如何利用建筑内消防设施引导人员疏散

火灾中人员由于恐慌、随众,不会利用建筑消防设施辅助疏散可能会导致人员伤亡。文章分析火灾中人员的心理、行为及建筑消防设施对于人员疏散逃生的作用,探讨火灾中人员疏散问题,为发生火灾时人员能够安全疏散提供一定帮助。     

大型商业综合体人员安全疏散策略研究

针对商业综合体中人员疏散的滞留问题，探究人员安全疏散策略的引导作用。采用静态合作博弈论方法，进行路径优化。对某商业综合体典型区域从防火分区、疏散走道和疏散楼梯三方面进行人员疏散仿真模拟，对比人员安全引导疏散与传统疏散，结果表明优化后人员的疏散效率有显著提升；人员安全疏散引导人员从多个疏散出口进行逃生，在缓解了人员滞留问题的同时提高了在复杂环境中疏散出口的利用效率；博弈论路径优化明确了人员可选择逃生路径的数量，提高人员疏散效率。     

建筑防火与安全疏散

当建筑发生火灾时,为保障建筑物内人员迅速、安全疏散到安全地区,建筑设计防火规范对有关疏散问题如建筑的安全出口的数量、布置,不同情况下安全疏散的距离,安全疏散门的宽度,走道的宽度,疏散楼梯的宽度以及形式等做出了规定。     

基于Anylogic的地铁站火灾人员疏散模拟及结构合理性分析

为确保旅客安全疏散,根据地铁站人群应急疏散的特点,进行了地铁站火灾人群疏散及地铁站结构合理性研究。以北京大学东门地铁站为例,对火灾中人员疏散行为以及地铁车站疏散结构合理性进行了研究,从发生火灾时人员的分布情况和所需的疏散时间等方面进行了分析。采用Anylogic仿真软件,建立了人员逃生时间计算模型,分析了地铁车站中不同类别乘客及其地铁车站建筑结构等因素对人员逃生的影响,指出了结构设计的不合理处。研究结果可以为保证发生火灾时人员安全疏散以及财产损失最小化提供参考。     

无源空气阻尼高楼逃生方法探讨

<正>目前,在建筑火灾中逃生人员的疏散逃生基本采用建筑内部疏散为主、外部救援为辅的方式;而高层建筑火灾因有烟囱效应导致火势猛烈、蔓延快、逃生通道易堵塞,断电断水等特点,使得内部疏散难度加大。当高层建筑发生火灾,电梯停用、消防举高车达不到起火层高度时,消防员只能选择沿楼梯向上攀登,组织逃生人员疏散。此时,一是因疏散楼梯防烟性能有限,二是会与向下疏散的人群发生碰撞,消防员攀登速度受影响。如果选择高楼逃生舱     

高层建筑火灾人员疏散问题探讨

介绍了近年来国内外典型高层建筑的火灾案例以及高层建筑火灾疏散中存在的问题,结合工作经验,总结了烟雾毒害性、建筑本身、规模大小、人员心理等影响高层建筑火灾人员疏散的主要因素,探讨了火灾条件下人员安全疏散应考虑的问题及对策,为高层建筑内人员疏散逃生提供了有益的探索。     

前后两面双向进户门新式住宅探索

<正>小高层和高层住宅是指建筑层数在7层以上的住宅。我国现有小高层和高层住宅多存在公摊面积大且火灾时不易疏散的问题,本文提出一种解决方案。现有住宅在预防火灾方面的设计情况现有住宅公摊面积较大,主要原因在于：小高层和高层住宅的电梯和进户门之间设置了公共消防前室和走廊,高层住宅还须设置两部疏散楼梯,以考虑到火灾时具有安全的逃生空间。公摊面积与火灾逃生相关,火灾逃生的设计也需予以关注。首先要清楚,     

南京过江隧道中部火灾风机失效模式的安全疏散研究

以长江南京段上游过江隧道为研究对象，分析了隧道火灾的特点，介绍了隧道安全疏散救援的思路和方法，设定了火灾场景，通过火灾时人员所需安全疏散时间与可用安全疏散时间的比较分析，探讨了隧道疏散口间距和逃生滑梯通行能力的初步设计方案。     

