Assessment of adhesion properties of novel probiotic strains to human intestinal mucus

Potential new probiotic strains Lactobacillus brevis PELI, L. reuteri ING1, L. rhamnosus VTT E-800 and L. rhamnosus LC-705 were assessed for their adhesion properties using the human intestinal mucus model. The effect on the adhesion of exposure to acid and pepsin and to milk were tested to simulate gastric and food processing conditions, and the effect of different growth media on adhesion was tested. The properties of the four strains were compared to the well-investigated probiotic L. rhamnosus strain GG. Three of the tested strains showed significant adhesion properties in the mucus model, while L. brevis PELI had intermediate adhesion and L. rhamnosus LC-705 adhered poorly. Pretreatment with different milks decreased the adhesion and low pH and pepsin treatment reduced the adhesion of all tested strains except L. rhamnosus LC-705. No competitive exclusion of pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli SfaII was observed. The results indicate that major differences exist between tested proposed probiotic strains. The growth media and the food matrix significantly affect the adhesive ability of the tested strains. This has previously not been taken into account when selecting novel probiotic strains.     

婴儿源鼠李糖乳杆菌的筛选及其促肠道类器官生长的研究

本研究以分离得到的5株来源于一月龄婴儿的鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）与2株副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）作为实验菌,以鼠李糖乳杆菌GG（Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG）作为对照菌株,通过耐酸实验、耐胆盐实验、疏水性实验、自动聚集能力测定和细胞黏附等实验对这些菌株的消化道耐受性进行评价。进一步选择在耐受性实验中综合评价效果最好的鼠李糖乳杆菌SW-02与肠道类器官进行共培养,用倒置相差显微镜观察类器官形态、生长状况,计算出芽率,利用EdU染色评估类器官中细胞增殖情况,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测增殖标志基因Ki67、肠道干细胞标志物Lgr5和紧密连接蛋白Zo-1的mRNA水平,利用酶联免疫吸附试验测定粘蛋白MUC2含量。结果证实:与其他菌株相比,鼠李糖乳杆菌SW-02有较强的耐酸性;SW-02、SW-03和SW-X的耐胆盐能力相对较强;LGG、SW-01、SW-02、SW-04和TX-02对二甲苯的疏水性高;对于自动聚集能力,SW-01最强,SW-02次之;对HT-29细胞的黏附性实验显示,菌株SW-01、SW-02和SW-03具有较高的黏附能力;将SW-02与类器官共培养时,SW-02显著（P<0.05）提高了类器官的出芽率和出芽个数,促进类器官的生长;与对照组相比,SW-02组类器官的Ki67、Lgr5和Zo-1的mRNA水平均显著增加,MUC2分泌量显著增加（P<0.05）。综上,鼠李糖乳杆菌SW-02具有较好的消化道耐受性和促进肠道类器官生长的能力,可以作为今后开发具有益生性产品的潜在菌株。     

植物乳杆菌C88发酵特性研究

对一株本实验室筛选的益生菌植物乳杆菌C88的发酵特性进行了研究,以一株商业化益生菌L.rhamnosus GG为参照。结果表明,菌株C88的凝乳活性较弱,蛋白水解活性较高;4℃贮28 d,该菌株表现出良好的存活能力,活菌数高于L.rhamnosus GG。菌株C88对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用较强;丙酸钙对其生长无显著影响;药敏实验表明该菌株对所选10种抗生素均表现出一定的耐药性;本研究对植物乳杆菌C88发酵特性的研究为其进一步应用于益生性发酵乳的研究开发提供实验依据。     

耐酸耐胆盐乳酸菌的鉴定及筛选

从自然发酵的酸奶中分离出2 株细菌,经16S rDNA分子鉴定为Lactobacillus plantarum SN1和Lactobacillusrhamnosus SN6,并对其生长曲线、产酸速率、耐酸耐胆盐能力进行了研究。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6在2 h后进入对数期,16 h后达到稳定期,其OD600 nm值分别为8.47、7.43。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6的产酸速率较快,pH值在8 h后就降到了4.2以下,48 h后降到3.3左右。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6在pH 4的培养基培养16 h后,其相对OD600 nm值分别为49.29%、47.14%,具有较强的耐酸能力。L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6在0.3 g/L胆盐质量浓度下培养16 h后,相对OD600 nm值分别为57.7%、69.48%;在0.6 g/L胆盐质量浓度下的相对OD600 nm值分别为48.22%、29.56%,具有较强的耐胆盐能力。结果表明：L. plantarum SN1和L. rhamnosus SN6是生长性能好、产酸能力强、耐酸耐胆盐的益生菌株。     

Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1224 as biological controls for Aspergillus flavus strains

The effect of two species of lactobacilli, Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1224, on growth of different Aspergillus flavus strains was determined. A. flavus strains (Ap, TR2, or CF80) were grown in LAPTg broth at 37 degrees C for 7 days as a single culture and in association with L. casei CRL 431 or L. rhamnosus CRL 1224 at initial inoculum ratios of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:100. In most cases, the mixed cultures had a lower fungal growth and a lower pH than the control cultures. Mycelial dry weight was reduced to 73 and 85% using L. casei CRL 431 and L. rhamnosus CRL 1224, respectively. The pH decrease in mixed cultures when the fungal mycelial dry weight is reduced may play an important role in inhibition. The number of viable bacteria was variably affected by fungal growth. These results indicate that L. casei CRL 431 and L. rhamnosus CRL 1224 may be useful as potential biocontrol agent against A. flavus.     

Optimization of medium composition for the production of a probiotic microorganism, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, using response surface methodology

This study was undertaken to optimize yeast extract, glucose, and vitamin concentrations; and also culture pH for maximizing the growth of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and to assess the effects of these factors by using response surface methodology. A central composite design was used as an experimental design for the allocation of treatment combinations. A polynomial regression model with cubic and quartic terms was used for analysis of the experimental data. It was found that the effects involving yeast extract, glucose, vitamins and pH on the growth of L. rhamnosus were significant, and the strongest effect was given by the yeast extract concentration. Estimated optimum conditions of the factors for the growth of L. rhamnosus are as follows: pH=6.9; vitamin solution=1.28% (v/v); glucose=5.01% (w/v) and yeast extract=6.0% (w/v).     

益生菌发酵南瓜浆的研究

该实验研究了瑞士乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌在发酵南瓜浆过程中的生长规律及其内在联系,根据活菌数、产酸速度和感官评价筛选出适合于南瓜浆发酵用的菌株。结果表明,瑞士乳杆菌迟滞期最短,4 h内就处于对数生长期,发酵速度较快;发酵结束时,鼠李糖乳杆菌活菌数最高,达到9.0 lg（CFU/mL）。发酵过程中,活菌数、pH、乳酸含量、还原糖含量变化存在一种对应关系。瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵南瓜浆感官评分最高,分别为4.8分、4.6分。综合考虑,瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌更适合发酵南瓜浆。     

Antifungal activity of sodium acetate and Lactobacillus rhamnosus

The inhibition of molds by sodium acetate in deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium, along with the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus VT1, was studied by the slope agar plate method. MRS agar prepared with and without sodium acetate was used as the agar substrate. A total of 42 strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Rhizopus were used to compare sensitivities to the inhibitory activity of sodium acetate and L. rhamnosus VT1. It was found that sodium acetate in MRS medium affected the growth of 33 of the 42 mold strains tested to various degrees. The highest sensitivity to sodium acetate was shown by strains of Fusarium, followed by strains of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Rhizopus. L. rhamnosus VT1 also inhibited mold growth. A significant finding was that sodium acetate and L. rhamnosus VT1 in combination exhibited a possible synergistic action. Thirty-nine of the 42 mold strains tested were completely inhibited by the presence of both antifungal agents. This finding confirms that sodium acetate, a basic component of commercial MRS medium, has strong antifungal properties, and this must be taken into consideration when evaluating the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus cultures grown in MRS broth.     

