挤压性围岩隧道大变形机理及分级标准研究

结合高地应力条件下挤压性大变形隧道--乌鞘岭隧道工程实例,通过变形的现场量测结果,分析了挤压性围岩隧道大变形的基本特征。采用室内试验及现场量测等手段,综合分析确定了围岩物理力学参数,定量分析了洞室周边产生塑性区的条件、塑性区及洞壁位移的影响因素、塑性区半径与洞壁位移的关系。以现场量测数据为依托,结合理论计算,参考以往类似隧道经验,分别考虑了围岩的相对变形、强度应力比、原始地应力、弹性模量作为分级指标,并提出了综合系数α指标,采用综合指标判定法给出了大变形的分级标准,以及相应的防治措施。     

Physical model simulation of rock-support interaction for the tunnel in squeezing ground

The existence of squeezing ground conditions can lead to significant challenges in designing an adequate support system for tunnels.Numerous empirical,observational and analytical methods have been suggested over the years to design support systems in squeezing ground conditions,but all of them have some limitations.In this study,a novel experimental setup having physical model for simulating the tunnel boring machine(TBM)excavation and support installation process in squeezing clay-rich rocks is developed.The observations are made to understand better the interaction between the support and the squeezing ground.The physical model included a large true-triaxial cell,a miniature TBM,laboratoryprepared synthetic test specimen with properties similar to natural mudstone,and an instrumented cylindrical aluminum support system.Experiments were conducted at realistic in situ stress levels to study the time-dependent three-dimensional tunnel support convergence.The tunnel was excavated using the miniature TBM in the cubical rock specimen loaded in the true-triaxial cell,after which the support was installed.The confining stress was then increased in stages to values greater than the rock’s unconfined compressive strength.A model for the time-dependent longitudinal displacement profile(LDP)for the supported tunnel was proposed using the tunnel convergence measurements at different times and stress levels.The LDP formulation was then compared with the unsupported model to calculate the squeezing amount carried by the support.The increase in thrust in the support was backcalculated from an analytical solution with the assumption of linear elastic support.Based on the test results and case studies,a recommendation to optimize the support requirement for tunnels in squeezing ground is proposed.     

成兰铁路千枚岩隧道初期支护形式试验研究

在高地应力软岩地层中开挖隧道,易发生大变形,合理地选用初期支护的钢架形式,对软岩大变形的控制是非常重要的。本文依托成兰铁路-茂县隧道,通过现场试验和数值计算研究挤压性软岩大变形隧道的初支钢架选型,主要得出以下结论：（1）高地应力软岩隧道不宜选用强度较弱的钢架作为第一层支护,第一层支护应能保证支护封闭时的合理洞形|（2）挤压性大变形隧道宜采用多层、多次的支护方法,适当释放围岩应力,保证隧道的长期稳定|（3）大变形隧道多采用分部工法开挖,易导致支护结构受力不均,应提早支护封闭时机,改善结构受力。     

强震后软岩隧道变形与破坏机制分析

强震后软岩隧道的变形和破坏特征与一般隧道不同。根据“5.12”强震区唐家山隧道围岩变形与应力监测数据,对震后软岩隧道变形与破坏机制进行了分析。研究表明:(1)震区软岩隧道变形空间分布不对称,水平收敛是拱顶沉降的2~4倍,这是震后软岩的扩容性质和隧道所处的垂直方向高地应力环境所共同决定的;(2)隧道变形的空间效应约束范围为2~3D,在开挖面约束范围内,变形是空间效应和时效应的耦合;(3)隧道不同部位的围岩变形与破坏方式与围压性质密切相关,边墙处围岩在“形变压力”作用下易发生松弛大变形;拱部一定范围内的岩体存在整体下沉现象,拱部围岩易被架空而形成“松散压力”并诱发位移突变和破坏。研究对同类工程具有一定参考价值。     

