响应曲面法优化Fenton法氧化降解废闪烁液的条件

采用响应曲面法优化Fenton法氧化降解闪烁液的的实验条件。以FeSO_4浓度、H_2O_2浓度、pH、时间和温度为考虑因素,以闪烁废液样品的总体化学需氧量(COD)去除率为响应,进行5因子中心组合实验设计。结果表明,预测模型的回归性好,拟合程度较高,方程的决定系数R2为0.938 1,校正的决定系数R_(Adj)~2为0.880 1。预测最大的COD去除率为87.19%,对应的最优实验条件为:FeSO_4浓度为0.99mmol/L,H_2O_2浓度为57.50mmol/L,pH值为2.48,时间68.53min和温度76.59℃。该实验条件下COD去除率实验平均值为85.81%(n=3),实验结果与预测的COD去除率相对误差为1.58%,说明响应曲面法适应于优化Fenton法氧化降解闪烁液的试验条件。     

水生植物大薸和凤眼莲对水中铀的去除

通过室内水培和静态吸附实验,研究了铀矿区土著水生植物大薸(Pistia stratiotes L.)和凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对真实铀矿坑水和不同铀浓度水中铀的去除能力。结果表明:干体大薸和凤眼莲根系以1g/L(干重)的比例投加至铀矿坑水(ρ0(U)=1.93mg/L,pH0=7.83)中,1h后,矿坑水中铀去除率分别达58%和48%,5d后铀质量浓度降至0.3mg/L以下;活体大薸和凤眼莲对水体中铀的去除作用主要集中在第1d内,单株鲜重约为400g左右的活体大薸在10min内可以将1Lρ0(U)=0.045~4.5mg/L的水体中铀质量浓度降至30μg/L以下,符合世界卫生组织建议的饮用水标准;单株鲜重约为400g左右的活体凤眼莲在1d内可以将1Lρ0(U)=0.5~4.5mg/L的水体中铀质量浓度降至国家标准(GB 23727—2009)规定值(0.05mg/L)以下。     

Study on purification technology of polyacrylamide wastewater by non-thermal plasma

In this work, non-thermal plasma has been applied to treat polyacrylamide (PAM) wastewater. We have investigated the influence of the rule of PAM wastewater initial pH, solution concentration and discharge time, discharge voltage on chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation rate. At the same time, the effect of pH and discharge time on the viscosity removal rate of PAM solution was also studied. Then, the effect of pH on the viscosity removal rate of 1.0 gl ⁻¹ PAM solution was studied separately. Through orthogonal test, the factors affecting the COD degradation rate of PAM wastewater were determined as follows: discharge time>discharge voltage>solution concentration>wastewater initial pH. The COD highest removal rate of PAM wastewater reached 85.74%, when the optimal conditions are as follows: discharge voltage 40 kV, discharge time 5 h, solution concentration 1.0 gl ⁻¹, pH 1.5. This research provides some basic data and new theoretical basis for PAM wastewater purification.     

Fenton-UV照射法对超高浓度聚乙烯醇有机废液的降解效能

采用Fenton-紫外照射（Fenton-UV）联用工艺对核电厂超高浓度聚乙烯醇（PVA）有机废液进行处理,研究了PVA转化率、平均分子量、溶液黏度等随时间的变化规律。结果表明：对于50 g/L的PVA溶液,H₂O₂投加质量浓度为15 g/L,FeSO₄·7H₂O投加质量浓度为0.050 g/L,初始pH值为3,经过2 h Fenton反应和2 h UV照射（3 mW/cm²）之后,PVA转化率达到100%,溶液平均分子量从60 000~80 000 Da降低到1 000 Da以下,黏度降低到1.1 mPa·s,但总有机碳和化学需氧量（COD）变化不大。Fenton-UV法可作为预处理方法,前期Fenton阶段提高PVA的溶解度,增加反应溶液中的PVA含量,并进行初步降解和氧化;后期UV法进一步降解溶液中的PVA,有效降低其分子量和黏度,为后续处理提供有利条件,最终形成经济可行的超高浓度PVA有机废液处理工艺。     

