棒束通道内气液两相流流型的实验研究

常温、常压条件下,在7×7矩形截面棒束通道内进行了垂直向上气液两相流动实验,气液两相折算速度的变化范围分别为0.04~14 m/s和0.238~1.860 m/s。实验中用高速摄像仪对流型进行记录,观察到了泡状流、泡状-搅混流、搅混流和搅混-环状流4种流型,发现搅混流是主要流型,并对Hewitt流型图的界限进行了修正。分析实验数据发现,摩擦压降在泡状流和搅混流区域的变化是相反的。根据实验数据,参考前人的研究得到棒束通道中泡状流向搅混流转变的边界。     

Void distribution and bubble motion in bubbly flows in a 4×4 rod bundle. Part II: numerical simulation

Numerical simulations of bubbly flows in a four by four rod bundle are carried out using a multi-fluid model to examine effects of the numerical treatment of phase distribution and drag model. The transport equations of bubble number density and void fraction are used as the continuity equation of the gas phase. Two drag models are tested: one of them accounts for the bubble deformation (aspect ratio), whereas the other does not. The rod diameter, the rod pitch and the hydraulic diameter of the rod bundle are 10, 12.5 and 9.1 mm, respectively. The gas and liquid volume fluxes are J_G = 0.06 m/s and J_L = 0.9 and 1.5 m/s, respectively. The bubble diameter ranges from 1 to 5 mm. Comparisons between the numerical and measured data show that (1) the restriction on bubble lateral motion due to the presence of rods can be taken into account by using the transport equation of bubble number density, whereas that of the void fraction cannot deal with the restriction and causes large errors in the distribution of void fraction and (2) the reduction in the bubble-relative velocity near the wall is predictable by using the drag model accounting for the bubble deformation effect.     

基于漂移流模型的矩形通道内泡状流-弹状流转变准则

以空气和水为工质,对竖直向上矩形通道(40 mm×1.41 mm,40 mm×10 mm)两相流流型特性进行了可视化研究。气液相表观速度分别为0.01~0.59 m/s和0.02~3.72 m/s。基于3个经典的泡状流向弹状流转变准则,考虑矩形通道的尺寸效应,导出了泡状流向弹状流转变时的临界空泡份额为0.23。以窄边宽度2.5 mm为界,将矩形通道分为小通道和常规通道两类,对泡状流向弹状流转变准则进行修正,修正准则能很好地预测实验值。为进一步验证修正准则的准确性和适用性,将修正准则与Mishima、Wilmarth和Sadatomi等的实验数据进行了对比,结果显示修正准则同样具有较好的预测效果。     

摇摆状态下窄矩形通道内两相流流型特性研究

以空气和水为工质,在40mm×1.6mm的窄矩形通道内对竖直状态和摇摆状态下两相流流型进行了研究。流型由拍摄照片辨别,实验通道内观察到的流型有泡状流、弹状流、搅混流和环状流,绘制出窄矩形通道内的流型图,并与常规尺寸圆管内两相流型进行了对比。摇摆对窄矩形通道内流型的影响与常规尺寸圆管相似,但由于狭小空间的限制及表面张力的作用,摇摆对两相流动并无明显影响。     

通道尺寸对竖直向上气-水两相流流型影响实验研究

本文以空气和水为工质,对竖直向上矩形通道(40 mm×1.41 mm,40 mm×10 mm)和圆形通道(D=25 mm)内的两相流流型特性进行了可视化研究。气液两相的表观速度分别为：0.03～24.71 m/s和0.03～3.73 m/s。3个实验段内均出现了泡状流、弹状流、搅混流和环状流4种流型,40 mm×10 mm和圆形通道中流型特征较为接近,与40 mm×1.41 mm通道中流型相比存在明显差别。此外,绘制出了3种通道详细的流型图。对比结果显示,矩形通道窄边宽度对流型转变有显著的影响,随着矩形通道窄边宽度的增加,其流型转变边界更加趋近于圆形通道。     

Combinated Flow Pattern Map for Cocurrent and Countercurrent Air-Water Flows in Vertical Tube

