辐照降解技术在抗生素菌渣无害化处理中的应用

危险废物抗生素菌渣富含营养物质,具有良好的资源化利用价值,而资源化的前提是无害化,其无害化处理是亟待解决的重要问题。本文介绍了辐照降解技术特点和原理,综述了抗生素辐照降解技术国内外的研究进展,分析了抗生素辐照降解技术的应用前景,探讨了抗生素辐照降解技术的未来研究方向,以期为辐照降解技术在抗生素无害化处理中的应用提供参考。     

电子束辐照对土霉素菌渣理化性质的影响

应用电子束辐照技术处理土霉素菌渣，利用液相色谱质谱仪（LC-MS）、气相色谱质谱仪（GC-MS）、电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）、傅里叶红外光谱等分析技术对辐照前、后菌渣中土霉素及其理化特性进行分析，探讨土霉素菌渣辐照前、后理化性质变化。结果表明：电子束辐照技术能有效降解菌渣中残留的土霉素，200 kGy吸收剂量时土霉素去除率达到76.33%；菌渣中主要官能团为CC和O—H，随吸收剂量增加，吸收峰强度先升高后降低；辐照后菌渣的pH有降低趋势、卤素离子浓度升高、氰化物完全降解、金属离子浓度变化较小，主要是由于有机物与电子束辐照产生的·OH、e^-_aq、·H等活性粒子反应所致，各种因子均低于我国现行危险废物鉴别标准中的限值要求。该研究结果可为抗生素菌渣的处理和资源化利用提供理论依据。     

电子束辐照处理水溶液中的活性染料

印染废水是我国工业废水的主要品种之一,如何有效处理印染废水是当今一个重要的研究课题。本文选择两种活性染料为处理对象,研究其在电子束辐照下的降解和脱色。通过染料水溶液受到辐照前后的紫外可见光谱的分析,以及化学需氧量、吸光度和溶液pH值的变化,研究其辐射降解脱色特性。同时研究了过氧化氢对染料辐射降解的协同作用。结果显示利用辐射技术处理印染废水具有相当好的应用前景。     

氯酚类污染物的辐射降解研究进展

以γ射线辐照为基本手段的辐射技术,在环境污染治理中的应用日益广泛。本文着重介绍了辐射技术降解氯酚类污染物(CPs)的辐照分解机理及最新研究进展,并对辐射技术的应用前景和存在的问题进行了评述。同时简要介绍了影响CPs辐照分解效率的各种因素,提出单一辐照工艺对高浓度的CPs的处理都存在一定局限性,而采用臭氧-辐照联用,不仅可降低辐射剂量,而且臭氧在辐射条件下可产生协同效应,既提高了有机物的处理效果,又克服了单用辐射处理时效率随有机物浓度下降而降低的缺点,联合工艺的开发与应用将成为环境污染治理新发展的方向。     

AP1000化容系统离子交换树脂辐照稳定性研究

本研究针对 AP1000化学和容积控制系统选型的树脂，在模拟电厂运行18个月的辐照总剂量后，对辐照前后的树脂样品进行了基本性能指标和应用性能全面分析。从辐照影响的角度预测了树脂降解对树脂自身交换能力、树脂物理稳定性、系统出水水质和运行周期的影响等，得出了：由于辐照降解，阴阳树脂可发挥交换能力的下降百分比，降解产物对主回路系统水化学品质的影响，辐照降解对树脂外观和机械强度以及阴树脂动力学性的影响。为AP1000工程实际应用评估辐照对CVS树脂运行周期和去污效率的影响提供了参考依据。     

γ射线辐照降解乳酸左氧氟沙星及产物抑菌活性分析

研究了γ射线辐照下10μg/mL乳酸左氧氟沙星的降解,空气条件下当剂量达到1kGy时,降解率达到99%,而G值则随着剂量增加而降低;通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS)分析,推测出5种主要的降解产物(m/z346、330、318、302、274)和最可能的降解途径,并与氮气条件下的降解进行比较,探讨初步降解机理;对大肠杆菌在含有乳酸左氧氟沙星溶液的营养肉汤中生长状况分析可知,产物为m/z346的分子仍然具有活性成分,可以抑制大肠杆菌的生长,仅当剂量大于3kGy活性才完全消失。因此3kGy应为乳酸左氧氟沙星的最佳辐照剂量。辐照技术可以很有效地降解抗生素,确定辐照剂量时需要把降解产物活性考虑在内。     

辐照对盐酸克伦特罗降解效应的初步研究

采用电子束辐照处理盐酸克伦特罗,应用液相色谱串联质谱、红外光谱等技术研究盐酸克伦特罗辐照降解规律及辐解产物的结构,分析辐照对盐酸克伦特罗的降解效应。实验结果表明,原始浓度为18 mg·kg–1和45 mg·kg–1的盐酸克伦特罗水溶液浓度随吸收剂量增加而降低,且在吸收剂量为5 kGy和10 kGy时降解率达到90%以上;在低剂量下(≤5 kGy)盐酸克伦特罗分子的-OH和-Cl基团脱落,随着剂量的增加-OH,-NH2,-NH-和-C(CH3)3等基团也发生了不同程度的改变或脱落,表明电子束辐照可有效降解盐酸克伦特罗。     