碳源对鼠李糖乳杆菌生长特性的影响研究

目的研究不同鼠李糖乳杆菌菌株对不同碳源的利用及生长特性。方法在600nm波长处测定12株鼠李糖乳杆菌在不同碳源条件下的吸光度,幵采用差异分析法和分类主成分分析法对其迚行分析。结果利用特定时间点的差异分析,在葡萄糖作为主要碳源时,各菌株之间的生长情况均没有显著差异(P0.05)。12株菌在乳糖作为主要碳源时可以分为4个生长型,在蔗糖作为主要碳源时可以分为5个生长型。主成分分类法在葡萄糖作为主要碳源时,能将12株菌分为7个生长型,在乳糖作为主要碳源时可分为8个生长型,在蔗糖作为主要碳源时可分为10个类型。结论不同鼠李糖乳杆菌菌株对不同碳源的利用存在差异,表明菌株在碳源利用上具有菌株特异性,同时不同菌株利用碳源的特异性会受到碳源种类的影响。     

Kinetic analysis and mathematical modeling of growth and lactic acid production of Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus in milk whey

Lactobacillus casei is a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) that colonizes diverse ecological niches and that has found broad commercial application. The aim of this study was to characterize the kinetics of biomass production, lactic acid production, and substrate consumption of Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus cultured in deproteinized milk whey. Batch culture experiments were performed in an instrumented, 2-L, stirred tank bioreactor using different inoculum concentrations (0.5 to 1.0 g/L) and lactose levels (35 to 70 g/L). The time series of experimental data corresponding to biomass growth, lactose consumption, and lactic acid formation were differentiated to calculate the corresponding kinetic rates. Strong exponentially dependent product inhibition effects were evident at low lactic acid concentrations, and lactic acid production rate was partially associated with biomass growth. A mathematical model is presented that reproduces the experimental lactose, biomass, and lactic acid concentration profiles.     

体外评估乳杆菌对巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节作用的影响

该研究以商业菌株鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）LGG为阳性对照菌,体外评估实验室保藏的5株乳杆菌对巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞活性、吞噬活性及免疫活性分子NO、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）与白细胞介素-10（IL-10）分泌水平的影响,以期从中筛选出具良好免疫调节作用的菌株。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌260具有更优的免疫调节作用,在特定乳杆菌活菌浓度时,能显著提高巨噬细胞RAW264.7的细胞活性、吞噬活性及NO、TNF-α和IL-10的分泌水平（P＜0.05）。最高细胞增殖率为196.62%;最低乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放量为554.36 U/100 mL;最高吞噬活性为136.86%;最高NO分泌量为5.70 μmol/L;最高IL-10分泌量为15.56 pg/mL,最高TNF-α分泌量为50.98 pg/mL。     

Ability of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium strains to remove aflatoxin B, from the chicken duodenum

The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705 to remove AFB1 from the intestinal luminal liquid medium has been tested in vivo using a chicken intestinal loop technique. In this study, the GG strain of L. rhamnosus decreased AFB1 concentration by 54% in the soluble fraction of the luminal fluid within 1 min. This strain was more efficient in binding AFB1 compared with L. rhamnosus strain LC-705 (P < 0.05) that removed 44% of AFBl under similar conditions. Accumulation of AFB1 into the intestinal tissue was also determined. There was a 74% reduction in the uptake of AFB1 by the intestinal tissue, in the presence of L. rhamnosus strain GG compared with 63% and 37% in the case of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and L. rhamnosus strain LC-705, respectively. The complexes formed in vitro between either L. rhamnosus strain GG or L. rhamnosus strain LC-705 and AFB1 were stable under the luminal conditions for a period of 1 h.     

Development of novel species‐specific primers for species identification of the Lactobacillus casei group based on RAPD fingerprints

BACKGROUND: It is difficult to clearly distinguish and identify specific species of the Lactobacillus casei group using phenotypic and genotypic (16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis) techniques alone. Some species of this group are probiotic and are widely used in the food and feed industries. The objective of this study was to develop species‐specific primers based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting for species identification within the closely related L. casei group of bacteria. RESULTS: Three random primers termed OPT‐14, OPA‐11 and OPT‐16 were developed for analysis. The primer pairs each produced a species‐specific band found only in the tested Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans and Lactobacillus zeae isolates respectively. These specific fragments were then sequenced for further analysis. The species‐specific primers were designed according to cloned sequencing, which was employed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the template DNA of Lactobacillus strains. Single 102, 179 and 451 bp species‐specific bands were found only in L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei subsp. tolerans and L. zeae respectively. CONCLUSION: Using PCR, the novel species‐specific primers have been shown to rapidly, accurately and effectively identify species of L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei subsp. tolerans and L. zeae from within the L. casei group of probiotic bacteria. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

