深埋高地应力TBM隧道挤压大变形及其控制技术研究

深部岩体构造复杂、地应力高,对于挤压性地层开挖后容易产生挤压大变形,大量实践经验表明,若不及时合理处置应对将造成巨大的经济损失。关注TBM隧道,介绍围岩挤压大变形的机制、关于挤压性地层的提前预报方法和监测辨识指标,讨论预测围岩收敛变形的方法并详细介绍人工智能和非确定性分析方法,最后总结归纳常用的应对挤压性地层的处置手段。各种关于TBM隧道挤压大变形的辨识公式、预测方法以及处置手段都是依托相应的工程案例而建立,盲目的套用并不一定能起到预期的效果,建议具体工程问题应具体分析,综合比选,各取所长。     

Effect of adverse geological condition on TBM operation in Ghomroud tunnel conveyance project

With the planned length of 36 km, Ghomroud tunnel is one of the longest tunnels under construction in central Iran. About half or 18 km of this tunnel was excavated by a double shield TBM. Several adverse geological conditions encountered, consisting of ground squeezing and face collapse, hindering TBM performance, and caused several TBM stoppages and jamming. This paper presents the impact of ground conditions on machine performance based on the information obtained from field observations and geotechnical site investigations. As built geological conditions are described while the method and results of tunnel convergence measurements and their impacts on tunneling operation is examined. Based on the detail study of the available geological information and tunnel convergence measurements, it was evident that the existence of weak structures in rock mass resulted in high rate of the convergence, which was the dominant factor in the TBM jamming. Since it was not possible to make observation and measurements of geological parameters when working in a lined tunnel built by a shielded machine, an attempt was made to correlate TBM operational parameters and ground convergence. The preliminary result of the analysis has indicated a good correlation among machine’s operational parameters and tunnel convergence. If the system is fully developed, these parameters can be used as an indicator of the potential for high rates of convergence. An early warning on ground convergence is essential for taking precautionary measures to avoid TBM from getting jammed by squeezing ground.     

挤压性围岩隧道大变形机理及分级标准研究

结合高地应力条件下挤压性大变形隧道--乌鞘岭隧道工程实例,通过变形的现场量测结果,分析了挤压性围岩隧道大变形的基本特征。采用室内试验及现场量测等手段,综合分析确定了围岩物理力学参数,定量分析了洞室周边产生塑性区的条件、塑性区及洞壁位移的影响因素、塑性区半径与洞壁位移的关系。以现场量测数据为依托,结合理论计算,参考以往类似隧道经验,分别考虑了围岩的相对变形、强度应力比、原始地应力、弹性模量作为分级指标,并提出了综合系数α指标,采用综合指标判定法给出了大变形的分级标准,以及相应的防治措施。     

An appraisal of TBM performances in Turkey in difficult ground conditions and some recommendations

The geology of Turkey is very complex and major Northern and Eastern Faults including minor faults associated to these faults create tremendous problems, like squeezing of the TBM, excessive water ingress, TBM face collapses, as encountered in the Kargi power tunnel, the Dogancay energy tunnel, the Gerede water tunnel, and the Nur Dagi railway tunnel. Mixed ground conditions with ophiolites, graphitic schists and melanges with boulders are other fundamental difficulties leading to squeezing and blocking of the TBMs or even causing complete failures of the segments and abandoning of the tunnel. A typical example for tunnel abandoning is the Kosekoy high speed tunnel and an example for excessive TBM squeezing is the Uluabat energy tunnel. The affects of dykes in the Istanbul region is known well by practicing tunnel engineers. These andesitic rocks, make fractures in the country rock and cause several problems during TBM excavation like blocking the cutterhead and excessive disc cutter consumption. Typical examples are the Goztepe-Kadıkoy Metro tunnels, and the Melen water tunnel. The Beykoz utility tunnel is one of the most difficult tunnelling projects in Istanbul. Presence of clay minerals existing within the geologic formations is also one of the main reasons clogging the cutterhead of TBM as encountered in the Suruc water project. The effects of complex geology on the excavation efficiencies of different type of TBM’s used in the ten projects mentioned above are explained in this paper and some recommendations with a ground classification system for proper use of TBMs in faultyzones are given.     