Flow patterns for cocurrent and countercurrent air-water flows in vertical tubes (40 and 80mm I.D.) at volumetric flux densities of air and water in the ranges ?115–158 and ?100–102 cm/s were observed. A flow pattern map presenting the entire data of the observed flow patterns, i.e. bubbly, slug and annular flow for each mode of flow operation (upflow, countercurrent flow and downflow) were presented on the j_l vs. j_g plane. The flow pattern maps showed significant difference of flow pattern transition boundaries with upflow, countercurrent flow and downflow. Flow pattern transition curves were smoothly continuous with the change of the direction of water flow, on the other hand the change of flow direction of air showed complicated effect on flow pattern transition near zero j_g . Comparison of the present flow pattern data with the reported general flow pattern maps for upflow showed that the correlation of Taitel et al. for bubble-slug flow transition is applicable to both cocurrent and countercurrent air-water flows.     

Two-group interfacial area transport in vertical air–water flow: I. Mechanistic model

In a companion paper, mechanistic models of major fluid particle interaction phenomena involving two bubble groups have been proposed. The prediction of interfacial area concentration evolution using the one-dimensional two-group transport equation and evaluation with experimental results are performed in the paper. These evaluations are based on solid databases for a 2-inch air–water loop with sufficient information on the axial development and the radial distribution of the local parameters. Model evaluation strategies are systematically analyzed. The predictions for the interfacial area concentration evolution demonstrate satisfactory accuracy. The proposed model predicts a smooth transition across the bubbly-to-slug flow regime boundary and demonstrates mechanisms for the generation and development of the cap/slug bubble group. The two-group interfacial area transport equation covers a wide range from bubbly, slug, to churn turbulent flow regimes for adiabatic air–water upward flow in moderate diameter pipes. The generality of the interfacial transport model is also discussed.     

Two-group interfacial area transport in vertical air-water flow -II. Model evaluation

In a companion paper, mechanistic models of major fluid particle interaction phenomena involving two bubble groups have been proposed. The prediction of interfacial area concentration evolution using the one-dimensional two-group transport equation and evaluation with experimental results are performed in the paper. These evaluations are based on solid databases for a 2-inch air-water loop with sufficient information on the axial development and the radial distribution of the local parameters. Model evaluation strategies are systematically analyzed. The predictions for the interfacial area concentration evolution demonstrate satisfactory accuracy. The proposed model predicts a smooth transition across the bubbly-to-slug flow regime boundary and demonstrates mechanisms for the generation and development of the cap/slug bubble group. The two-group interfacial area transport equation covers a wide range from bubbly, slug, to churn turbulent flow regimes for adiabatic air-water upward flow in moderate diameter pipes. The generality of the interfacial transport model is also discussed.     

矩形窄通道内泡状流向搅拌流转变预测模型

在池式沸腾Helmholtz失稳模型的基础上,通过进一步的假设,构建流动沸腾条件下矩形窄通道内泡状流向搅拌流流型转变机理模型。基于调研的已有研究成果,得到矩形窄通道内汽泡可能稳定存在的极限尺寸,并由此得到泡状流向搅拌流转变的热边界条件。利用已有实验数据对该机理模型进行评价,该模型在低压条件下与实验数据符合得较好。     

振动工况下环管内气液两相流参数分布实验研究

为模拟地震对反应堆堆芯内两相流动的影响,将振动产生装置与实验段结合,并利用电导探针技术实验研究了振动工况下环管内气液两相流局部参数的分布特性。振动装置所采用的偏心轮的偏心距为15.875mm,并可通过调节电机转速获得不同的振动周期。环管实验段内径和外径分别为19.1mm和38.1mm,总长度为2.32m。实验以空气和水为工质,流动工况覆盖了泡状流、弹状流及搅混流等流型。实验结果表明,振动对管内气液两相流局部参数如含气率和界面浓度等分布具有重要影响。随振动周期的减小,管内两相流参数分布发生明显变化。另外振动对低含气率的泡状流影响较大,随含气率的增加,流型逐渐向搅混流过度,振动对两相流参数的影响逐渐减小。     

Study on Influence of Rolling Motion on Transition Boundary of Slug Flow to Churn Flow

The accurate identification of flow pattern is of great significance to improve the calculation accuracy of two-phase pressure drop. In this paper, the existing transition criteria of slug flow to churn flow were verified and evaluated using the static experimental data. On this basis, the best transition criterion was selected and the transition criterion between slug flow and churn flow under rolling condition was constructed by introducing the transient external force field produced by rolling motion, which was verified by the experimental data. The transition criterion was analyzed. The results show that with the increase of rolling amplitude, the transition of slug flow to churn flow advances a little, while the influence of rolling period on transition boundary can be ignored.     

