裂缝性油气藏采收率：100个裂缝性油气田实例的经验总结

通过对世界上100个裂缝性油气藏的综合评价，研究储集层及流体本身的性质(包括孔隙度、渗透率、黏度、可动油比例、含水饱和度、润湿性及裂缝分布特征等)和驱动机制及油藏管理战略(优化日产量和采用不同类型的提高采收率技术)对其最终采收率的影响。将裂缝性油气藏分为4类：I类的基质几乎没有孔隙度和渗透率，裂缝是储存空间和流体流动的通道；Ⅱ类的基质有较低的孔隙度和渗透率，基质提供储存空间，裂缝提供流动通道；Ⅲ类(微孔隙)的基质具有高孔隙度和低渗透率，基质提供储存空间，裂缝提供流动通道；Ⅳ类(大孔隙)的基质具有高的孔隙度和渗透率，基质提供储存空间和流动通道，裂缝仅增加渗透率。对26个Ⅱ类油气藏和20个Ⅲ类油气藏的开采历史的研究表明：Ⅱ类油气藏的采收率受水驱强度和最优日产量控制，日产量过高会很容易破坏Ⅱ类油气藏，一些Ⅱ类油气藏如果管理得当，采收率可以很高，不需要二次或三次采油；Ⅲ类油气藏的采收率主要受岩石和流体本身性质的影响，特别是基质渗透率、流体重度、润湿性以及裂缝强度等，不进行二次或三次采油不可能完全开采，往往需要采用一些提高采收率的专门技术。以往将Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类裂缝性油气藏归为一类，认识它们的区别将有助于选择更好的开发策略。     

Integrated petrophysical log characterization for tight carbonate reservoir effectiveness: A case study from the Longgang area, Sichuan Basin, China

Ultra-low porosity and permeability, inhomogeneous fracture distribution, and complex storage space together make the effectiveness evaluation of tight carbonate reservoirs difficult. Aiming at the carbonate reservoirs of the Da＇anzhai Formation in the Longgang area of the Sichuan Basin, based on petrophysical experiments and logging response characteristics, we investigated the storage properties of matrix pores and the characteristics of fracture development to establish a method for the characterization of effectiveness of tight reservoirs. Mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） experiments show that the conventional relationship between porosity and permeability cannot fully reflect the fluid flow behavior in tight matrix pores. Under reservoir conditions, the tight reservoirs still possess certain storage space and permeability, which are controlled by the characteristic structures of the matrix porosity. The degree of fracture development is crucial to the productivity and quality of tight reservoirs. By combining the fracture development similarity of the same type of reservoirs and the fracture development heterogeneity in the same block, a three-level classification method of fracture development was established on the basis of fracture porosity distribution and its cumulative features. According to the actual production data, based on the effectiveness analysis of the matrix pores and fast inversion of fracture parameters from dual laterolog data, we divided the effective reservoirs into three classes： Class I with developed fractures and pores, and high-intermediate productivity; Class II with moderately developed fractures and pores or of fractured type, and intermediate-low productivity; Class III with poorly developed fractures and matrix pores, and extremely low productivity. Accordingly log classification standards were set up. Production data shows that the classification of effective reservoirs is highly consistent with the reservoir productivity level, providing a new approach for the effectiveness evaluation of tight reservoirs.     