黄河公轨合建隧道火灾人员疏散安全研究

以济南黄河公轨合建隧道为研究对象,分别对公路隧道和轨道交通发生火灾时,纵向疏散楼梯和横向疏散门的间距对人员疏散时间的影响进行分析,获得必需疏散时间。结果表明：疏散楼梯间距为60 m和75 m时,均满足安全疏散要求;轨道交通发生火灾,在通风有效情况下,人员可用安全疏散时间TASET为2 700 s;疏散门间距为150 m和300 m时,均满足安全疏散要求。从安全和运行成本考虑,推荐疏散楼梯间距设置为75 m、下层疏散门间距设置为300 m。     

基于FDS的办公大楼火灾数值模拟分析

本文的办公大楼火灾模型是基于火灾动力学模型(FDS)建立起的计算模型。利用火灾建模软件pyrosim建立火灾建筑模型,并导入FDS进行数值模拟,并在计算过程中获得各楼层相对准确的烟气蔓延过程,温度场变化及烟气能见度,CO2变化情况。利用pathfinder软件建立人员逃生疏散模型,分析建筑最佳逃生时间,并与pyrosim模拟结果对比分析,找出火灾风险因素,为人员安全疏散提供有效的建议。     

A methodology for the determination of code equivalency with respect to the provision of means of escape

The escape potential of occupants in a building and the effectiveness of existing escape strategies can be described as a function of the time required for escape and the time available for escape.

The formalisation of these two concepts within the contextual framework of equivalency is addressed in this paper. Existing fire simulation and people evacuation models (ASET and EVACNET+, respectively) are used to assess equivalent fire safety provision in public assembly buildings.

In each of the examples chosen, a safety index is derived for deemed-to-satisfy designs and used as a benchmark against which other prototype designs may be compared for the purpose of establishing code equivalency.

A methodology that is capable of assisting in the determination of code equivalency with respect to escape route provision while accommodating trade-off is postulated.     

Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the buildingEXODUS evacuation model

When evacuating through fire environments, the presence of smoke may not only have a physiological impact on the evacuees but may also lead occupants to adapt their evacuation strategy through the adoption of another exit. This paper attempts to introduce this type of adaptive behaviour within the buildingEXODUS evacuation model through enabling occupants to make decisions concerning the selection of the most viable available exit during an evacuation involving fire. The development of this adaptive behaviour requires the introduction of several new capabilities namely, the representation of the occupants’ familiarity with the structure, the behaviour of an occupant that is engulfed in smoke and the behaviour of an occupant that is faced with a smoke barrier. The appropriateness of the redirection decision is dependent upon behavioural data gathered from real fire incidents (in the UK and USA) that is used to construct the redirection probabilities. The implementation is shown to provide a more complex and arguably more realistic representation of this behaviour than that provided previously.     

关于中庭建筑防排烟系统设计中排烟量的探讨

中庭建筑发生火灾的情况下,排烟系统设计的目标是应确保烟气层在认可的安全高度之上以利于室内人员的逃生或是使烟气层下降到危险高度所需的时间大于建筑物内人员安全撤离所需要的时间,因此排烟量的确定是排烟系统设计的关键.本文对中庭建筑火灾中2种火源工况下产烟量的计算公式进行了介绍,并与我国高规中确定排烟量的方法进行了对比.研究结果表明,对于轴对称羽流,NFPA模型能给出较好的预测结果;对于阳台喷射羽流,还存在一定的争论,对该情况下的羽流卷吸机理还需进行更深层次的研究;由换气次数确定的排烟量,尽管方便使用,但还存在许多不足,不能满足性能化分析的要求.本文的研究结果为我国相关规范的制订和性能化设计提供一定的依据.     