摇摆运动对弹状流向搅拌流转变边界的影响研究

流型的精确识别对于改进两相压降的计算精度有重要意义。本文利用静止时实验数据对现有弹状流向搅拌流的转变准则进行了验证评价。在此基础上选择符合最好的转变准则，引入摇摆运动产生的瞬变外力场，构建了摇摆条件下弹状流 搅拌流转变准则，利用摇摆条件下的实验数据进行了验证。对转变准则进行分析，结果表明，在现有工况范围内，随摇摆振幅的增大，弹状流向搅拌流转变略有提前，而摇摆周期对流型转变的影响可忽略。     

Void fraction and flow regime in adiabatic upward two-phase flow in large diameter vertical pipes

In pipes with very large diameters, slug bubbles cannot exist. For this reason, the characteristics of two-phase flow in large pipes are much different than those in small pipes. Knowledge of these characteristics is essential for the prediction of the flow in new nuclear reactor designs which include a large chimney to promote natural circulation. Two of the key parameters in the prediction of the flow are the void fraction and flow regime. Void fraction measurements were made in a vertical tube with diameter of 0.15 m and length of 4.4 m. Superficial gas and liquid velocities ranged from 0.1 to 5.1 m/s and from 0.01 to 2.0 m/s, respectively. The measured void fractions ranged from 0.02 to 0.83. Electrical impedance void meters at four axial locations were used to measure the void fraction. This data was verified through comparison with previous data sets and models. The temporal variation in the void fraction signal was used to characterize the flow regime through use of the Cumulative Probability Density Function (CPDF). The CPDF of the signal was used with a Kohonen Self-Organized Map (SOM) to classify the flow regimes at each measurement port. The three flow regimes used were termed bubbly, cap-bubbly, and churn flow. The resulting flow regime maps matched well with the maps developed previously through other methods. Further, the flow regime maps matched well with the criteria which were proposed based on Mishima and Ishii's (1984) criteria.     

Effects of fluid properties on CCFL characteristics at a vertical pipe lower end

The purpose of this study is to derive a counter-current flow limitation (CCFL) correlation and evaluate its uncertainty for steam generator (SG) U-tubes in a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of the liquid viscosity on CCFL characteristics using air–40 wt% or air–60 wt% glycerol water solution and saturated steam–water at atmospheric pressure with vertical pipes simulating the lower part of the SG U-tubes. The steam–water experiments confirmed that CCFL characteristics could be expressed in terms of the Wallis parameters (J_G* and J_L*) for the pipe diameters of D = 14, 20, and 27 mm. A CCFL correlation was derived using the ratio μ_G/μ_L of the viscosities of the gas and liquid phases, μ_G and μ_L, as a correction term representing effects of fluid properties, where J_G^*1/2(μ_G/μ_L)^?0.07 was expressed by a cubic function of J_L^*1/2(μ_G/μ_L)^0.1. In the correlation, the constant C indicating the value of J_G^*1/2(μ_G/μ_L)^?0.07 at J_L* = 0 was (1.04 ± 0.05), and this uncertainty of ±0.05 would cover most of the previous experimental data including the ROSA-IV/LSTF data at 1, 3, and 7 MPa.     

竖直管内弹状流向搅混流转变界限的判定

本文对两种不同管径的竖直管内弹状流向搅混流转变界限的判定进行了实验研究.实验发现,在弹状流向搅混流转变的过程中,管内压力会随气体流量的增加出现先降低后上升的非单调性变化.通过对管内压力和摩阻变化的理论分析,并在可视化观察的基础上,提出压力变化曲线的转折点即为搅混流产生的起始点.然后根据实验数据,绘出两种不同管径下的搅混流转变界限.     