电子束辐照降解二氯苯废水的研究

二氯苯是重要的有机污染物,采用常规处理方法难以降解.利用束流为1 mA、电子束能量为1.5 MeV的高能电子束辐照处理邻,间,对-二氯苯的模拟废水.辐照剂量分别为35 kGy、70 kGy、105 kGy、140 kGy、210 kGy.实验表明电子束能够降解氯苯类废水且效果很好,邻二氯苯、间二氯苯、对二氯苯的降解率为50%时所需剂量分别为:38 kGy、35 kGy、46 kGy.辐照降解过程中氯离子的质量浓度增加,辐照后溶液呈强酸性,pH在2-3.根据实验结果,本文给出了二氯苯的辐照降解机理并初步探讨了辐解中间产物的类型.     

辐射处理造纸制浆筛选漂白废水

介绍了电子束(EB)辐照制浆造纸厂废水，降解废水中未被生物降解的有害化学物质。生物处理后的废水经电子束辐照后，lOmin之内化学需氧量(CODcr)就可降低至原值的1/4，色度也随之降低。经对废水中重要成分单宁酸辐照后的光谱分析，发现分子结构中的C=O、C=C键发生断裂，有机物被很好地降解，达到了废水处理的目的。     

辐照对无花果多糖分子量、结构及抗氧化活性的影响

采用60Coγ-射线对无花果多糖进行降解处理,以高效凝胶色谱测定多糖分子量,紫外光谱和红外光谱分析多糖结构。考察了无花果多糖浓度、辐照剂量和H2O2浓度对其降解的影响,并比较不同辐照处理后多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明:辐照剂量、H2O2浓度的增大对无花果多糖的降解起促进作用,而无花果多糖浓度的增加则对其降解起抑制作用;辐照后无花果多糖的羰基吸收峰增强,且在清除超氧阴离子、清除羟基自由基和还原能力方面比处理前有显著提高。     

Removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from wastewater by gamma irradiation in presence of iron ions

The presence of sulfonamide antibiotics in aquatic environments has received increasing attention in recent years.Sulfadiazine(SD),a widely used heterocyclic sulfonamide pharmaceutical,has entered into the receiving water body.In this paper,gamma rays are used to irradiate samples of sulfadiazine antibiotics-containing wastewater.The results demonstrate that SD can be effectively degraded by irradiation,but the mineralization degree of SD(in terms of TOC) is not as efficient as the SD degradation.The addition of Fe~(2+) can significantly enhance the SD degradation and mineralization through the generation of hydroxyl radical by catalytic decomposition of H_2O_2 from water radiolysis.Ion chromatography analysis indicates that sulfate ions(SO_4~(2-)) and formate(HCOO~-) are the main intermediate products.Gamma irradiation is a promising technology for removing low-concentration antibiotics from water and wastewater.     

Degradation of antibiotic contaminants from water by gas–liquid underwater discharge plasma

Antibiotic contamination adversely affects human health and ecological balance.In this study,gasliquid underwater discharge plasma was employed to simultaneously degrade three antibiotics,sulfadiazine(SDZ),tetracycline(TC),and norfloxacin(NOR),to address the growing problem of antibiotic contaminants in water.The effects of various parameters on the antibiotic degradation efficiency were evaluated,including the discharge gas type and flow rate,the initial concentration and pH of the solution,and...     

铀基X射线闪烁体研究进展

贫铀再利用是近年来放射化学领域尤为关注的课题，研究发现以铀酰离子作为金属中心合成的含铀晶体材料在X射线辐照场中产生强烈的闪烁现象。与传统闪烁发光元素相比，铀元素具有发光效率高、辐射阻滞能力强等本征属性，为发展新型闪烁体提供了物质基础。近期研究合成的新型铀基闪烁体显现出较高的X射线转换效率、强X射线衰减系数、较好的辐照与湿度稳定性、以及更短的余辉等优势。本文从铀酰发光原理、铀基晶体闪烁现象的发现、含铀闪烁体材料的优势出发，主要阐述了基于铀酰本征性质的新型铀基闪烁体用于X射线探测方面的研究进展，提出了提高含铀闪烁体性能的方法思路。研究成果既为处理贫铀资源提供了新的途径，又为高性能新型闪烁体的设计提供了借鉴。     

铀基X射线闪烁体研究进展

贫铀再利用是近年来放射化学领域尤为关注的课题，研究发现以铀酰离子作为金属中心合成的含铀晶体材料在X射线辐照场中产生强烈的闪烁现象。与传统闪烁发光元素相比，铀元素具有发光效率高、辐射阻滞能力强等本征属性，为发展新型闪烁体提供了物质基础。近期研究合成的新型铀基闪烁体显现出较高的X射线转换效率、强X射线衰减系数、较好的辐照与湿度稳定性、以及更短的余辉等优势。本文从铀酰发光原理、铀基晶体闪烁现象的发现、含铀闪烁体材料的优势出发，主要阐述了基于铀酰本征性质的新型铀基闪烁体用于X射线探测方面的研究进展，提出了提高含铀闪烁体性能的方法思路。研究成果既为处理贫铀资源提供了新的途径，又为高性能新型闪烁体的设计提供了借鉴。     