乳杆菌表层蛋白对菌株表面特性和益生特性的影响

为评估乳杆菌表层蛋白对菌株特性的影响,该研究通过序列比对筛选出含slp基因的乳杆菌,之后用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）对其中部分菌的slp基因表达情况进行鉴定,并测定了表层蛋白去除前后菌体生长的吸光度值、自聚集率、自成膜量、与致病菌共聚集率等特性。结果表明,4株嗜酸乳杆菌、30株卷曲乳杆菌、3株瑞士乳杆菌、30株鼠李糖乳杆菌都含有slp基因,经过SDS-PAGE鉴定了四种菌的部分菌株均表达表层蛋白,且其表层蛋白与菌株的特性密切相关。比如,在生长方面,瑞士乳杆菌去除表层蛋白前后生长能力差异很大,但氯化锂溶液和蛋白酶K两种溶液处理的吸光度值差距较小,差值仅在0.2以内;在与致病菌共聚集方面,大部分菌株在不同处理过程中没有较大差异,有趣的是,本身自聚能力弱的鼠李糖乳杆菌3-1表现出来的与致病菌极强的共聚能力,这株菌的在口腔方面的防龋潜力值得进一步探究。该研究丰富了人们对乳杆菌表层蛋白的了解,为深入探究表层蛋白的功能和应用奠定理论基础。     

不同菌种大豆干酪后熟过程的研究

研究了3种不同大豆干酪后熟过程的变化情况。结果表明,L.rhamnosus+S.carnosus大豆干酪具有最低的pH和最高的酸度,同时具有最高的氨基氮含量和最高的活菌数。游离氨基酸分析表明,L.rhamnosus+S.carnosus大豆干酪中的游离氨基酸总量最高;L.rhamnosus大豆干酪降解产生的游离氨基酸以谷氨酸和精氨酸为主,S.carnosus大豆干酪和L.rhamnosus+S.carnosus大豆干酪降解产生的游离氨基酸则以色氨酸为主。脂肪酸分析表明,L.rhamnosus+S.carnosus大豆干酪C20以上的长链脂肪酸得到更加充分的降解。     

桑枝低聚糖促乳酸菌生长活性优化研究

为了确定桑枝低聚糖促乳酸菌生长的优化工艺,分别采用物理超声、化学酸解、生物酶法制备桑枝低聚糖。测定桑枝低聚糖对植物乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌、干酪乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌的促生长作用,发现与物理超声、化学酸解法相比,生物酶法制备的桑枝低聚糖能特异性增殖鼠李糖乳杆菌。采用Box-Behnken响应面设计方法,以鼠李糖乳杆菌增殖率为指标,得到生物酶法制备桑枝低聚糖的优化工艺:β-甘露聚糖酶添加量50.00 mg·mL^-1,酶解时间4 h,酶解温度46℃。按照优化工艺制备桑枝低聚糖,测定桑枝低聚糖对鼠李糖乳杆菌的促生长作用,得到鼠李糖乳杆菌的增殖率为396.30%±0.42%,与预测值相符,表明所得优化工艺可行。研究表明,生物酶法制备桑枝低聚糖能显著提高鼠李糖乳杆菌的增殖活性,可为桑枝低聚糖益生元食品开发提供一定的理论依据。     

Effect of pepsin-treated bovine and goat caseinomacropeptide on Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in acidic conditions

Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) is a 7-kDa phosphoglycopolypeptide released from κ-casein during milk digestion and in the cheesemaking process. The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of pepsin-treated CMP from cow and goat milk on the resistance of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus during acid stress. Bacterial cells in the exponential growth phase were suspended in acidified phosphate buffered saline with or without pepsin-treated CMP. Viability was determined during a 90-min incubation period. Pepsin-treated CMP exhibited bactericidal activity at pH 3.5 when added in a dose-dependent manner to E. coli, decreasing survival by more than 90% within 15 min at 0.25 mg/mL. At pH >4.5, the bactericidal activity disappeared, indicating that pepsin-treated CMP was efficient at low pH only. The effectiveness of pepsin-treated CMP at pH 3.5 was not affected by the presence of glycoconjugates linked to CMP or by the bovine or caprine origin of milk. In contrast, L. rhamnosus, a probiotic, was more resistant to acid stress when pepsin-treated bovine or caprine CMP was added to the media. Viability reached 50% after 60 min of incubation at pH 3 compared with 5% survival in the media without added pepsin-treated CMP. Neither glycosylation extent nor sequence variations between CMP from bovine milk and caprine milk affected the protective activity of hydrolyzed CMP toward L. rhamnosus. This suggests that encrypted bioactive peptides released by the pepsin treatment of CMP had an antibacterial effect on E. coli in acidic media, but improved the resistance of L. rhamnosus to acid stress. The peptide fragment accountable for bactericidal activity is the N-terminal region κ-casein f(106-124).     

Interactions of lactic acid bacteria with human intestinal epithelial cells: effects on cytokine production

As a participant in the mucosal immune response, the intestinal epithelial cell must respond to a variety of stimuli, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB) consumed in the diet. The objective of this study was to compare the abilities of several strains of LAB to modulate cytokine secretion by human intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line HT-29. Certain strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Lactobacillus acidophilus suppressed the production of the chemokine RANTES by stimulated HT-29 IEC, although the magnitude of this suppression varied depending on the nature of the bacterial growth medium. Similarly, specific strains showed growth condition-dependent suppression of HT-29 interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. Strain-dependent effects were also seen for the suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) production. The binding of several of these bacterial strains to the HT-29 cell line was also examined. Different strains were found to have differing abilities to interact with IEC, with L. rhamnosus R0011 being the strain that generally had the most extensive effects on HT-29 cytokine production and also bound to HT-29 IEC most effectively. Modulation of IEC cytokine production has the potential to profoundly affect the mucosal microenvironment, influencing the immune response to pathogens and other ingested antigens.     

Effect of milk base and starter culture on acidification,texture, and probiotic cell counts in fermented milk processing

In the present work, the compared effect of milk base and starter culture on acidification, texture, growth, and stability of probiotic bacteria in fermented milk processing, was studied. Two strains of probiotic bacteria were used, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 and L. rhamnosus LR35, with two starter cultures. One starter culture consisted only of Streptococcus thermophilus ST7 (single starter culture); the other was a yogurt mixed culture with S. thermophilus ST7 and L. bulgaricus LB12 (mixed starter culture). For the milk base preparation, four commercial dairy ingredients were tested (two milk protein concentrates and two casein hydrolysates). The resulting fermented milks were compared to those obtained with control milk (without enrichment) and milk added with skim milk powder. The performance of the two probiotic strains were opposite. L. acidophilus LA5 grew well on milk but showed a poor stability during storage. L. rhamnosus LR35 grew weakly on milk but was remarkably stable during storage. With the strains tested in this study, the use of the single starter culture and the addition of casein hydrolysate gave the best probiotic cell counts. The fermentation time was of about 11 h, and the probiotic level after five weeks of storage was greater than 106 cfu/ml for L. acidophilus LA5 and 10(7) cfu/ml for L. rhamnosus LR35. However, an optimization of the level of casein hydrolysate added to milk base has to be done, in order to improve texture and flavor when using this dairy ingredient.     

不同益生菌液态发酵牡蛎制品的体外抗氧化活性的比较

该试验选用鼠李糖乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌及布拉酵母菌液态发酵牡蛎,比较其总抗氧化能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基、羟自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除能力和总肽含量。结果表明,4株益生菌发酵牡蛎制品组的总抗氧化能力与空白组相比均显著提升,其中鼠李糖乳杆菌组最高,为（4.04±0.05）U/m L;4组均具有自由基清除能力,其中鼠李糖乳杆菌组的DPPH自由基清除能力最强,羟自由基清除能力与其他组相近,但超氧阴离子自由基清除能力最低;总肽含量由高到低排序的发酵牡蛎制品组为肠膜明串珠菌组>干酪乳杆菌组>鼠李糖乳杆菌组>布拉酵母菌组。初步确定鼠李糖乳杆菌为适用于发酵牡蛎制备活性肽的优良菌株,可为海洋食药资源高值化利用提供可借鉴的技术途径。