薄壁冷弯钢托盘货架系统中使用的梁柱连接件的弹性测定

介绍一种新的测试方法，用来测定薄壁冷弯钢托盘货架系统中使用的梁柱连接件的弹性。采用两种不同的方式来确定连接件的弹性，即利用传统的悬臂法（Bajoria，KM．Three dimensional progressive collapse of warehouse racking，PhD Thesis，University of Cambridge，UK1986）和提出的双悬臂方法对一个全尺寸框架进行测试，并与试验结果进行比较。在双悬臂式测试中，连接件承受三种荷载，分别是：弯矩、剪力和轴向拉力，使其尽量接近真实受力状态。利用ANSYS软件对试验进行非线性有限元分析。双悬臂法测试中得到的结果，与全尺寸试验的结果一致。同时也对试验结果与有限元分析结果进行了对比。     

Modal analysis of cold-formed pallet rack structures with semi-rigid connections

The three dimensional (3D) model of conventional pallet racking systems were prepared using the finite element program ANSYS and free vibration modal analysis carried out on conventional pallet racks with the 18 types of column sections developed along with semi-rigid connection. The stiffness of the connector was tested using the conventional cantilever method and also using a double cantilever method. Non-linear finite element analysis of both the tests was carried out. From the experimental study on connection and finite element modal analysis, a simple analytical model that captures the seismic behavior of storage racks in their down aisle direction is proposed. The model is aimed at developing simplified equation for the fundamental period of storage racks in their down aisle direction. A parametric study was carried out to find out fundamental mode shape and time period. Finite element method is used for the accuracy and appropriateness of cold-formed steel frame.     

Elastic stability analysis of cold-formed pallet rack structures with semi-rigid connections

This paper describe the three dimensional finite element modeling and elastic buckling analysis of single 2-D and 3-D frame (with semi-rigid connection) of conventional pallet racking system. Results from experimental study, effective length approach given by Rack Manufacturer's Institute (RMI) and finite element analysis of single 2-D frames of cold-formed steel pallet racking are compared. Finite element model used for single 2-D frame is further extended for 3-D frames with semi- rigid connection and results of these 3-D frames are also presented in the paper. Finite element analysis carried out on conventional pallet racks using the finite element program ANSYS with the 18 types of developed column sections. The principal aims were to find out the linear buckling load of single 2-D frames and to ascertain stability of 3-D frames of conventional pallet racking systems, made up of cold-formed sections with semi-rigid connection. Investigation into stability analysis of frames used in pallet rack structures by both experimental and finite element methods have shown that stiffening of the open upright sections using the spacer bar, channel and hat as external stiffeners will considerably increase the load carrying capacity of the frames.     

Experimental and analytical investigations on the hat shaped shear connector in the steel-concrete composite flexural member

Over the last decade, there are many research results on the new type shear connectors to solve the problems associated with the headed stud shear connector. It was revealed that the new type shear connector has better structural safety, welding quality, constructability, cost-effectiveness, etc. Especially, perforated shear connector (perfobond shear connector) which has superior fatigue resistance and constructability is receiving attention among various types of shear connectors. In this study, we suggest the new type shear connector which improved the perfobond shear connector. Newly suggested hat shaped shear connector can be used instead of headed stud shear connector commonly used in the concrete-steel composite beam. To evaluate the load carrying capacity of this hat shaped shear connector, push-out tests are carried out and test results are analyzed. In addition, the finite element analysis is conducted on the concrete slab having shear connector to investigate the stress distribution pattern affected by the presence of hat shaped shear connector. The existing design equations for the perfobond shear connectors are reviewed briefly and the equation for the prediction of load carrying capacity of new type hat shaped shear connector is suggested based on the experimental results, finite element analysis results, and existing equations suggested in the previous studies.     