隧道初支与二衬间接触压力统计分析

复合式衬砌一般由初期支护和二次衬砌共同组成,二者相互作用关系是隧道工程中的研究热点,本文通过对43座隧道79个监测断面初支与二衬接触压力的统计分析,探讨了接触压力的总体分布特征及其与围岩等级、隧道埋深、跨度等因素的关系,研究了二衬荷载分担比在洞周的分布规律,讨论了接触压力随时间的变化规律及其空间分布特征。结果表明:初支与二衬接触压力值分布在10~200 kPa之间;接触压力及其离散程度随隧道埋深增大而增大,Ⅴ级围岩增大趋势比Ⅳ级围岩更明显;二衬荷载分担比集中在0~20%范围内;接触压力有明显的时间效应,随时间的变化表现为快速增长至峰值之后减小,进而缓慢增大趋于稳定,稳定所需时间在二衬浇筑后30 d左右;接触压力空间分布规律为拱顶→拱肩→拱腰→拱墙增大,拱墙→拱脚→拱底减小。研究结论可为隧道结构受力分析与优化提供参考。     

Time-dependent behavior of tunnel lining in weak rock mass based on displacement back analysis method

Weak rock mass behavior is an important and challenging consideration during construction and utilization of a tunnel. Tunnel surrounding ground deformation in weak rocks causes to gradual development of loading on the support system and threats the opening stability. In this research, time-dependent behavior of Shibli twin tunnels was investigated using laboratory testing, monitoring data, and finite difference numerical simulation approaches. The host rock of Shibli tunnels are mainly composed of gray to black Shale, Marl and calcareous Shale. Geological maps and reports demonstrate a heavily jointed condition in the host rock through two orogenic phases. The experiment was organized in following order to understand the behavior of the rock mass around the tunnels. At first, triaxial creep test were conducted on intact rock specimens. Then, the time-dependent behavior of the tunnel host rock was numerically simulated considering Burger-creep visco-plastic model (CVISC). Finally, displacement based direct back analysis using univariate optimization algorithm was applied. Also, the properties of the CVISC model and initial stress ratio were estimated. Numerical modeling was verified by its comparison with tunnel displacement monitoring results. The creep behavior of the rock mass was predicted during tunnel service life based on back analysis results. Results show that thrust force, bending moment, and the resulting axial stresses will gradually increase at the spring line of the final lining. After 55 years of tunnel utilization the compressive strengths of lining concrete will not be stable against the induced-stresses by thrust force and bending moment, thus the tunnel inspection and rehabilitation are recommended.     

Effects of lateral unloading on the mechanical and deformation performance of shield tunnel segment joints

Unloading during lateral excavation widely occurs in existing subway shield tunnels. Previous studies have focused on the overall stress and deformation of existing tunnels caused by nearby unloading. However, the stress and deformation state of tunnel segment joints have yet to be considered. This study considered the non-continuity of the shield tunnel lining and the interactions among tunnel segment, surrounding rocks and ballast bed. A hybrid model of a shield tunnel was established based on 3D nonlinear contact theory. The mechanical and deformation properties of the segments and joints of an existing shield tunnel under the influence of lateral excavation of the foundation pits were studied. Unloading during lateral excavation caused the cross section of the shield tunnel to generate vertical convergence and shift horizontally towards the foundation pit. An opening and dislocation in the joint, which caused the waterproof ability of the joint to decrease sharply, were observed. Meanwhile, stress at the segment joint increased sharply and caused local cracks in the segment lining. Axial and shearing force on the joint bolt also increased significantly. Based on existing subway regulations, the calculation results were combined to establish a deformation control standard for existing shield tunnels under lateral excavation. The rate of vertical convergence of the lining should be less than 3.68‰, and the rate of horizontal shift of the axis should be less than 0.53‰.     

