消防云梯车配备救生滑道的探索

如何更有效、更快捷地援救高楼火灾中被围困人员,是消防部门一直予以关注的问题.利用消防云梯车,在保证原有消防功能不受影响的前提下,加装救生滑道,使之既能灭火又能方便快捷地营救高楼火灾中被围困人员,则是一个现实的、值得思考的问题.笔者所进行的理论和实践的探索,无疑具有重要的现实意义.     

材料产烟毒性危险分级试验方法学原理

介绍判定材料产烟毒性危险级别的简化试验装置和用少量实验动物的试验方法，陈述方法学原理和所持有的观点。     

A bottom-up methodology to estimate vehicle emissions for the Beijing urban area

Vehicle exhaust emissions have posed a serious threat in recent years to the urban air quality of Beijing. It is necessary to accurately estimate the magnitude and distribution of these emissions in order to reduce the uncertainty of local scale air quality modeling assessment. This paper provides a bottom-up approach by combining vehicle emission factors and vehicle activity data from a travel demand model estimated at the grid level to generate vehicle emissions data for the Beijing urban area in 2005. In that year, vehicular emissions of HC, CO and NOx were respectively 13.33 × 10⁴, 100.02 × 10⁴ and 7.55 × 10⁴ tons. The grid-based emissions were also compared with the vehicular emission inventory developed by macro-scale approach. It shows this bottom-up approach can result in better estimates of the levels and spatial distribution of vehicle emissions than the macro-scale method that relies on more average and aggregated information.     

Learning alliance methodology: Contributions and challenges for multicultural planning in health service provision: A case study in Kent,UK

This article examines contributions and challenges of learning alliance methodology to multicultural planning in health provision services in an urban context. A learning alliance was implemented to target health needs of different ethno-racial groups through an action research project in Swale, Kent, UK. We argue that a learning alliance is an innovative methodology that can contribute to multicultural planning by (1) promoting the involvement of new planning stakeholders and the institutionalization of learning alliance outcomes, (2) ensuring capacity-building strategies, (3) emphasizing documentation and dissemination as innovative practices, and (4) strengthening the network capacity of a community. Critical reflections are presented here as a constructive view to improve both the learning alliance methodology and multicultural planning. The article contributes to debates on public service delivery in the context of discussions about multiculturalism, health and planning.     

A new experiments-based methodology to define the stability threshold for any vehicle exposed to flooding

A vehicle exposed to flooding, after losing stability, becomes buoyant and may be washed away with potential injuries and fatalities. Such vehicles cause additional disruption to traffic that is already affected by flooding, which may lead to substantial indirect economic impact, especially in urban areas. Therefore, the analysis of the stability of vehicles exposed to flooding is important in order to make decisions to reduce damages and hazards. In this research, based on an experimental campaign that included a range of twelve car models, a new methodology to obtain the stability threshold for any real vehicle exposed to flooding is developed. A stability coefficient (SC_mod) is derived with which the vehicles can be sorted by stability against water flows and their stability functions may be determined. The experiments were conducted with three different model scales (1:14, 1:18 and 1:24) and involved analysis of both friction and buoyancy effects, which made this the most comprehensive research study to date. This methodology enables the definition of a stable area in the flow depth-velocity domain for any real vehicle. A tool is provided that decision-makers in the field of urban flood risk management can employ and after defining a design vehicle they can obtain its corresponding stability threshold.     

A simple technique to classify urban locations with respect to human thermal comfort: Proposing the HXG scale

An attempt is made to present a new scale to study urban microclimates and outdoor thermal comfort using simple in-situ measurement data. For this purpose, six urban locations with distinct physical characteristics are selected in a metropolitan city, Chennai. At each location, three streets with diverse orientations (North–south; East–west and Northeast–southwest) are identified and their microclimatic conditions are monitored during the summer months of April, May and June. The variations in microclimate are studied using ANOVA single factor test and later, correlated with the site’s physical characteristics. The assessment of microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort is done using Physiological equivalent temperature (PET).     

Experimental investigations of the performance of piles prestressed with respect to the soil

Results are presented for experimental investigations of models of a new generation of single piles prestressed with respect to the soil with controllable in-service reliability.     

A methodology for selecting portfolios of projects with interactions and under uncertainty

Effective project evaluation and selection strategies can directly impact organizational productivity and profitability. Numerous analytical techniques ranging from simple weighted scoring to complex mathematical programming approaches have been proposed to solve these problems. However, traditional project selection methods too often fail to consider both the uncertainties in projects and the interaction among projects. Some prior studies have considered the interaction among projects in deterministic environments. Others have dealt with stochastic environments but have not considered project interdependencies. This study aspires to fill this gap in the project portfolio selection literature. Information system/information technology (IS/IT) projects are used in this study because they are frequently subject to uncertainties due to estimation difficulties and bounded by interactions due to technological interdependencies. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to select the best portfolio of IS/IT projects while taking both project uncertainties (modeled as fuzzy variables) and project interactions into consideration simultaneously. We also present a numerical example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework and exhibit the efficacy of the procedures.     

A simple methodology for the evaluation of groundwater pollution risks

Groundwater represents a very significant source of fresh water for irrigation and drinking purposes and therefore preserving the availability and quality of this resource is extremely important. A first assessment of the amount of pollutants that can be exported to groundwater via soil drainage can be made by a) measuring the amount of contaminants present in the soil solution at the bottom of the soil after a prolonged simulated rainfall event, and b) estimating the amount of drainage water passing the soil bottom during a period of time long enough to include sufficient instances of both, wet and dry episodes inherent to the local climate. Drainage water was estimated by means of a simple infiltration model (bucket model) which computes on a daily basis the inputs and outputs of soil water through rainfall and evapotranspiration generated by a stochastic model of the local climate along a period of 50-100 years. The methodology was applied in the Guadiamar valley after the toxic spill of a pyrite mine in Aznalcóllar (Spain). The results show that Zn is the dominant contaminant at the site with a 1.2 g m(-2)year(-1) contribution to groundwater. The presence of a gravel rich horizon below 50 cm depth reveals an increase in drainage and the threat to groundwater.     