半刚性连接钢框架抗震性能的分析

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对带双腹板、顶底角钢半刚性连接的钢框架进行非线性有限元分析。在分析的过程中考虑了连接的非线性、几何非线性以及材料非线性等因素。并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,探讨半刚性连接的柔性对钢框架的影响,为今后的半刚性连接钢框架的设计提供参考。     

Effect of shear connector spacing and layout on the shear connector capacity in composite beams

A three dimensional nonlinear finite element model has been developed to study the behaviour of composite beams with profiled sheeting oriented perpendicular to its axis. The analysis of the push test was carried out using ABAQUS/Explicit with slow load application to ensure a quasi-static solution. Both material and geometric nonlinearities were taken into account. Elastic-plastic material models were used for all steel components and the Concrete Damaged Plasticity model was used for the concrete slab. The post-failure behaviour of the push test was accurately predicted, which is crucial for realistic determination of shear capacity, slip and failure mode. The results obtained from finite element analysis were verified against the experimental push tests conducted in this research and also from other studies. After validation, the model was used to carry out an extensive parametric study to investigate the effect of transverse spacing in push tests with double studs placed in favourable and staggered positions with various concrete strengths. The results were also compared with the capacity of a single shear stud. It was found that shear connector resistance of pairs of shear connectors placed in favourable position was 94% of the strength of a single shear stud on average, when the transverse spacing between studs was 200 mm or more. For the same spacing, the resistance of staggered pairs of studs was only 86% of the strength of a single stud. The strength of double shear studs in favourable position was higher than that of the staggered pairs of shear connectors.     

点式连接预制混凝土夹心保温外挂墙板抗弯性能研究

开展与主体结构点式连接、同时配制GFRP连接件及钢筋桁架连接件预制混凝土夹心保温外挂墙板静力压弯试验,并利用ABQUS有限元软件建立外挂墙板抗弯计算模型,将其与试验结果进行对比。在验证了有限元分析模型准确性的基础上,对连接件的种类,连接件的布置方式、间距等影响墙板抗弯性能的主要因素进行参数化分析。分析结果表明GFRP连接件、钢筋桁架连接件的布置间距和钢筋桁架连接件的直径对墙板抗弯性能影响较大,钢筋桁架连接件的强度等级影响相对较小。     

金属蒙皮板剪切性能的试验及有限元分析

结合蒙皮板在实际工程的做法,对压型钢板采用自攻螺丝连接的受力蒙皮进行剪切性能试验。通过对蒙皮的破坏模式和极限抗剪承载力的分析,对板型、檩条间距对蒙皮抗剪性能的影响进行研究。并采用ANSYS对蒙皮板进行有限元分析,考虑几何大变形、连接件的滑移等非线性因素。将试验数据与有限元结果进行比较,研究结果表明,采用ANSYS分析受力蒙皮是可行的,可以用有限元方法来代替大量重复性试验。     

长悬臂桥面板的构造研究

采用有限元软件ANSYS,对一配有预应束的大悬臂初步设计方案进行了空间实体有限元分析,通过对三种设计方案计算结果的比较,指出了各种设计方案的优缺点,为长悬臂桥面板的设计提供了参考依据。     

Evaluation of connection flexibility in cold formed steel racks

Steel storage racks are three-dimensional framed structures fabricated from cold formed steel sections, wherein hook-in end connectors are used to make beam-column connections which are basically boltless and semi-rigid in nature. Different types of beam end connectors with different geometry of the connected members are available, making it impossible to develop a generalized analytical model. Only very few theoretical models are available to evaluate the performance of the joints for some typical connectors. More often experimental evaluation and numerical studies are needed to predict the behaviour of every different type of connectors. In the present study eighteen experiments were conducted on a commercially available pallet rack connection by varying the most influencing parameters such as thickness of the column, depth of the connector and the depth of the beam. The main objective of this work is to quantify the beam to column joint, flexibility of commonly used pallet rack frame and to develop a general Frye-Morris type/three parameter power model type moment versus relative rotation relationship. A companion finite element shell model that simulates the experimental behaviour closely is developed using ABAQUS finite element software, which is also used for further parametric studies. Using the three major variables as size parameters, a Frye-Morris type of equation has been proposed. Some calibration studies have also been carried out. Using the ultimate moment capacity, initial connection stiffness and the shape parameter obtained, a three parameter power model has also been proposed to represent the moment-rotation behaviour of the boltless connections.     