Effects of steel fiber reinforced high-strength shotcrete in a squeezing tunnel

In order to quantitatively clarify the effects of steel fiber reinforced high-strength shotcrete (SFRS) applied to a squeezing tunnel, a non-linear numerical analysis is carried out, in which the stress–strain–time constitutive relationships of SFRS and the time-dependent movement of the ground surrounding the tunnel are taken into account. Through a comparison of field measurement and analytical results, it is recognized that SFRS can be applied as a reasonable primary lining for tunnels excavated in grounds with severe geological conditions. In particular, high strength during the early stages of the execution and ductility after its peak strength both contribute to the safe construction of squeezing tunnels.     

Indian experiences with Q and RMR systems

The Q-systemir of Barton et. al. (1974, 1976) and the RMR-system of Bieniawski (1973) have been evaluated on the basis of measured tunnel support pressures from 26 tunnel sections, 2 to 14 m wide, covering both squeezing and non-squeezing ground conditions. The comparison shows that the Q-system is unsafe for large tunnels under squeezing ground conditiona. A new correlation has been developed considering tunnel depth, tunnel radius, tunnel closure, and Rock Mass Number—i.e., “stress free Q”—to obtain reliable estimates of tunnel support pressures. Changes suggested by Sheorey (1991) for satisfactory application of the Q system to coal-mine roadways on the basis of 44 case histories are presented. Unal's (1983) correlation for coal-mine roadways is shown as overly safe for large tunnels under non-squeezing ground conditions, and unsafe for all sizes of tunnels under squeezing ground conditions. Correlations between tunnel support pressure, tunnel depth, tunnel closure, and Bieniawski's RMR have been developed to provide reliable tunnel support pressures for all sizes of rock tunnels under varying ground conditions. The correlations between RMR and Q proposed by Bieniawski (1976) and by Rutledge and Preston (1978) are not reliable, because RMR and Q are not truly equivalent. Therefore, an acceptable correlation between rock mass number N and RMR_mod, i.e., RMR without joint orientation and intact rock strength, has been presented for a better interrelation.     

Geotechnical risk management approach for TBM tunnelling in squeezing ground conditions

Historically, attempts to use tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in Himalayan geology have been unsuccessful, particularly where weak rocks exist at the significant depths often required for hydroelectric hydraulic tunnels resulting in squeezing ground conditions. The use of segmental tunnel linings erected by shielded TBMs presents additional risk, such that the advantages of potentially high rates of advance using this form of construction have not previously been realised. Programme demands for the 330 MW Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project in India required that 15 km of the 23 km headrace tunnel be constructed using a double-shield TBM erecting a segmental lining. Preliminary studies suggested difficult ground due to squeezing conditions along the 1400 m deep tunnel through weak meta-sedimentary rocks. To allow planning and construction to commence, a risk management approach to design and construction was formulated with contingency procedures and criteria developed to allow the risks to the TBM and the lining to be managed effectively. Advanced numerical modelling included analysis of the tunnel with the ground represented by a Stress Hardening Elastic Viscous Plastic (SHELVIP) model to take account of time dependent loading. The Kishanganga tunnel represents the first segmentally lined TBM tunnel to be successfully constructed in the Himalaya. This paper describes the risk-mitigation approach, the special measures developed to address the risks, the numerical modelling and laboratory testing undertaken, and includes results from the segmental lining monitoring. Recognition of the risks, the development of an innovative methodology and the provision of the means by which geotechnical risk could be managed effectively during construction, gave confidence to all stakeholders to proceed with a method of construction that had not previously been implemented successfully in the Himalaya.     