非均质各向异性裂缝油藏物理模型制作方法

基于离散化原理建立了一种用于裂缝油藏物理实验的模型制作方法。选取不同物性的天然岩石露头加工制作大量的单元岩块,将单元岩块按特定方式连结形成大尺度岩体,单元岩块之间的缝隙在大岩体内构成三维裂缝系统,从而形成裂缝油藏物理模型。通过选择单元岩块的数量、大小、排列样式以及每个单元岩块的物性参数和黏接方式,可以定量控制模型的尺度、形状,以及模型内部裂缝和基质的渗透率、孔隙度,裂缝-基质间渗吸强度,裂缝密度等物性参数分布,建立满足非均质及各向异性特征的裂缝油藏物理模型。经实例验证,该建模方法可以实现裂缝油藏模型物性参数分布的定量化,制作过程具有可行性和可靠性。     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF INTERFERENCE TESTING DATA ANALYSIS MODEL FOR DUAL-POROSITY SYSTEM USING BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a boundary element model in order to analyze the data from naturally fractured reservoirs with complex-shaped boundary. The model employs a boundary element method with free-space Green's function as a weighting function that makes it possible to handle multi-well system with geometrically complex boundary. The developed model has been validated by using the published actual field data for naturally fractured reservoir. The result shows that the model is capable of describing the transient pressure behavior representing the characteristics of naturally fractured reservoirs. The calculated permeability agrees well with the published result. In case of multi-well homogeneous reservoir system with complex geometry, both the transient state data and the data including boundary effect have been analyzed. The calculated permeabilities in each case were computed identically. This represents that the model can be effectively used for the analysis of data with boundary effect. In order to investigate the field applicability of the model, the actual field interference testing data performed in the Maljamar reservoir, New Mexico, USA were used. The relative fracture storage capacity and inter-porosity flow parameter were computed as 1.0 and 0.0, respectively. This implies that porosity and permeability of matrix are extremely low compared with those of fracture, and the flow occurs only through the secondary porosity system such as fracture network.     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF INTERFERENCE TESTING DATA ANALYSIS MODEL FOR DUAL-POROSITY SYSTEM USING BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a boundary element model in order to analyze the data from naturally fractured reservoirs with complex-shaped boundary. The model employs a boundary element method with free-space Green's function as a weighting function that makes it possible to handle multi-well system with geometrically complex boundary. The developed model has been validated by using the published actual field data for naturally fractured reservoir. The result shows that the model is capable of describing the transient pressure behavior representing the characteristics of naturally fractured reservoirs. The calculated permeability agrees well with the published result. In case of multi-well homogeneous reservoir system with complex geometry, both the transient state data and the data including boundary effect have been analyzed. The calculated permeabilities in each case were computed identically. This represents that the model can be effectively used for the analysis of data with boundary effect. In order to investigate the field applicability of the model, the actual field interference testing data performed in the Maljamar reservoir, New Mexico, USA were used. The relative fracture storage capacity and inter-porosity flow parameter were computed as 1.0 and 0.0, respectively. This implies that porosity and permeability of matrix are extremely low compared with those of fracture, and the flow occurs only through the secondary porosity system such as fracture network.     

埕北30太古宇裂缝性潜山油藏孔渗参数模型

为了建立裂缝性潜山油藏的孔渗参数模型，选取核磁共振测井、密度测井和声波测井资料约束Elanplus软件解释井剖面各点的总孔隙度和裂缝系统渗透率，利用井点孔渗物性与声波测井速度资料回归了声波测井速度、声波时差与孔隙度、渗透率的关系式。利用三维地震反演和相干分析得到的三维速度数据体，求取了埕北30太古宇潜山油藏孔渗物性的三维分布。在建立裂缝系统径向、主裂缝方向、次裂缝方向和垂向渗透率之间相关关系模型的基础上，结合应力场数值模拟求得的裂缝走向，预测了裂缝系统渗透率的三维空间各向异性分布，建立了裂缝性潜山油藏的孔渗参数模型。     

基于流管模型的裂缝性低渗透油藏井间示踪剂解释模型

裂缝性低渗透油藏的示踪剂产出曲线与常规储层不同,存在多个峰值,需要建立针对裂缝性油藏的示踪剂解释模型。将该类储层中的裂缝系统考虑为多条裂缝条带,并将裂缝条带等效为流管束,建立示踪剂在井间流动的物理模型。基于一维对流扩散方程,沿着流管建立了示踪剂浓度分布数学模型,在生产层将各裂缝条带的浓度叠加后,得到示踪剂浓度产出表达式。敏感性分析表明,随着裂缝条带等效流管数增加,浓度产出曲线峰值下降;随着流管长度增加,生产井见剂时间增长,且峰值浓度降低;随着渗透率和注采压差增大,生产井见剂时间减小,浓度产出曲线带宽增加。现场应用表明,该模型的解释结果与数值模拟解释结果相近,验证了模型的合理性。     