电子束辐照处理模拟甲苯废气实验研究

以甲苯作为挥发性有机化合物的代表物质,在800keV电子束的辐照下,模拟甲苯废气的气量在0.5—1.2m3/h范围内,研究了甲苯初始质量浓度为1600—4630mg/m3时吸收剂量、甲苯初始浓度和湿度对于甲苯分解效率的影响。实验结果表明,电子束辐照可有效去除甲苯,甲苯初始质量浓度为1600mg/m3,辐照10kGy和40kGy,甲苯去除率分别为46.5%和72.2%;增加湿度也可提高甲苯去除率。用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)和离子色谱仪(IC)定性研究了辐解产物。甲苯辐解产物比较复杂,主要含有苯甲醛、甲酸等物质。也探讨了电子束辐照处理甲苯气体的主要机理,讨论了O2和.OH对于电子束辐照分解甲苯中的重要作用。     

水溶液中氯代苯酚的电子束辐射降解研究

利用电子束辐射降解水中的2-氯苯酚(2-CP),4-氯苯酚(4-CP)和2,4-2氯苯酚(2,4-DCP),研究了辐照剂量对初始浓度各为200mg/L的三种氯代苯酚以及浓度各为50mg/L的三种混合物辐射降解、去除有机氯及溶液pH值的影响。用HPLC测定了辐照溶液中2-CP、4-CP和2,4-DCP的含量,测试结果表明,随着辐照剂量的增加氯代苯酚的降解增加,溶液中的氯离子增加,pH值减小。浓度为200mg/L的三种溶液,在同样的辐射剂量率下,其辐射降解速度和氯离子产率的顺序为2,4-DCP>4-CP>2-CP;对浓度各为50mg/L氯代苯酚的混合物溶液,2,4-DCP的辐射降解速度最大,4-CP和2-CP的降解速度几乎相同。在辐照剂量为21kGy时,对浓度为200mg/L的三种溶液,其辐射降解率分别为93.0%(2-CP)、98.5%(4-CP)和99.4%(2,4-DCP),氯离子产率为55.4%、71.3%和69.0%,降解率为90%所需剂量(D90)分别为18.0kGy(2-CP)、11.4kGy(4-CP)和6.1kGy(2,4-DCP)。浓度各为50mg/L混合体系中的D90值分别为16.1kGy(2-CP)、15.6kGy(4-CP)和12.8kGy(2,4-DCP)。     

水溶液中环己丁酸的伽玛射线辐射降解研究

采用^60Coγ-射线辐射降解环己丁酸,通过对辐照前后化学需氧量（CODcr）与pH值变化的分析,研究了不同环己丁酸浓度、初始pH值、H202初始浓度和吸收剂量对环己丁酸的辐射降解效果的影响。结果表明：在相同剂量条件下,环己丁酸初始浓度越高,CODcr去除率越低;酸性条件更利于溶液中CODcr的去除;H202与γ-射线辐照之间具有显著的协同效应,H202初始浓度为1mmol·L-1时,其对40mg·L-1环己丁酸的辐射降解的促进效果达到最好。环己丁酸水溶液的CODcr浓度变化服从一级反应动力学方程。     

芬顿氧化法预处理放射性废离子交换树脂

为了对放射性废树脂进行预处理，使用芬顿试剂对其进行了氧化降解预处理实验研究。通过正交试验获得了实验操作的合理条件：当过氧化氢的初始浓度为4.0 mol/L、亚铁离子的初始浓度为20 mmol/L、反应时间为4 h、反应温度为95 ℃、溶液的初始pH值为2.5时，该法对3种不同的含铀废湿树脂(50 g)均有理想的降解效果。反应进行2 h后废树脂被完全分解，残液中化学需氧量(COD)的去除率达97%以上，由8.0 ～10.0 g/L降至0.2～0.3 g/L，且吸收液中铀含量无明显增加。实验结果表明，芬顿试剂对放射性废离子交换树脂有较好的氧化降解效果。     