Squeezing rock conditions at an igneous contact zone in the Taloun tunnels, Tehran-Shomal freeway, Iran: a case study

Squeezing rock conditions at the contact zone of an andesitic-basaltic body and tuff country rocks in the Taloun tunnels were investigated and analyzed. Evaluation of the rock mass properties illustrates the fact that they were significantly reduced at the contact zone, especially when wet. Detailed monitoring and measurements of tunnel-wall convergence at the contact zone in the Taloun service tunnel, during the 10 months following excavation and installation of initial support, prior to installation of heavy support, showed greater than 3% of the normalized tunnel closure. This confirms moderate squeezing conditions at the contact zone. The measured displacement was even higher than that of the fault zone in which deformation was decreased during the first month and eventually stabilized. Similarly, numerical modeling of the deformation at the contact zone not only confirmed a higher value of the tunnel convergence but also demonstrated the reduction of in situ stress and development of plastic zones across the contact zone. These data are also believed to account for the squeezing condition at the contact zone. It is expected that this condition will be significantly increased in the main road tunnels due to the fact that these tunnels are twice as wide as the service tunnel. Therefore, proper and timely support must be applied. Numerical analysis of the support at the contact zone showed that the stress due to bending moment is greater than that of the axial forces on the lining. This calls for certain support measures in the form of permanent lining and two layers of steel bars to compensate for the tensile stress exertion on the lining.     

围岩稳定性评判方法适用范围探讨

基于修正芬纳公式建立了围岩稳定性评判新方法,该方法基于轴对称模型建立径向位移解析表达式。轴对称的基本假定就是圆形洞室,静水压力和均匀初始应力场,各向同性和均匀围岩条件。通过系统分析轴对称假定条件的偏差范围对围岩稳定性判断方法的适用范围进行研究。基于经典的遵循莫尔-库仑屈服准则理想线弹塑性围岩中的洞室开挖问题,分析了各项异性和非均匀性的初始应力场及城门洞型洞室对洞壁变形的影响。研究结果对围岩稳定性评判方法的合理使用范围、精度与轴对称围岩条件提出了量化评价范围。     

Tunnel boring machines under squeezing conditions

Squeezing ground represents a challenging operating environment as it may slow down or obstruct TBM operation. Due to the geometrical constraints of the equipment, relatively small convergences of one or two decimetres may lead to considerable difficulties in the machine area (sticking of the cutter head, jamming of the shield) or in the back-up area (e.g., jamming of the back-up equipment, inadmissible convergences of the bored profile, damage to the tunnel support). Depending on the number and the length of the critical stretches, squeezing conditions may even call into question the feasibility of a TBM drive. This paper sets out firstly to give an overview of the specific problems of TBM tunnelling under squeezing conditions; secondly to analyse the factors governing TBM performance by means of a structured examination of the multiple interfaces and interactions between ground, tunnelling equipment and support; and thirdly to provide a critical review of the technical options existing or proposed for coping with squeezing ground in mechanized tunnelling.     

端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变模型研究

针对端锚式锚杆-围岩结构体在长时条件下支护作用的演化机制,建立了端锚式锚杆-隧洞围岩耦合作用的结构模型。进行了结构模型的基本假设：①圆形隧洞;②深埋;③各向等压原岩应力;④均质且各向同性黏弹性围岩模型;⑤一维黏弹性锚杆模型;⑥锚杆对围岩作用力整体为面力。基于基本假设建立了端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变理论模型。假设围岩和锚杆均为Maxwell模型时,求解了圆形隧洞围岩应力和位移的径向分布随时间变化的解析解,获得了锚杆轴力随时间演变的理论公式。基于锚杆（索）流变模型,进行了FLAC^3D数值模拟软件的二次开发;并通过数值模拟与理论计算的对比分析验证了理论模型的合理性,分析了端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变规律及其影响因素。该模型对于研究地下隧洞的流变力学行为,分析锚固支护结构的长期稳定性,指导工程支护设计具有重要的基础理论价值。     