确定裂缝性火山岩储集层孔隙容积的油藏工程实用方法

提出了应用试油阶段压力恢复试井和产量、流压矿场测试资料,采用Pollard-Pirson 方法和影响函数法,确定裂缝性火山岩油藏单井泄流范围内的裂缝、基质孔隙容积。提出的方法有效弥补了非均质性十分严重的裂缝性火山岩油藏现有确定裂缝、基质孔隙容积方法所存在的理论和技术上的局限性,对于进一步研究裂缝性火山岩油藏地质、油藏工程和产能特性有较好的理论和实际应用意义。     

裂缝性特低渗油藏井间化学示踪监测分类解释模型

裂缝性特低渗透油藏天然裂缝广泛发育,人工裂缝使其裂缝系统更加复杂多样。随着注水开发的深入,裂缝系统发生动态变化,现有的孔隙型示踪剂解释模型难以有效表征该类水窜裂缝系统。以鄂尔多斯盆地裂缝性特低渗透油藏为例,通过分析水窜、水淹综合特征,将水窜裂缝系统划分为人工裂缝窜通型、差异裂缝交互型和裂缝相对均匀推进型,等效抽象出不同水窜裂缝系统的物理模型,并依据注入水与示踪剂在裂缝条带中运动的基本假设,建立了Ⅰ类单峰型、Ⅱ类多峰型、Ⅲ类宽台型水窜裂缝系统的示踪剂分类解释模型,实现了非均质问题的相对均质化处理。现场实例验证了该分类模型在裂缝性特低渗透油藏示踪剂解释中的合理性和适用性,为裂缝性特低渗透油藏水窜、水淹治理方案的准确制定和后期精细挖潜提供重要依据,具有广阔的应用价值。     

氢监测技术在含硫输气管线上的应用

采用腐蚀挂片、缓蚀剂残余浓度分析以及氢监测技术,在含硫输气管线上研究了缓蚀剂应用效果,确定了缓蚀剂的有效保护时间。结果表明,氢监测技术能够无损、实时、全周相地监测含硫输气管线腐蚀状况,缓蚀剂残余浓度分析及氢监测结果显示缓蚀剂有效保护时间达到1个月以上。     

裂缝性低渗透油藏三维两相黑油数值模拟研究

大量实验和现场数据表明,低渗透油藏中普遍存在启动压力梯度,并且裂缝对应力的敏感比基质更强,文中在双孔、双渗达西渗流的数学模型基础上引入启动压力梯度和应力敏感,建立了裂缝性低渗透油藏双孔、双渗渗流模型,并对其进行了全隐式联立求解以及实例计算。     

A reservoir simulation approach for modeling of naturally fractured reservoirs

In this investigation, the Warren and Root model proposed for the simulation of naturally fractured reservoir was improved. A reservoir simulation approach was used to develop a 2D model of a synthetic oil reservoir. Main rock properties of each gridblock were defined for two different types of gridblocks called matrix and fracture gridblocks. These two gridblocks were different in porosity and permeability values which were higher for fracture gridblocks compared to the matrix gridblocks. This model was solved using the implicit finite difference method. Results showed an improvement in the Warren and Root model especially in region 2 of the semilog plot of pressure drop versus time, which indicated a linear transition zone with no inflection point as predicted by other investigators. Effects of fracture spacing, fracture permeability, fracture porosity, matrix permeability and matrix porosity on the behavior of a typical naturally fractured reservoir were also presented.     