预辐射接枝改性无纺布制备铯离子吸附材料

采用预辐射接枝聚合方法制备了4-羟基丁基丙烯酸酯缩水甘油醚(4HBAG)接枝的聚乙烯/聚丙烯(PE/PP)皮芯结构无纺布。用Na_2SO_3对接枝4HBAG的无纺布(PE/PP-g-4HBAG)进行开环反应,改性得到磺酸型吸附材料。在环氧基物质的量转化率52%时获得了磺酸基密度1.4 mmol/g的吸附材料。采用批次吸附和流动吸附对Cs~+的吸附性能进行研究。Cs~+的吸附等温线和吸附动力学表明,吸附过程遵循Langmuir等温线模型和准二级动力学模型。在1 000 SV/h高流速下,Cs~+的最大吸附容量为1.35 mmol/g。在pH=4~10时,吸附率稳定在90%左右,该值随pH值的增加而降低。在Cs~+初始浓度为1 mg/L和10 mg/L的溶液中研究了Na~+对Cs~+吸附率的影响,当Na~+浓度从0增加到20 mmol/L时,Cs~+的吸附率迅速降低。二价和三价金属离子Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(3+)对Cs~+吸附更具有阻碍作用。该磺酸型吸附材料在1 000 SV/h的高流速下能快速去除Cs~+。     

Discoloration of Congo Red by Rod-Plate Dielectric Barrier Discharge Processes at Atmospheric Pressure

A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor with a rod-plate electrode configuration was used for the oxidative decomposition of Congo red dye in an aqueous solution.Plasma was generated in the gas space above the water interface under atmospheric pressure.Discharge characteristics were analyzed by voltage-current waveforms.Effects of applied voltage,initial conductivity,and initial concentration were also analyzed.Congo red discoloration increased with increased applied voltage and decreased conductivity.The initial conductivity significantly influenced the Congo red discoloration.Under the same conditions,the highest discoloration rate was obtained at 25 mg/L.The presence of ferrous ions in the solutions had a substantial positive effect on Fenton dye degradation and flocculation.At an applied voltage of 20 kV,about 100％of dye was degraded after 4 min of Fe2+/DBD treatment.Results showed that adding a certain dosage of hydrogen peroxide to the wastewater could enhance the discoloration rate.Possible pathways of Congo red discoloration by DBD plasma were proposed based on GC/MS,FTIR,and UV-vis spectroscopy analyses.     

Evaluation on a double-chamber gas-liquid phase discharge reactor for benzene degradation

A double-chamber gas-liquid phase DBD reactor (GLDR), consisting of a gas-phase discharge chamber and a gas-liquid discharge chamber in series, was designed to enhance the degradation of benzene and the emission of NOx. The performance of the GLDR on discharge characteristics, reactive species production and benzene degradation was compared to that of the single-chamber gas phase DBD reactor (GPDR). The effects of discharge gap, applied voltage, initial benzene concentration, gas flow rate and solution conductivity on the degradation and energy yield of benzene in the GLDR were investigated. The GLDR presents a higher discharge power, higher benzene degradation and higher energy yield than that of the GPDR. NO₂ emission was remarkably inhibited in the GLDR, possibly due to the dissolution of NO₂ in water. The benzene degradation efficiency increased with the applied voltage, but decreased with the initial concentration, gas flow rate, and gas discharge gap, while the solution conductivity presented less influence on benzene degradation. The benzene degradation efficiency and the energy yield reached 61.11% and 1.45 g kWh^–1 at 4 mm total gas discharge gap, 15 kV applied voltage, 200 ppm benzene concentration, 0.2 L min⁻¹ gas flow rate and 721 μS cm⁻¹ water conductivity. The intermediates and byproducts during benzene degradation were detected by FT-IR, GC-MS and LC-MS primarily, and phenols, CO_x, and other aromatic substitutes, O₃, NO_x, etc, were determined as the main intermediates. According to these detected byproducts, a possible benzene degradation mechanism was proposed.     