深部隧道框架式真三轴物理试验系统研制与应用

为了研究深部隧(巷)道围岩稳定性机理与支护控制技术,以千米埋深为基本条件,考虑三轴六面恒压加载和数字照相量测先进技术的应用,研制了一套结构紧凑、特色鲜明的真三轴框架式大型物理模拟试验系统。该系统由模型加载反力框架、以扁油缸与真空回油为特色的液压加载控制系统、自行研制的数字照相变形量测与围岩应力测试系统和开挖支护辅助装置4部分组成,可用于长1000 mm×宽1000 mm×厚1000 mm的深部隧(巷)道大型物理相似模型试验研究。最后给出在深部矿山巷道围岩变形受力观测分析与围岩分区破裂化现象再现试验的应用实例。应用结果表明,本套试验系统对于研究包括矿山巷道、TBM隧道在内的深部隧(巷)道工程开挖与支护过程中围岩变形与应力分布规律及其稳定控制作用机理都具有重要价值。     

交叉隧道施工对已有隧道稳定性影响研究

 近接隧道施工过程中面临地质条件复杂、围岩扰动较大等诸多问题,合理施工方法的研究极其必要。以从莞高速新建走马岗公路隧道上方穿越东深供水隧洞工程为背景,首先,结合现场振动安全的施工要求,采用数值计算提出交叉段合理施工工法。同时,在交叉段施工过程中,对在建隧道的围岩压力、初期支护结构的受力情况以及既有供水隧洞的断面收敛等进行了实测,结果表明：在建隧道的围岩压力10 d内基本稳定,拱腰位置围岩压力较大,右侧拱腰最大为0.2 MPa,之后缓慢减小并趋于稳定。既有东深供水供水隧洞内安全监测数据表明：断面收敛及混凝土应变均相对较小,在安全范围之内。研究成果与方法可为类似工程提供参考。     

隧道软弱围岩挤压大变形非线性流变力学特性研究

 讨论高地应力条件下隧道软弱围岩发生挤压大变形的复杂力学行为,将挤压大变形归属为变形速率快而收敛速率慢的非线性流变变形范畴。在分析挤压大变形流变力学机制的基础上,分别提出非线性二维黏弹塑性本构模型和大(小)变形三维弹黏塑性本构模型,并进行相关专用程序的研发。运用所研发的材料子程序,对相关流变模型进行理论分析,就乌鞘岭铁路隧道软弱围岩施工开挖大变形问题进行工程应用研究。     

A quantitative analysis procedure for solving safety factor of tunnel preliminary support considering the equivalence between Hoek–Brown and Mohr–Coulomb criteria

There is a development trend from qualitative towards quantitative analysis for tunnel stability. The widely accepted convergence-confinement method (CCM) provides a quantitative framework for tunnel stability analysis, while the conventional CCM based on closed-form functions is essentially an ideal model without considering the tunnel section shape and rock weight in plastic zone. Herein, based on the CCM framework, a quantitative analysis procedure formulated through numerical simulations for more practical situations was systematically proposed to calculate the safety factor of spray-anchor support system in non-circular tunnel. Besides, similarities and differences between the most widely used Hoek-Brown (HB) and equivalent Mohr-Coulomb (EMC) criteria were considered for practical reference. The proposed method was utilized to conduct quantitative analysis of LDPs, mechanical responses of surrounding rock and safety factors for four typical tunnels, and the consistency between tunnels based on HB criterion (TBHBC) and EMC criterion (TBEMCC) was analyzed. The results indicated that the maximum radial convergence of LDP, plastic zone area, and safety factor of TBEMCC were 34.54%, 37.29%, and 47.71% lower than those of TBHBC respectively. The reasons for differences between results were revealed. The spatial effect induced by the face excavation of TBEMCC was weakened as compared to TBHBC, leading to a drop of LDP. Consequently, the safety factor was underestimated. The method systematically provided an effective tool for quantitative stability analysis and design optimization of support system for an underground excavation.     