高层建筑火灾时疏散行为及设计思路

作者分析了人们在高层建筑中疏散的心理、行为模式,针对建筑物影响安全的因素提出设计思路。     

Erster und zweiter Rettungsweg in Wohngebäuden

First and second escape ways in residential buildings The existence of two redundant escape ways is a fundamental concept to ensure a safe egress of occupants in the event of fire. Fire safety requirements for means of egress are defined by the state specific building codes in Germany. This publication focuses on a further clarification of existing requirements and amongst others explains why some means of egress, such as permanent installed ladders are not suitable for this purpose. However, in contrast to this fire service equipment can also provide the second escape way in particularly for residential buildings. Different means are used depending on the applied strategy and infrastructure of the fire service. A summary of reported fire incidents of the Berlin fire service in the years 2012 and 2013 shows that smoke filled stairwells were also used to evacuate trapped occupants. In order to protect these occupants from smoke intoxication, escape hoods or positive pressure ventilation fans, to allow for a smoke free stairwell, have been used.     

Subjective Response to the Conditions of Audible Fire Alarm Signals Through a Jury Evaluation Test

Fire Technology - The main purpose of an audible fire alarm signal is to notify occupants of the presence of signs of a fire and to promote escape behavior, such as immediate evacuation. This study...     

A probabilistic occupant response model for fire emergencies

The present paper describes a probabilistic occupant response model for fire emergencies, which is integrated into a fire risk analysis model called CUrisk. Based on the PIA process, i.e., Perception, Interpretation and Action, the occupant response model predicts the probabilities of occupants perceiving fire signals due to direct perception, receiving fire alarms due to the activation of local alarms, sprinklers, the central alarm and the voice alarm, being warned by the other occupants and fire department, and taking actions including pulling the fire alarm, warning other occupants, calling the fire department, and commencing evacuation. The occupant response model is applied to predict the probabilities of evacuation initiation for a number of scenarios that consider combinations of fire detection and alarm systems for a mid-rise building. The results of the model show that asleep occupants need much longer response time to start evacuating and have lower probabilities of starting evacuation than awake occupants, which are consistent with what is observed in reality. Additionally, fire protection systems with only local alarms and only sprinklers connected to the central alarm can be improved significantly with systems with smoke detectors alone or combined with sprinklers connected to a central alarm, which result in higher probabilities of evacuation initiation with shorter delay times.     

A game theory based exit selection model for evacuation

How do evacuees find their way to escape from a fire zone? This will be a significant question that should be considered for modeling the evacuation process. Generally, a building consists of enclosure areas such rooms, walkways and stairs. The principal problem in wayfinding is to select the way out when occupants egress from a multi-exit area. The choice of exits will depend on how groups of evacuees interact. Non-cooperative game theory deals largely with how intelligent individuals interact with one another in an effort to achieve their own goals—to leave the fire zone as fast as possible. This article presents a game theory based exit choice model for evacuation. It has been integrated in an evacuation model and demonstrates that the evacuees’ interaction can affect the evacuation pattern and clearance time of a multi-exit zone.     

Modelling the evacuation of a high-rise office building in Istanbul

The use of advanced computer models for the analysis of evacuation problems in buildings under fire conditions or terrorist attacks has become an increasingly important research area. Until recently, most safety considerations regarding the evacuation of a building are taken on the basis of some deterministic rules prescribed in fire codes. However, these rules and design principles may not be sufficient to explain the complex interaction between a vast numbers of variables affecting the evacuation process. Also, the characteristics of a fire can differ from building to building and occupants can demonstrate distinctly different behavioural patterns and physiological characteristics. As a result, potential weaknesses, particular to the investigated building, can go unnoticed which, in turn, may result in disastrous consequences during an emergency. The study concentrates on two issues: firstly, what methodology should be pursued to accurately model an evacuation problem and the derivation and extent of parameters needed to fully utilise the potentials of the advanced computer models, in this case, the buildingEXODUS; the second issue is an investigation of the evacuation behaviour in a high-rise office building in Istanbul. It is found that exit knowledge and the preferences of occupants can severely slow down the evacuation process. Fires closer to the ground floor increase the death toll significantly. Failure in the activation of the sprinkler system or the absence of the system altogether can have disastrous effects on the loss of life.