反硝化细菌生物反应器去除地浸采铀矿山退役采区地下水中NO3——N的试验研究

地浸采铀矿山退役采区地下水的NO₃^--N污染是一备受关注的问题。本文通过对取自某地浸采铀矿山退役采区的污泥进行驯化,得到了能去除地浸采铀矿山退役采区污染地下水中NO₃^--N的反硝化细菌,自行设计了上流式固定床反硝化细菌生物反应器,研究了pH值、C/N比和水力停留时间（HRT）对反硝化细菌生物反应器去除地浸采铀矿山退役采区污染地下水中NO₃^--N的影响。研究结果表明：当进液pH值为6.50、NO₃^--N浓度为1 000 mg/L、HRT为2 3 h时,NO₃^--N的去除率和去除速率分别达97%和388 mg/(h•L),生物反应器处理废水的能力达0.35 m³/(h•m³);当进液NO₃^--N浓度为550 mg/L、HRT为1.4 h时,NO₃^--N的去除率和去除速率分别达96%和368 mg/(h•L),生物反应器处理废水的能力达0.62 m³/(h•m³);反硝化细菌生物反应器适宜的运行条件是pH值为5.00～8.00,C/N比为0.6～0.8。     

对硝基苯胺的辐照降解研究

采用电子束辐照对硝基苯胺水溶液,研究了对硝基苯胺的辐照降解过程,并对吸收剂量、初始浓度、溶液pH及H202加入等因素对辐照降解效果的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,电子束辐照能够有效地降解对硝基苯胺。初始浓度为100mg／L,吸收剂量为20kGy时,对硝基苯胺的降解率可达95％以上,化学需氧量（Chemical oxygen demand,COD）的去除率可达41％以上。     

Study of Humidity Effect on Benzene Decomposition by the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonthermal Plasma Reactor

The humidity effects on the benzene decomposition process were investigated by the dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) plasma reactor.The results showed that the water vapor played an important role in the benzene oxidation process.It was found that there was an optimum humidity value for the benzene removal efficiency,and at around 60% relative humidity(RH),the optimum benzene removal efficiency was achieved.At a SIE of 378 J/L,the removal efficiency was 66% at 0% RH,while the removal efficiency reached 75.3% at 60% RH and dropped to 69% at 80% RH.Furthermore,the addition of water inhibited the formation of ozone and NO_2 remarkably.Both of the concentrations of ozone and NO_2 decreased with increasing of the RH at the same specific input energy.At a SIE of 256 J/L,the concentrations of ozone and NO_2 were 5.4 mg/L and 1791 ppm under dry conditions,whereas they were only 3.4 mg/L and 1119 ppm at 63.5%RH,respectively.Finally,the outlet gas after benzene degradation was qualitatively analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS to determine possible intermediate byproducts.The results suggested that the byproducts in decomposition of benzene primarily consisted of phenol and substitutions of phenol.Based on these byproducts a benzene degradation mechanism was proposed.     

超低压反渗透工艺处理模拟放射性含钴废水

核电厂运行、维护和退役产生的放射性废水对社会环境和生命健康安全有严重危害。采用中试装置(144 L/h)研究了超低压反渗透(ULPRO)工艺对模拟放射性废水中目标核素钴(Co)的去除效果,确定了操作压力、回收率、进水浓度、共存离子及天然有机污染物对其影响规律。结果表明,Co去除率与操作压力正相关、与回收率负相关,随进水浓度增大而后恒定在99.5%,10 mg/L为其变化的临界浓度;共存离子仅Ca²⁺会抑制Co的去除,其他离子的促进作用强弱排序为Na⁺>Mg²⁺,SO₄^2->Cl^->NO₃^-;有机物污染造成膜通量下降9.4%,但Co去除率增大至99.97%。实验验证了ULPRO工艺处理模拟放射性含Co废水运行效果稳定、去除率高,可为工业应用提供指导。     