隧道围岩-喷射混凝土界面应力解析

根据喷射混凝土支护隧道围岩的界面力学特点,考虑喷层与围岩结合界面受力和变形协调关系,并结合围岩承载拱效应,建立了围岩喷层结构的复合曲梁共同承载模型,然后通过各微单元静力平衡推导复合曲梁的径向位移的控制微分方程,得到任意分布荷载作用下喷层与围岩界面应力以及喷层与围岩各自内力的解析式,可迅速获取喷层与围岩结合界面的力学状况,进而判断围岩稳定性与预测安全性,为隧道施工决策提供技术支撑。最后经隧道台阶法开挖的算例研究表明,喷层支护通过其与围岩的结合界面上传递应力使围岩内部形成压应力带,有利于围岩的稳定。     

高地应力深埋隧道断裂破碎带段大变形控制现场试验研究

丽香铁路中义隧道出口平导玉龙雪山西麓断裂破碎带段围岩软弱、破碎,受高地应力及断裂破碎带影响严重,边墙大变形灾害突出,以此为研究背景,开展了4种围岩大变形控制措施的现场试验研究。试验结果表明:采用普通加强支护措施(工况1),无法控制该段围岩变形;采用"抗放结合"控制措施,下部围岩应力释放需缓释,采用工况3(双层支护+下台阶、仰拱分开施作)方案,试验段围岩应力得到较好控制,但其工序繁琐,施工进度缓慢;采用"强支"理念的工况4(单层支护+加强拱架+预留应急加固措施)方案,最大日变形速率、累计最大变形量均最小,分别为3.2 cm/d和62.2 cm,试验段全长围岩累计变形量在可控范围内,施工工序较为简单,施工月进尺可达90 m以上;考虑到平导需发挥超前作用,建议中义隧道出口平导玉龙雪山西麓断裂破碎带段采用工况4方案进行施工。研究结果可为类似工程提供参考。     

复杂地质条件下大埋深隧洞衬砌与围岩协同作用#br# 物理模型试验研究

围岩-支护协同作用是地下工程支护结构设计的核心问题,关乎着地下工程建设的成败。为揭示深埋隧洞围岩与支护结构协同作用机理,以滇中引水最大埋深约1512m的香炉山隧洞为研究背景工程,首次开展复杂地质条件下深埋隧洞衬砌与围岩协同作用真三维地质力学模型试验,真实再现隧洞开挖与支护的施工全过程。模型试验研究表明：1）不同地质条件下隧洞围岩的应力释放过程不同,硬岩隧洞围岩应力释放速率先慢后快,软岩隧洞应力释放速率先快后慢;2）不同地质条件下隧洞衬砌与围岩接触压力的分布形式不同,硬岩隧洞最大接触压力位于拱肩,软岩隧洞最大接触压力位于拱顶;3）衬砌与围岩协同作用包括两种应力释放机制、3个施工阶段和4种承载状态;4）不同地质条件下隧洞衬砌施作后围岩和衬砌承担的荷载比例不同,硬岩隧洞围岩平均承担约85%的荷载,衬砌约承担15%的荷载,软岩隧洞围岩平均承担约25%的荷载,衬砌承担约75%的荷载。     

不同开挖方式对近距离交叠隧道影响模拟研究

研究不同开挖方式对近距离交叠隧道的地层和围岩的影响,揭示不同开挖方式下交叠区围岩及既有隧道衬砌的变形及应力–应变变化规律,为近距离交叠地下工程的变形控制、支护设计和开挖优化设计提供理论依据。通过FLAC3D数值模拟,研究在台阶法、眼镜法、CRD法3种不同开挖方式下交叠区围岩及既有隧道衬砌的变形及应力–应变发展规律、交叠区围岩塑性破坏规律,研究结果如下：(1) 不同开挖方式对交叠隧道施工过程中不同位置的影响程度不同,揭示既有隧道衬砌变形机制演变过程和衬砌破坏的危险点;(2) 根据围岩塑性区发展和隧道衬砌变形量,开挖下部新线隧道时CRD法优于眼镜法和台阶法,CRD法开挖下部隧道时对变形控制效果最好;(3) 新建隧道穿越既有隧道时,比较理想的施工方案为台阶法→CRD法→台阶法;(4) 任何开挖施工方法都会使已建隧道衬砌的4个部位(拱顶、拱脚、直墙边及拱底)承受拉应力,且拱脚处的最大、最小主应力最大,最易发生破坏。     