双侧向测井计算碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层渗透率的应用研究

鄂尔多斯盆地S区奥陶系马五组为一套基质孔隙度和渗透率低,且裂缝发育的裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层.为了充分利用常规测井资料有效地定量评价储层渗透率,以现有的常规测井资料与理论分析相结合,应用双侧向测井视电阻率建立了该区裂缝性碳酸盐岩储层裂缝渗透率的计算模型,并利用有限的岩心分析数据及试气资料进行了对比验证.结果表明,该方法较为准...     

裂缝性储层应力敏感性数值模拟——以库车坳陷克深气田为例

针对裂缝性储层应力敏感性的常规研究方法难以做到与实际相符且不能定量分析的问题,采用储层裂缝数值模拟方法,对克深气田裂缝性储层的应力敏感性进行了研究,并分析了应力敏感性的影响因素。研究结果显示:随着有效应力的增加,裂缝的孔隙度和渗透率均随之下降,表现出较强的应力敏感,且裂缝渗透率的应力敏感程度强于裂缝孔隙度,并可采用指数函数对应力敏感曲线进行拟合;储层裂缝孔渗参数的初始值越高,其应力敏感性越强,即相对高渗储层的应力敏感性要强于相对低渗储层;对于低渗透的裂缝性储层,储层岩石塑性越强其应力敏感程度越高;不同充填程度裂缝的应力敏感性由强到弱依次为未充填缝、半充填缝和全充填缝。     

Effect of stress sensitivity on displacement efficiency in CO2 flooding for fractured low permeability reservoirs

Carbon dioxide flooding is an effective means of enhanced oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs. If fractures are present in the reservoir, CO2 may flow along the fractures, resulting in low gas displacement efficiency. Reservoir pore pressure will fluctuate to some extent during a CO2 flood, causing a change in effective confining pressure. The result is rock deformation and a reduction in permeability with the reduction in fracture permeability, causing increased flow resistance in the fracture space. Simultaneously, gas cross flowing along the fractures is partially restrained. In this work, the effect of stress changes on permeability was studied through a series of flow experiments. The change in the flowrate distribution in a matrix block and contained fracture with an increase in effective pressure were analyzed. The results lead to an implicit comparison which shows that permeability of fractured core decreases sharply with an increase in effective confining pressure. The fracture flowrate ratio declines and the matrix flowrate ratio increases. Fracture flow will partially divert to the matrix block with the increase in effective confining pressure, improving gas displacement efficiency.     

Effect of stress sensitivity on displacement efficiency in CO2 flooding for fractured low permeability reservoirs

Carbon dioxide flooding is an effective means of enhanced oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs. If fractures are present in the reservoir, CO2 may flow along the fractures, resulting in low gas displacement efficiency. Reservoir pore pressure will fluctuate to some extent during a CO2 flood, causing a change in effective confining pressure. The result is rock deformation and a reduction in permeability with the reduction in fracture permeability, causing increased flow resistance in the fracture space. Simultaneously, gas cross flowing along the fractures is partially restrained. In this work, the effect of stress changes on permeability was studied through a series of flow experiments. The change in the flowrate distribution in a matrix block and contained fracture with an increase in effective pressure were analyzed. The results lead to an implicit comparison which shows that permeability of fractured core decreases sharply with an increase in effective confining pressure. The fracture flowrate ratio declines and the matrix flowrate ratio increases. Fracture flow will partially divert to the matrix block with the increase in effective confining pressure, improving gas displacement efficiency.     

哈萨克斯坦盐下油藏双重介质三维地质建模

以哈萨克斯坦肯基亚克盐下石炭系油藏为例.在详细岩心观察基础上.综合取心、测井、地质、地震等多方面资料,分步建立了双重介质储集层的三维地质模型.首先建立研究区构造模型,利用地震相和测井相分析建立沉积相模型,在数据结构分析和方法优选的基础上.建立相控的储集层基质属性模型;第二步利用地震几何属性分析和岩心裂缝描述结果.模拟建立裂缝分布网络模型;第三步将基质属性和裂缝分布网络模型有机结合,利用基质和裂缝渗流交换原理建立双重介质储集层三维综合地质模型.建模最终给出了裂缝的网络分布模型,裂缝的等效渗透率和双重介质等效渗透率模型,可直接提供给油藏工程研究人员开展数值模拟研究.     