改性稻秆吸附U(Ⅵ)的特性研究

通过静态吸附实验,以稻秆为吸附剂、含U(Ⅵ)溶液为吸附质,研究了吸附剂改性方法、吸附剂用量、溶液pH值、吸附温度等因素对稻秆吸附U(Ⅵ)效果的影响,探讨了改性稻秆吸附U(Ⅵ)的热力学、动力学性质。实验结果表明,用0.5mol/L NaOH能够对稻秆进行有效改性,在吸附pH=4.0、吸附时间为180min、改性稻秆投加量为5~8g/L、室温条件下,改性稻秆吸附U(Ⅵ)可达到较好吸附效果,U(Ⅵ)去除率达到99.72%;但随着铀初始质量浓度的增加,U(Ⅵ)去除率降低。改性稻秆吸附U(Ⅵ)的热力学过程遵循Langmuir等温吸附方程,相关系数r2=0.989 9;改性稻秆吸附U(Ⅵ)的动力学过程符合准二级动力学方程,相关系数r2达到0.999 2。     

Synergistic effects of 4-nitrophenol degradation using gamma irradiation combined with a advanced oxidation process

The radiation-induced degradation of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) was performed in combination with a Fenton reagent, H_2O_2, and Ti O_2 nanoparticles to investigate the synergetic effects of radiolytical degradation combined with other advanced oxidation processes. The experimental results indicated that the degradation efficiency of 4-NP was 87.5, 57.4, and 41.0 % at a dose of 20 k Gy when its initial concentration was 100, 200, and 350 mg/L, respectively. Radiation combined with H_2O_2, the Fenton method,and Ti O_2 remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of 4-NP, showing the synergetic effects. Radiation may enhance the biodegradability of 4-NP, suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a pretreatment method in combination with the biological method for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing toxic organic pollutants. Major intermediates during the 4-NP degradation process were identified and a possible degradation pathway was tentatively proposed.     

Plasma-catalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride over Mn/γ-Al2O3 catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor

A coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was used for plasma-catalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride over a series ofMn/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method. The combination of plasma and theMn/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts significantly enhanced the degradation efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride compared to the plasma process alone, with the 10%Mn/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibiting the best tetracycline hydrochloride degradation efficiency. A maximum degradation efficiency of 99.3% can be achieved after 5 min oxidation and a discharge power of 1.3 W, with only 69.7% by a single plasma process. The highest energy yield of the plasma-catalytic process is 91.7 gkWh⁻¹. Probable reaction mechanisms of the plasma-catalytic removal of tetracycline hydrochloride were also proposed.     

葵花籽壳对溶液中铀酰离子的吸附

选取农业副产物葵花籽壳作为吸附剂,研究其对溶液中铀酰离子的吸附性能。用元素分析、扫描电镜、红外光谱分析等方法对吸附铀前后的葵花籽壳进行分析和表征,通过静态实验分别研究了时间、温度、pH值、铀酰离子初始浓度、葵花籽壳用量等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:吸附的适宜pH为5.0~6.0,35℃下,当铀溶液初始质量浓度为50mg/L,溶液pH=5.0,葵花籽壳质量浓度为1.00g/L时,饱和吸附量可达29.2mg/g。     

固定化硫酸盐还原菌选择性去除U(Ⅵ)的性能

利用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠制备了硫酸盐还原菌微球,探讨了Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、乙酸钠、草酸钠和柠檬酸钠对其还原U(Ⅵ)的影响,考察了其选择性去除U(Ⅵ)的工艺。实验结果表明,当Zn²⁺或Cu²⁺浓度低于100 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)还原未受显著影响,但当其增至150 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)还原被完全抑制。当单齿配体有机物(乙酸钠)存在时,U(Ⅵ)可被彻底还原;而多齿配体有机物(草酸钠和柠檬酸钠)存在时,会延缓甚至完全抑制U(Ⅵ)的还原。对于无机U(Ⅵ)重金属体系,可利用U(Ⅵ)和硫酸盐还原自由能的差异,适当降低COD/SO^2-₄比值直接选择性去除U(Ⅵ);对于有机U(Ⅵ)重金属体系,可通过多齿配体有机物络合U(Ⅵ),同时利用硫化物选择性沉淀重金属,间接实现U(Ⅵ)的选择性去除。