Analytical prediction for ground movements and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels considering non-uniform convergence pattern and ground-liner interaction mechanism

Current studies for tunneling-induced ground movements provide little information on the complex interaction between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils. In particular, little attention is paid to the internal force analyses for segment liners based on the non-uniform convergence deformation pattern. This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for the prediction of ground deformation and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels in clays. The non-uniform convergence deformation pattern is incorporated as the boundary condition of displacements between the ground and the liner. We investigated the difference between uniform radial and non-uniform convergence deformation patterns on the surface settlements and lateral deformation of soils. In general, good alignment was obtained between the predicted ground deformation caused by the non-uniform convergence model and field observations for tunnels in clays. In addition, the influences of sensitive parameters on the ground movements induced by tunneling were evaluated based on the non-uniform convergence pattern, including the soil and liner properties, the geometric properties of tunnel, the tunnel depth, the excavation gap and other main parameters. Furthermore, these solutions offer a more comprehensive framework for understanding the ground-liner interaction mechanism and the circumferential distribution of internal forces for segment liners. Parametric analyses were used to measure the influences of the lateral earth pressure coefficient on the axial forces and bending moments of tunnel liners. Results are provided on a theoretical basis to estimate the interaction behavior between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils correctly.     

深部高应力隧道TBM护盾长度和推力计算方法研究

岩石隧道掘进机(TBM)法开挖长隧道是一种安全、快速、有效的隧道开挖方法,但TBM复杂高应力隧道掘进时易发生卡机事故,因此,TBM在设计之初应尽可能考虑地质环境的影响,降低TBM的卡机风险。通过分析高应力常规地层和高应力软弱破碎地层对TBM的影响,提出了高应力常规地层和高应力软弱破碎地层TBM卡机的两个判据。根据两个判据提出了考虑围岩力学参数的高应力隧道TBM护盾长度设计和推力设计理论计算方法,并给出了参数选取依据。最后依据西南地区某高应力隧道的实际围岩地质参数,计算分析了现有TBM设计的合理性。本研究可为TBM的盾体长度和推力设计计算提供围岩力学参数依据。     

Experiences and lessons from the use of TBM in the Himalaya – A review

Tunnel boring machine (TBM), with its many advanced features, is being regularly planned now for the excavation of long tunnels in the difficult geology of the Himalayan region. The experience, so far, with the TBMs in three tunnels of Himalayas in India has not been encouraging. However, efforts are being made to overcome the problems and make the TBM a successful venture in the difficult grounds of Himalaya in India. The recent successful completion of 14.75 km long TBM portion of head race tunnel in Kishanganga hydroelectric project in J&K state has shown that the TBM can be used in the Himalayan tunnels as well.In the paper the experiences of TBM in four Himalayan tunnels are briefly highlighted. In case of Tapovan-Vishnugad head race tunnel, the variation of ground in terms of difficulty in managing the TBM thrust and penetration rate has also been highlighted. At the end, some issues have been presented which seems to be important for the success of TBM in the difficult grounds.     

Case studies of TBM tunneling performance in rock–soil interface mixed ground

This paper investigates the performance of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in rock–soil mixed-face ground based on TBM tunneling projects in Singapore. Currently several methods are available to estimate TBM tunneling performance in homogenous rock or soil. However, the existing models cannot be effectively applied to predict TBM penetration rate in mixed ground. The tunnels in this study were excavated in adverse mixed-face ground conditions. The geological profiles and the TBM operational parameters are compiled and analyzed. The influence of different geological face compositions on the performance of the TBMs is studied. The statistical analysis shows that there is a possible correlation between the mixed-face ground characteristics and the TBM advancement. Different approaches are used to find a reliable model. Finally, a method is proposed to predict the TBM performance in mixed-face ground for project planning and optimization.     

成兰铁路千枚岩隧道初期支护形式试验研究

在高地应力软岩地层中开挖隧道,易发生大变形,合理地选用初期支护的钢架形式,对软岩大变形的控制是非常重要的。本文依托成兰铁路-茂县隧道,通过现场试验和数值计算研究挤压性软岩大变形隧道的初支钢架选型,主要得出以下结论：（1）高地应力软岩隧道不宜选用强度较弱的钢架作为第一层支护,第一层支护应能保证支护封闭时的合理洞形|（2）挤压性大变形隧道宜采用多层、多次的支护方法,适当释放围岩应力,保证隧道的长期稳定|（3）大变形隧道多采用分部工法开挖,易导致支护结构受力不均,应提早支护封闭时机,改善结构受力。