A new methodology for the design of low energy buildings

The Kyoto protocol binded the developed countries to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions at least by 5% by 2008-2012 in order to tackle global warming and climate change. Some of the measures of the governments to achieve this goal are to promote new buildings construction and to retrofit existing buildings while satisfying low energy criteria. This means improving energy efficiency of buildings and energy systems, developing sustainable building concepts and promoting renewable energy sources.The design of a low energy building requires parametric studies via simulation tools in order to optimize the design of the building envelope and HVAC systems. These studies are often complex and time consuming due to a large number of parameters to consider. Hence, this paper aims to set up a methodology that simplifies parametrical studies during the design process of a low energy building. The methodology is based on the Design of Experiments (DOE) method which is a statistical method widely used in industry to perform parametric studies that reduces the required number of experiments.     

对《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》的几点建议

结合规范实施实践,对规范中关于排烟设施设置建筑高度,内走道和中庭的排烟要求以及制定建筑防排烟专用规范等问题提出了建议。     

The decontamination effect of UV radiation with respect to micromycetes

Isolated were pathogenic micromycetes from tap drinking water among which the most typical were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillum cyclopium, Penicillium expansum, Cladosporium cladosporioides. The article has studied inactivation of microscopic fungus by UV radiation. It has also established a series of sensitivity of microorganisms to the effect of ultraviolet. It has been shown that such sanitary-indicative test microorganisms as Escherichia coli, Bacillius subtilis, Candida albicans cannot be used for assessing the degree of water decontamination by UV radiation by the mycological criterion. The stability of micromycetes to UV radiation is an evidence of a necessity to use complex methods of water decontamination.     

Toxicity of urban highway runoff with respect to storm duration

The toxicity of stormwater runoff during various time-based stages was measured in both grab and composite samples collected from three highly urbanized highway sites in Los Angeles, California between 2002 and 2005. Stormwater runoff samples were tested for toxicity using three freshwater species (the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia, the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, and the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitatum) and two marine species (the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and the luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum using Microtox. Toxicity results varied substantially throughout the storm events for both freshwater and marine species toxicity tests. In general, however, the first few samples were found to be more toxic compared with those collected during later stages of each storm event. In most cases, more than 40% of the toxicity was associated with the first 20% of discharged runoff volume. Furthermore, on average, 90% of the toxicity was observed during the first 30% of storm duration. Toxicity identification evaluation results found copper and zinc to be the primary cause of toxicity in about 90% of the samples evaluated with these procedures. Surfactants were also found to be the cause of toxicity in less than 10% of the samples.     

A methodology for predicting the severity of environmental impacts related to the construction process of residential buildings

This paper introduces a systematic approach for dealing with potential adverse environmental impacts at the pre-construction stage. The proposed methodology serves as an assessment tool for construction projects to measure the environmental performance of their construction activities. It also provides a consistent basis for comparisons and for future eco-labelling and environmental benchmarking among construction companies and construction sites. Within the methodological framework, nine categories of environmental aspects are proposed: atmospheric emissions; water emissions; waste generation; soil alteration; resource consumption; local issues; transport issues; effects on biodiversity; and incidents, accidents and potential emergency situations. The methodology includes 20 performance indicators developed with the help of a panel of experts. In order to avoid a typical shortcoming in environmental assessments methods, these environmental indicators, both direct and indirect, are always based on quantitative data available in the project documents. Significance limits for environmental aspects are also developed based on a statistical analysis of 55 new-start construction projects. Four case studies are provided to illustrate the practical use of the proposed methodology.     

Fail-safe construction on clayey soils with respect to the first limiting state

To provide for fail-safe construction when heavy loads are applied to foundations (pressure of up to 1.0 MPa and more), beds formed from clayey soils should be analyzed with respect to bearing capacity (first limiting state) without restricting ourselves to special cases stipulated in the Construction Rules and Regulations. As a basis of analysis of the bearing capacity of beds, it is proposed to adopt a computational scheme developed by the author where there is no uplift of soil, and the latter is consolidated downward in conformity with the author’s new concept concerning the failure of soil in a bed. Basic notions of the paper were presented at the Gersevanov Lectures on 14 March 2006. __________ Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 5, pp. 20–25, September–October, 2006.     

性能化排烟设计理念在中庭建筑中的应用

介绍了传统的中庭建筑排烟系统设计方法和先进的性能化的排烟设计理念，并分析了传统设计方法的局限性；针对性能化排烟设计的一般方法及其在中庭建筑机械排烟系统设计应用中需要注意的几个问题进行了分析，为设计人员更好地理解和应用性能化排烟设计方法提供了帮助。     

A combined methodology for the hydraulic rehabilitation of urban drainage networks

During medium and high intensity storm events, urban drainage networks can rapidly reach their maximum capacity, and subsequently floods can occur. Owing to the non-linearity of the processes involved, it is evident that the return period of a rainfall is different from the return period of the generated overflows. Therefore, the assessment of the maximum overflow volume related to a given return period is a key element in the management of urban drainage networks, since it may cause problems to infrastructure and economic losses. In this paper, a combined methodology for the hydraulic rehabilitation of such networks is proposed, by expressing their hydraulic critical conditions in terms of overflow volumes rather than rainfall volumes and considering both observed rainfall data and synthetic hyetographs derived from statistical analysis. The first application of the proposed methodology to the sewer network of the Mesola Municipality is presented and commented on.