考虑剪力连接件刚度的钢-混凝土组合梁有限元分析

钢 -混凝土组合梁剪力连接程度是依据截面极限状态的抗弯强度定义的 ,即使是完全抗剪连接 ,组合梁的混凝土板与钢梁之间仍存在滑移。采用有限元分析 ,构造了混凝土板 -连接单元 -钢梁的组合梁有限元计算模型 ,推导了混凝土与钢梁界面有限元连接单元刚度系数 ,分析了不同剪力连接程度组合梁的受力与变形特性 ,研究了剪力连接程度对挠度和混凝土翼缘有效宽度的影响 ,并对照已有的试验数据和相关规范进行分析比较。     

Bolted shear connectors vs. headed studs behaviour in push-out tests

Prefabrication of concrete slabs reduces construction time for composite steel–concrete buildings and bridges. Different alternatives for shear connectors (bolts and headed studs) are analysed here to gain better insight in failure modes of shear connector in order to improve competiveness of prefabricated composite structures. Casting of high strength bolted shear connectors in prefabricated concrete slabs offers the higher level of prefabrication comparing to a standard method of grouting welded headed studs in envisaged pockets of concrete slabs. In addition, bolted shear connectors can easily be dismantled together with the concrete slab thus allowing the improved sustainability of the construction, simpler maintenance, and development of modular structural systems. Bolted shear connectors have been rarely used in construction, actually just for rehabilitation works, because there is a lack of design recommendation. The first step towards the design recommendation is to understand the difference between the headed shear studs and the bolted shear connectors in a push-out test. Push-out tests, according to EN1994-1-1, using 4 M16 — grade 8.8 bolts with embedded nut in the same layout and test set-up as for previously investigated headed studs were performed. Finite element models for both shear connectors were created, and good match with experimental data was obtained. Basic shear connector properties such as: shear resistance, stiffness, ductility and failure modes have been compared and discussed in detail by using experimental and FE results. Parametric FE analyses of shear connector's height are carried out and shear resistance reduction factor has been proposed for bolted shear connectors.     

铸钢件连接螺栓受拉性能试验及计算方法研究

对采用铸钢件连接钢框架梁柱节点中的螺栓受拉性能及相关计算方法进行研究。变换铸钢件水平肢、竖肢和肋板厚度对铸钢件螺栓连接进行受拉试验,研究铸钢件变形对螺栓内力的影响,获得螺栓内力与外荷载关系。试验结果表明：随铸钢件竖肢和肋板厚度的增加,螺栓内力减小,竖肢影响更显著。撬力的存在显著增大螺栓的内力,并且由于拉力的偏心,产生不可忽略的弯矩。采用ANSYS有限元分析软件进行扩大参数分析,对影响螺栓截面内力的因素进行研究,获得螺栓截面拉应力和弯曲应力变化规律,随着外荷载的增大,螺栓截面弯曲应力占总应力的比重不断增大。采用拟合方法提出适用于文中铸钢件形式的螺栓内力计算式。该式计算螺栓内力及应力与有限元分析结果吻合较好,应力相对误差小于10%,可用于此类连接受拉螺栓截面应力验算。     

Shear capacity of connect construction between corrugated steel web and concrete lower slab

为改善波形腹板与底板连接构造混凝土浇筑质量与耐久性能,提出翼缘钢板下移至混凝土板底面,开孔板连接件垂直焊接于波形钢板并贯穿钢筋的下包型连接构造。通过设计具有不同开孔板厚度、形状及焊接宽度等参数的连接构造试件,开展标准推出试验,研究其受剪承载力、抗剪刚度、剪切破坏模式以及相对滑移特征。在试验研究的基础上,考虑钢材理想弹塑性、混凝土塑性模型以及钢-混凝土界面非线性接触,建立适用连接构造受剪分析的精细有限元模型,分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。通过验证的有限元模型进行参数分析,结果表明,增加开孔钢板的厚度和混凝土的抗压强度可有效提高受剪承载力。最后,基于模型试验与有限元参数分析结果,提出布置开孔板连接的下包型构造受剪承载力的计算式,可对开孔钢板连接面外受剪承载力进行较为准确地预测。     

