肝脏毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性在动物和细胞水平上的表现,总结了咖啡豆高温烘焙过程中生成丙烯酰胺的主要途径。在咖啡原料选择、烘焙加工至萃取冲泡的过程中,影响丙烯酰胺形成的因素包括咖啡豆种类、烘焙温度、烘焙时间、贮藏条件等,且不同品类咖啡的加工方式也会造成丙烯酰胺含量差异。本文归纳了抑制咖啡中丙烯酰胺形成的有效措施,可为食品工业化生产中丙烯酰胺的控制提供理论参考。     

Acrylamide Formation in Foods during Thermal Processing with a Focus on Frying

This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on acrylamide formation in foods during thermal processing. The main pathway of acrylamide formation in foods is linked to the Maillard reaction, and in particular, the amino acid asparagine. Effects of several factors related to food composition and processing conditions on the formation levels of acrylamide, and also, other quality characteristics in thermally processed foods are discussed in detail. From a process control point of view, it is also addressed that there is a need to develop viable models for the estimation of acrylamide contents in heated foods during the stages of process design and optimization. Fried potato products, as one of the most encountered category of thermally processed foods, are specifically emphasized for acrylamide formation, potential ways of mitigation, and modeling its formation during frying.     

Effects of dough formula and baking conditions on acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural formation in cookies

The effects of dough formula and baking conditions on the formations of acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were studied in a cookie model system. Increasing the sugar concentration in the dough formula increased acrylamide formation during baking at 205 °C for 11 min. The effect of sugar on acrylamide formation was more pronounced for glucose than for sucrose, expectedly. Addition of citric acid into dough formula comprising sucrose increased the susceptibility of acrylamide formation, while it decreased acrylamide formation in the dough formula comprising glucose. Decreasing the pH of dough formula increased the tendency to surface browning and the formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in cookies during baking. The results suggest that a cookie with acceptable texture and colour, but having less than 150 ng/g of acrylamide, can be manufactured by lowering the baking temperature and avoiding reducing sugars in the recipe.     

Lipid oxidation promotes acrylamide formation in fat-rich model systems

Lipid oxidation is one of the major chemical reactions occurring during food processing or storage and may have a strong impact on the final quality of foods. A significant role of carbonyl compounds derived from lipid oxidation in acrylamide formation has been recently proposed. In this work, the effect of lipid oxidation level on acrylamide formation was investigated by thermal treatment of differently formulated fat-rich model systems. Results showed that lipid oxidation positively influenced the formation of acrylamide. The effect was more evident in sugar-free system where lipid become the main sources of carbonyls. Catechins reduced acrylamide formation presumably by trapping carbohydrates and/or preventing lipid oxidation. More acrylamide was formed in model systems composed with sunflower oil than in those containing palm oil which is less susceptible to oxidation.In systems containing higher amount of water, acrylamide formation was delayed due to evaporative cooling. In these systems, the effect of catechin was more pronounced and the effect of lipid oxidation became detectable only after a prolonged reaction time.These findings suggested that lipid oxidation could become a relevant factor for acrylamide formation, particularly for dry foods with low carbohydrate content.     

食品中丙烯酰胺风险评估及其形成机理研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种神经毒素及对人可能的致癌物质。研究发现,高温加热的多种食品中含有高剂量的丙烯酰胺。本文重点介绍了国际上关于丙烯酰胺毒理学,风险评估,以及食品加工过程中形成机理方面的研究进展,讨论了进一步的研究工作。旨在为我国食品中丙烯酰胺的研究提供一定的理论和方法参考,进一步控制或减少食品加工中丙烯酰胺的形成,降低我国人群丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露水平,促进食品安全发展,保护消费者健康。     

Formation and reduction of acrylamide in Maillard reaction: a review based on the current state of knowledge

The recent report of elevated acrylamide levels in heat processing foods evoked an international health alarm. Acrylamide, an acknowledged potential genetic and reproductive toxin with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties in experimental mammalians, has been found in various heat processing foods. Many original contributions reported their findings on the formation mechanism and possible reduction methods of acrylamide. The aim of this review article is to summarize the state-of-the-art about the formation and reduction of acrylamide in the Maillard reaction. This research progress includes mechanistic studies on the correlation between the Maillard reaction and acrylamide, the formation mechanism of acrylamide, the main pathways of formation and impact factors on formation including cultivars, storage temperature, storage time, heat temperature, heat time, environmental pH, concentration of precursors, effects of food matrixes, type of oil, etc. Meanwhile, primary mechanisms on the reduction of acrylamide as well as reduction pathways including material and processing related ways and use of exogenous chemical additives are systematically reviewed. The mitigation studies on acrylamide are also summarized by the Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries of the EU (CIAA) "Toolbox" approach.     

Acrylamide and methylglyoxal formation in potato chips by microwaving and frying heating

In our present paper, the effect of important α‐dicarbonyl compounds of methylglyoxal on the formation of acrylamide was quantified in potato chips systems. Methylglyoxal was regarded as the main α‐dicarbonyl compound, and its formation was detected by HPLC method. There heating methods were used to study the effect on acrylamide formation. The results showed that microwaving treatment could form more acrylamide compared with frying method. After 2 min of microwaving treatment at 700 W, the acrylamide content was sharply increased from 1.77 ± 0.37 to 72.93 ± 0.72 μmol kg^?1. Microwaving treatment would promote the formation of methylglyoxal compared with frying treatment at 160 and 180 °C in potato chips. A typical linear growth curve prepared by plotting acrylamide levels vs. methylglyoxal content formed under different heating condition was observed: y = ?41.33 + 0.17x (r = 0.965). This study revealed for the first time that there is a significant correlation between methylglyoxal and acrylamide in potato chips, thus confirming the important role of dicarbonyls in the formation of acrylamide in potato chips.