集成运算放大器的中子辐照损伤效应研究

论文针对双极型运算放大器的中子辐照损伤效应开展实验与理论研究。从双极型器件的中子辐照损伤机理出发,考虑器件电流增益随中子注量的退化,对集成运放的偏置电流、开环增益、共模抑制比与电源抑制比等敏感参数展开试验与理论研究。基于中子辐照损伤系数,针对集成运放中敏感参数随中子注量的退化进行仿真研究,并通过电路敏感性分析明确运放中子辐照损伤的敏感器件与敏感单元。     

反应堆压力容器辐照监督无损评估技术研究

反应堆压力容器（RPV）的辐照脆化问题是核安全的重中之重，影响到核电厂的安全性、经济性与公众信心。介绍了传统RPV辐照监督方案，讨论了现行技术的局限性，梳理了RPV辐照监督无损评估技术国外研究进展与存在问题，在实验与理论研究的基础上创新性地提出了中子辐照条件下RPV钢力学性能预测统一模型，并形成了基于电磁性能的RPV辐照监督无损评估技术，进一步完善后具有较好的工程应用前景。同时指出了开展RPV钢电磁性能实验研究，既有助于从一个全新的角度理解与再认识国产RPV钢长寿期服役时的辐照脆化行为，又有利于揭示RPV钢辐照脆化机理，丰富辐照脆化的基础理论。      

高通量工程试验堆的前景展望

本文展望了高通量工程试验堆(HFETR)的发展前景。HFETR 开发利用的重点是核电站和动力堆燃料元件及材料的辐照试验,高技术核能领域课题基础研究。在同位素研制生产和源机配套应用、辐射加工方面,开拓反应堆综合利用的深度和广度。HFETR 应纳入国家科学发展规划,完善设施,作为国家实验室向国内外开放。     

Durability of Irradiated Polymers in Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer

The durability of irradiated organic polymers in solid-polymer-electrolyte water electrolyzer was investigated by gamma-ray irradiation tests around 500 kGy. Serious deteriorations for the tensile strength and ion exchange capacity of the ion exchange membrane (Nafion®) were not observed up to 850 kGy. No serious damage was also observed for tensile strength of the gasket materials (Aflas®) up to 500 kGy. The insulator materials (PFA and FEP) lost their tensile strength at 200 kGy and 300 kGy, respectively. From the above results, we can safely say that the electrolysis cell could be used up to around 500 kGy of irradiation conditions in the case where PFA and FEP are replaced by the polyimide resin which durability against the irradiation is well demonstrated. Two degrading mechanisms were supposed as the effect of irradiation. One is the direct degradation of the chain and branch by gamma-ray. The other is degradation by the attack of radicals. It was demonstrated that the effect of radicals on degradation of the membrane was not dominant. In addition, oxygen was observed to have a large influence on degradation. The quantity of dissolved fluorine in water that could be measured easily was found to correlate closely with tensile strength and ion exchange capacity. Hence, it is possible to evaluate the degradation of ion exchange membrane by monitoring the quantity of dissolved fluorine in water. Concerning the difference of degrading mechanism of the ion exchange membrane due to irradiation source, the combinations of tensile strength, ion exchange capacity and quantity of dissolved fluorine are proposed as deterioration indexes.     

Integrated infrastructure initiatives for material testing reactor innovations

The key goal of the European FP6 project MTR+I3 was to build a durable cooperation between Material Testing Reactor (MTR) operators and relevant laboratories that can maintain European leadership with updated capabilities and competences regarding reactor performances and irradiation technology.The MTR+I3 consortium was composed of 18 partners with a high level of expertise in irradiation-related services for all types of nuclear plants.This project covered activities that foster integration of the MTR community involved in designing, fabricating and operating irradiation devices through information exchange, know-how cross-fertilization, exchanges of interdisciplinary personnel, structuring of key-technology suppliers and professional training. The network produced best practice guidelines for selected irradiation activities.This project allowed to launch or to improve technical studies in various domains dealing with irradiation test device technology, experimental loop designs and instrumentation. Major results are illustrated in this paper. These concern in particular: on-line fuel power determination, neutron screen optimization, simulation of transmutation process, power transient systems, water chemistry and stress corrosion cracking, fission gas measurement, irradiation behaviour of electronic modules, mechanical loading under irradiation, high temperature gas loop technology, heavy liquid metal loop development and safety test instrumentation.One of the major benefits of this project is that, starting from a situation of fragmented resources in a strongly competitive sector, it has created a framework opening the way to further collaboration between the involved partners regarding the development and utilization of irradiation devices. In addition, the courses developed in the different institutes within the framework of professional training can continue after the end of the project.