隧道软弱围岩挤压大变形非线性流变力学特性研究

 讨论高地应力条件下隧道软弱围岩发生挤压大变形的复杂力学行为,将挤压大变形归属为变形速率快而收敛速率慢的非线性流变变形范畴。在分析挤压大变形流变力学机制的基础上,分别提出非线性二维黏弹塑性本构模型和大(小)变形三维弹黏塑性本构模型,并进行相关专用程序的研发。运用所研发的材料子程序,对相关流变模型进行理论分析,就乌鞘岭铁路隧道软弱围岩施工开挖大变形问题进行工程应用研究。     

高速铁路隧道初支、二衬间接触压力研究

 为了系统研究高速铁路隧道二次衬砌力学特性,依托贵广、兰渝、京沪铁路多个典型高速铁路隧道工程,对不同级别围岩条件下初支、二衬间的接触压力进行现场监测。通过分析指出：初支、二衬间接触压力在二衬拆模时最大,此时二衬结构受力最不安全;二衬所受的荷载实际上是初支传递过来的围岩形变压力,与规范中采用松散体高度计算得到的松动压力是不同的;通过分析不同级别围岩条件下规范荷载和实测荷载作用下二衬结构的安全性可知,规范荷载作用下隧道结构最不利位置一般在拱顶,而实测荷载作用下隧道结构最不利位置往往在局部应力集中处,且实测荷载作用下二衬的安全性要远高于规范荷载下的情况。因此通过支护时机、支护措施以及必要时辅助工法的施作可以实现初支(和围岩)承受全部荷载,二衬结构作为安全储备。研究结论对深入了解高速铁路隧道二衬的受力特点,更加科学合理地设计二衬具有一定参考价值。     

各向异性岩体中不同接触衬砌隧洞的解析分析

通过复变函数方法建立分析了非圆形水工衬砌隧洞,在衬砌与围岩处于完全和光滑接触条件下的解析解,考虑了衬砌的支护滞后效应和洞内水压作用。研究了正交各向异性岩体中的马蹄形衬砌隧洞,在不同接触条件和洞内压力工况下,接触边界和衬砌自由边界上的应力和位移解。接触条件对衬砌接触边界的切向应力分布影响最显著,完全接触条件下两底脚的切向压应力最大,光滑接触条件下最小。岩体各向异性和倾斜结构面对衬砌中力学分量的非对称性影响在完全接触条件下明显。完全接触条件可高效发挥衬砌的支撑作用,光滑接触条件使岩体的自承能力充分体现。衬砌在两种接触条件下均承担了大部分由水压引起的张拉效应。     

大跨径尾水岔洞开挖与衬砌稳定分析

 针对目前国内外水利工程中大跨径地下尾水岔洞开挖与衬砌稳定分析现状,对其存在的主要问题进行讨论。总结大跨径尾水岔洞开挖与衬砌稳定的分析方法,包括数值模型建立原则、分析内容、流程、评价指标等。应用此分析方法,对溪洛渡水电站尾水岔洞开挖与衬砌稳定开展研究,包括大跨径尾水岔洞开挖过程中变形、应力及屈服区分布特点,以及不同应力释放荷载条件下的喷锚支护效果;针对运行和检修工况,分析岔洞围岩、衬砌结构的变形及应力分布情况,变形计算结果与监测结果一致。通过实际工程分析与应用,表明所建议的大跨径地下尾水岔洞开挖与衬砌稳定分析方法可用于指导同类岩土结构工程设计。     

Deformation mechanism of a shallow double-arch tunnel in a sloping rock mass

The Fuxi double arch tunnel was constructed through a faulted rock mass of metasandstones overlain by slope debris. The paper describes the geological setting, highlighting the poor quality of the ground in the portal area. Following the construction of the exploratory tunnels, the concentrated overburden stress beneath the pillars caused severe deformation and cracking in the tunnel and in the slope above. An integrated analysis was carried out, taking into account the change in stress related to the excavation of the tunnels, the asymmetric pressures and the nature of the fractured overburden. This indicated that control of the tunnel vault deformation was a key step to controlling the deformation of the whole portal area. As a consequence, some additional support was provided to the central pillar prior to the construction of the main tunnels and the secondary lining was installed at an early stage.     