抗拔不抗剪连接件在钢-混凝土组合框架结构中的应用

抗拔不抗剪连接件能有效地释放混凝土板与钢梁之间的组合作用,降低负弯矩区混凝土板的拉应力,在桥梁结构中得到了广泛的应用。为研究该类连接件在建筑结构中的适用性,以一典型组合框架结构为例,在梁端负弯矩区附近采用抗拔不抗剪连接件取代普通剪力连接件,基于组合结构体系非线性分析程序COMPONA-MARC对结构进行了活载下的舒适度分析、静力弹塑性推覆分析和动力弹塑性时程分析,对比了采用不同连接件的结构的自振频率、挠度、层间位移、开裂情况、出铰情况等指标。分析结果表明,在梁端采用抗拔不抗剪连接件后,结构的舒适度基本不受影响,梁端楼面板内钢筋的拉应力明显降低。同时,由于梁端局部释放了组合作用,降低了结构的整体刚度,结构的抗震性能与传统结构相比有一定的提升,并且由于混凝土板的开裂得到了有效地控制,结构在大震后的可修复性能大大提高。     

Numerical investigation on ultimate shear strength of steel plate shear walls

Ultimate shear strength of steel plate shear walls, SPSW, was conventionally computed as the sum of base shear supported by in-fill plate and boundary frame elements. The base shear supported by the in-fill plate was computed assuming that it was fully yielded after buckling whereas the base shear supported by the boundary frame elements was computed by plastic analysis assuming uniform yielding mechanism. In this paper the ultimate shear strength of SPSW was investigated by the finite element method. A detailed three-dimensional finite element model was established using ANSYS software at which the in-fill plate and the boundary frame elements were modeled using finite strain iso-parametric shell elements. The analysis included material and geometric non-linearities. Numerical results obtained from cyclic and pushover loading of SPSWs were verified by comparison to test results published in the literature. A comprehensive parametric analysis was conducted to assess the effect of geometric and material parameters of the wall on its ultimate shear strength. Discrepancies between numerical results and conventional theory were attributed to interaction of in-fill plate and boundary frame elements at ultimate load. When the flexural rigidity of boundary frame elements decreased, the in-fill plate did not achieve full yield strength. On the other hand, the base shear supported by boundary frame elements increased when thicker in-fill plates were utilized. Numerical results were used to update the theoretical expression of ultimate shear strength of SPSWs. The proposed expression was assessed by comparison to test results published in the literature.     

有限元最优化设计在结构设计中的应用

利用有限元Ansys程序对一平面刚架实例的结构进行了最优化设计，通过理论分析与有限元结果的比较，验证了有限元Ansys分析软件计算结果的正确性。     

Research on mechanical behavior of prefabricated steelframe columns using high-strength bolted flangeconnection with tapping steel plate

为了研究多高层装配式钢框架结构体系方钢管柱采用钢板攻丝高强螺栓法兰连接节点的受力性能,进行了钢柱法兰连接节点的足尺模型静力和拟静力试验,分析了这类节点的承载力、失效模式以及在单向水平地震作用下的滞回性能。试验研究表明：试件在静力试验中表现出较强的承载能力,失效模式为短柱受压侧屈服;试件在拟静力试验中得到的滞回曲线比较饱满,试件延性较好,耗能性能优良,失效模式为短柱受压屈服。对这类钢柱法兰节点的受力性能进行了有限元数值模拟分析,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。通过比较节点刚接模型及栓接模型的有限元分析结果,从设计角度考虑,认为该类节点在实际工程应用中可视为等效刚性连接。     

Behavior of channel shear connectors, Part II: Analytical study

In this second part of the two companion papers an effective numerical model is proposed using finite element method to simulate the push-out test of channel shear connectors. The focus is on the shear capacity of channel shear connectors embedded in a solid reinforced concrete slab under monotonic loading. The model has been validated against test results presented in Part (I) and compared with data given in North American design codes. Parametric studies using this nonlinear model are performed to investigate the variations in concrete strength, channel dimensions and the orientation of the channel. The results show that the concrete strength, web and flange thicknesses of the channel and the length of the channel are significant parameters in determining the ultimate strength of channel shear connectors, whereas the height of the channel section is not a significant parameter. Also, changing the orientation of the channel causes a change in the stiffness and the ultimate strength of the shear connector.     

木结构剪力墙静力有限元分析

木结构剪力墙是轻型木结构中最重要的竖向抗侧力体系.由于受实验条件的限制,从木剪力墙抗侧性能的试验研究中不可能获得所有需要的结果.采用有限元软件ANSYS对某一常规做法的木结构剪力墙进行的侧向单调加载分析,得到了试验中较难得到的木构架与覆面板的应力分布,且所得的荷载-位移曲线较好地模拟了试验曲线.