库车坳陷克深2气藏裂缝-孔隙型砂岩储层地质建模方法

目前,针对低渗透或致密裂缝-孔隙型砂岩储层的地质建模多局限于定性或半定量研究,通常的做法是将裂缝当做基质渗透率的增加因素来考虑,因而无法体现裂缝发育的方向性、不均一性,也无法描述连续合理的变化趋势。为此,针对塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深2气藏储集层为低孔隙度、低渗透率裂缝-孔隙型砂岩的实际情况,提出了一套将地质、地震、测井等手段综合一体化的裂缝-孔隙型砂岩储层地质建模方法。该方法首先利用地震、测井、岩心以及野外露头数据,以区内夹层分布为切入点建立岩性模型,并进行相控参数建模;再通过构造曲率法对该区裂缝的发育区带进行预测,并用其约束裂缝参数建模,从而建立了克深2气藏裂缝性砂岩储层的三维地质模型。实际运用效果证明,该方法所建模型符合地质认识规律,可量化储层参数,适用于裂缝-孔隙型油气藏评价阶段稀井网条件下的地质建模研究。     

边界层对致密油藏逆向渗吸的数值模拟

致密油藏开发过程中一般采用水平井多段体积压裂方法进行开采,近井基质被缝网充分切割,极大的增加了基质与裂缝的接触面积,压裂液或水通过缝网与基质发生逆向渗吸,因此无论压裂过程还是注水吞吐开发过程都不能忽视逆向渗吸作用的影响,另外由于致密储层流动规律不同于普通油藏,这导致致密油藏的逆向渗吸与常规油藏的逆向渗吸作用存在许多不同,为了准确模拟裂缝性致密储层中的渗吸作用,首先采用耗散粒子动力学的方法验证了致密储层微纳米喉道中渗吸过程中边界层的存在并得到渗吸过程中边界层厚度的变化规律,然后利用孔隙网络模型计算考虑边界层的关键渗流参数,主要包括渗透率、毛管力曲线及相渗曲线;并将计算获得的关键渗流参数应用到表征致密储层复杂缝网的数值模拟模型中,模拟结果显示边界层对渗吸作用具有抑制作用,当考虑边界层后储层的渗吸能力大幅度减弱,致密储层的渗吸采收率可能仅为不考率渗吸时的3/8而已,因此应当重视致密储层中边界层的存在,否则可能会高估储层的流动能力。     

Naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoir simulation by elastic fracture modeling

Accurate fluid flow simulation in geologically complex reservoirs is of particular importance in construction of reservoir simulators. General approaches in naturally fractured reservoir simulation involve use of unstructured grids or a structured grid coupled with locally unstructured grids and discrete fracture models. These methods suffer from drawbacks such as lack of flexibility and of ease of updating. In this study, I combined fracture modeling by elastic gridding which improves flexibility, especially in complex reservoirs. The proposed model revises conventional modeling fractures by hard rigid planes that do not change through production. This is a dubious assumption, especially in reservoirs with a high production rate in the beginning. The proposed elastic fracture modeling considers changes in fracture properties, shape and aperture through the simulation. This strategy is only reliable for naturally fractured reservoirs with high fracture permeability and less permeable matrix and parallel fractures with less cross-connections. Comparison of elastic fracture modeling results with conventional modeling showed that these assumptions will cause production pressure to enlarge fracture apertures and change fracture shapes, which consequently results in lower production compared with what was previously assumed. It is concluded that an elastic gridded model could better simulate reservoir performance.