棒束通道气液两相流流型识别及动力学特性分析

采集棒束通道实验台上气液两相流4种流型压差信号,计算4种流型的多尺度边际谱熵,对其进行流型识别及动力学特性分析。实验结果表明:多尺度边际谱熵能从整体上区分4种流型,从频域细节尺度定量揭示不同流型间的动力学特性;利用多尺度边际谱熵增率和谱熵均值联合分布可定量准确区分4种流型,对泡状-搅混流这种难以区分的过渡流型也有较好效果;与支持向量机结合具有运算速度快、识别率高的优点,准确率高达98.11%,适合流型的在线识别。     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (II)

Following Part (I) of the present paper, which presented the experimental results obtained on the void distribution and average void fraction shown by nearly fully-developed, vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture, this Part (?) covers the flow regime transition criteria among the three basic flow regimes : bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two subregions of falling film flow and annular drop flow. The general situation of the transition criteria is as follows : (1) bubbly-to-slug flow transition occurs when the local void fraction in the central region of the tube is 0.3; (2) slug-to-annular drop flow transition criterion is given as a case which equations giving average void fraction for the slug flow and the annular flow are simultaneously satisfied; (3) slug-to-falling film flow transition occurs when the pressure difference between the crest of large wave and the bottom overcomes the surface tension; (4) the occurrence of liquid droplets from wave crests gives the transition criterion between the falling film flow and the annular drop flow.

These criteria were correlated to predict each flow regime boundary respectively considering flow mechanisms or from experimental results. The correlations obtained were compared with published flow regime maps for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

Distribution parameter and drift velocity for two-phase flow in a large diameter pipe

In view of practical importance of the drift flux model for two-phase flow analysis in general, and in the analysis of nuclear reactor transients and accidents in particular, the distribution parameter, and the drift velocity have been studied for two-phase flow in a vertical large diameter pipe. In this, study, local measurements were performed on flow parameters, such as void fraction, gas velocity and, liquid velocity in a vertical upward air–water two-phase flow in a pipe of 200 mm inner diameter and, 25 m in height by using the local sensor techniques such as hot-film probes, optical multi-sensor, probes and differential pressure gauges. Two-phase flow regimes in a vertical large diameter pipe, were classified into bubbly, churn and slug flows according to the visual observation. The values of the, distribution parameter and the mean drift velocity were determined directly by their definition using experiment data of the local flow parameters in a two-phase flow in a large diameter pipe. Various existing drift flux correlations were compared with the present experimental results and experimental data obtained by other researchers. A detailed discussion on the problems of these correlations was presented in this paper.     

竖直管道内间歇式两相流动沸腾特性分析

自然循环或重力注水过程的热功率、冷却剂流量等操作条件较小,易出现各种流动不稳定现象,影响核反应堆事故的发展进程,间歇式流动沸腾现象就属于其中的一种。以去离子水为工质,采用2×2加热棒束,对内径为32 mm竖直通道内的间歇式流动沸腾现象进行了实验研究,分析了不同热流密度下间歇式流动沸腾不稳定现象的变化规律,讨论了热流密度对间歇式沸腾周期的影响。结果表明,在一定的热流密度条件下,当加热通道内流体达到饱和并过热时,会发生周期性地剧烈喷涌及冷液回流现象,期间伴随泡状流、弹状流、搅混流及环状流等多种流动形态;间歇喷涌周期取决于沸腾停滞时间,随热流密度的不断增大,沸腾停滞时间缩短,间歇喷涌周期也缩短。当热流密度增大到一定程度时,间歇式流动沸腾现象消失,从而转变为另一种两相流动不稳定现象。     

Measurement of void fraction in bubbly-slug flow with a constant electric current method

In several void fraction measurement methods, a constant electric current method which is one of conductance methods is focused in the present study. By using this method, void fraction can be measured with higher temporal resolution. However, it has been mainly applied to annular flow in previous studies. In the present study, Maxwell's estimation, Bruggemann's estimation, low void fraction approximation and new estimations which consider the bubble shape are applied in order to measure more accurately void fraction of dispersed bubbly flow and slug flow. To understand the effect of bubble shapes and flow patterns, void fraction was measured by the constant electric current method for a rising single spherical bubble and a rising single slug bubble without a forced convection. In addition, void fraction was also measured in bubbly flow and bubbly-slug flow with a forced convection. Then, effects of flow patterns on the proposed estimations of void fraction and the accuracy of their estimations were discussed with the measurement results. From the result, the new estimations which consider a bubble shape are more accurate than the previous estimation in a slug bubble and bubbly-slug flow.