高地应力软岩隧洞衬砌结构受力及强度安全系数研究

深埋条件下的高地应力软岩隧洞衬砌结构受力与一般隧洞不同,为探明其力学响应特征,依托实际工程对锚杆轴力、钢拱架应力及初支与二衬之间的接触压力进行现场测试,基于强度折减原理,采用有限差分软件Flac3D分析围岩稳定性和二衬受力后的强度安全系数。分析表明:高地应力环境下边墙部位锚杆发挥拉拔力作用明显,锚杆中性点随围岩塑性区发展有向围岩深处移动的趋势;钢拱架以受压为主并能立即发挥支护作用;在保证围岩稳定的条件下,二衬将承担12%的围岩压力,且受力集中的墙脚处二衬强度安全系数最小。     

软岩隧道湿喷纤维砼支护施工过程非线性分析

在赣州-龙岩铁路DKl33 095～DKl38 237段软弱围岩单线隧道施工过程中,采用湿喷纤维混凝土作为支护结构.介绍了隧道围岩的地质情况和隧道湿喷纤维混凝土支护结构施工工艺,采用非线性有限元法对软弱围岩条件下的铁路隧道施工过程进行了数值模拟.分析模型考虑了台阶步施工过程中围岩应力的释放效应,分析了围岩和支护结构体的非线性力学行为的应力场分布、位移场,围岩塑性区分布特征,并指出台阶步开挖时拱顶下沉、底板上鼓、墙腰收缩的主要控制因素.     

Full 3D modelling for effects of tunnelling on existing support systems in the Sydney region

The assessment of the interaction between a new tunnel and existing structures is an important issue in urban areas. In this study, the effect of tunnelling on the existing support system (i.e. shotcrete lining and rock bolts) of an adjacent tunnel is firstly investigated using ABAQUS and TUNNEL3D through full three-dimensional (3D) finite element calculations coupled with elasto-plastic material models, which takes into account the tunnelling procedure, the interaction between the shotcrete lining and rock mass, the interaction between the rock bolts and rock mass, and the elasto-plastic behaviour of the rock mass, the shotcrete lining and the rock bolts. Then, on the basis of the calculated results, it is concluded that the driving of the new tunnel significantly affects the existing support system when the advancing tunnel face passes the existing support system and is minor when the face is far from it. Moreover, the support system in the side of the existing tunnel closest to the new tunnel is more significantly affected than that on the side opposite to the new tunnel. It is also found that in a region such as Sydney with relatively high horizontal regional stresses, the driving of the new tunnel will not cause considerable adverse effects on the existing support system, if the new tunnel is driven horizontally parallel to the existing tunnel with a sufficient separation, since both the tensile stress in the existing shotcrete lining in the lateral sides of the preceding tunnel and the compressive stress at the crown decrease although noticeable tensile stress increments are observed on some parts of the existing rock bolts. Finally, it is pointed out that the effects of tunnelling on the existing support system strongly depend on the position between the original and new tunnels. In terms of the stress increments on the existing support system, especially the maximum tensile stress increments on the existing shotcrete lining, the driving of the new tunnel causes increasingly adverse effects on the existing support system in a sequence of: (i) horizontally parallel tunnels with a separation of 30 m; (ii) horizontally parallel tunnels with a separation of 20 m; (iii) staggered tunnels with a separation of 30 m; (iv) vertically alignment tunnels; and (v) staggered tunnels with a separation of 20 m in the cases investigated in this study. For the relatively high regional stresses in the Sydney region, the obtained results qualitatively agree with other’s published observations from the construction of closely parallel subway tunnels.