Stooking the Peanuts: Historical Agriculture and the Management of a Dying Seasonal Landscape,North-East New South Wales,Australia

Popular interest in seasonal landscapes reflects the importance of ephemera in people's appreciation of landscapes. Landscape management tends to focus on long-term and reasonably permanent qualities, typically at annual and, especially, decadal time scales. However, human interest in shorter-term and ephemeral landscape qualities—such as seasonal qualities—allows people to use scales of direct human experience to identify and define landscapes. Brassley (1998 Brassley, P. 1998. On the unrecognized significance of the ephemeral landscape. Landscape Research, 23: pp.?119?–?132 [Google Scholar]), reviewing the ‘unrecognized significance of the ephemeral landscape’, notes that permanent components are managed through planning instruments; while ephemera may be crucial to landscape appearance, they are largely unprotected or not managed. Here a seasonal landscape of historic peanut farming that remains, in small pockets, in northern New South Wales, Australia, is examined with a view to identifying sustainable management of this landscape. The landscape becomes visually distinctive during the annual cycle of cropping when peanuts are placed in rows of stooks. Stooks are small circular stacks of harvested plants built around a tomato stake and capped by a sack, used to dry the peanuts immediately after harvesting; they appear to be unique. Following Brassley's observations regarding the lack of management of ephemera in landscapes, the long-term viability and conservation of this landscape are examined. The problem is further heightened by the fact that, while this landscape is visually distinctive, it also represents a social and agricultural activity that is in decline and unlikely to survive in the near future. This raises questions about the long-term sustainability of such a seasonal landscape—it is truly ephemeral both annually and in the long term—and options for the retention of at least some of the key landscape components within a contemporary landscape are explored.     

'Landscape' in the Japanese language: Conceptual differences and implications for landscape research

Increasing emphasis on discussing environmental issues at a global level and a rising number of international research projects make it necessary to locate key concepts of international discourses in their cultural context and to pay attention to possible cultural differences. The aim of this paper is to analyse the concepts behind different terms used in Japanese to describe 'landscape' in order to provide an example of the equivalence problem, which is a crucial issue in inter-cultural discourses. The results of ten interviews with theoretically sampled participants suggest that the two terms Fukei and Keikan coexisting in Japanese usage, represent two distinguishable landscape concepts with different meanings and images of landscape as well as different discursive contexts. This indicates a lack of equivalence in two ways. First, the two landscape concepts in contemporary Japanese differ and are not interchangeable. Second, this situation raises the question, whether it is possible to identify terms in other languages that are comparable to the differentiations found in the Japanese language. The implications for landscape research resulting from the different concepts of landscape in Japanese found in this study are discussed.     

Evaluation of the ecological efficiency of landscape protection in areas of different protection status. A case study from Poland

Poland ratified the ELC in 2004 and by 2015 the existing forms of landscape protection constituted a major tool for its implementation. The ecological efficiency of landscape protection in Poland in terms of the different kinds of protection status was evaluated. The main goal was to get general information about the dynamics of the changes in the landscape fragmentation process and the relationships between the landscape changes and the level of landscape protection on a national scale. A set of metrics using a CLC data-set at four points in time: 1990, 2000, 2006 and 2012 were examined. The metrics calculations were completed using FRAGSTATS 4.2.1 and Statistica software. Results confirmed that landscape protection depends on the level of protection assigned to it (the regime). In addition, it was demonstrated that the forms of the protected landscape areas are characterised by lower efficiency and higher landscape fragmentation dynamics when compared to those in unprotected areas. It also turns out that the newly established protection types such as Natura 2000 areas are characterised as insufficient tools to efficiently counteract growing human pressure. Although over 40% of the area of Poland falls under protection, merely 3% of this is characterised by a high efficiency of landscape protection.     

杭州城市山地寺院香道景观环境康养 效益评价

香道作为山地寺院园林外部山林自然环境最重要的部分,具有森林康养的特点,对人体身心健康产生影响,同时其寺院导览、酝酿宗教情绪等功能亦会对人心理状态产生一定影响。对杭州永福寺、虎跑寺2座城市山地寺院香道景观的空气负离子浓度、PM2.5、温度、湿度等环境康养因子指标进行测量,基于标准规范,评价单因子的康养效益,分析不同康养因子间的相关性。通过主成分分析将环境因子分为3个主成分,计算各主成分得分,加权求和计算香道景观环境康养因子综合得分并进行评价;通过状态焦虑量表及POMS量表反映人群游览香道前后心理状态变化,评价香道景观对人心理恢复的效果。结果表明,不同季节下香道景观环境康养因子对健康均有积极影响;空气负离子浓度与环境温湿度呈显著正相关,与PM2.5呈显著负相关,共同影响香道景观环境的综合康养效益;永福寺香道景观环境康养综合评价得分高于虎跑寺;香道景观及其佛教文化氛围对人心理状态的变化有积极影响。     

Some factors affecting coastal landscape aesthetic quality assessment

Seventy beaches in Wales, UK, were investigated with regard to quality of beach scenery using video panoramas. Scenic beauty was judged by three groups: coastal managers/academics; students in environmental sciences; and technical staff with no environmental training. Cloud cover at time of filming had a significant effect on scoring so a correction was applied for further data analysis. A strong preference was observed for undeveloped beaches over those where anthropogenic structures were prominent (p = 0.00), and for beaches with high relative relief. Beach commercialization level had an independent effect only on scores from the student group (p = 0.02). Results suggested that coastal managers/academics may assess beach landscape quality according to different criteria to those applied by people with no environmental training. Extreme scores did not seem to be well predicted by analysis of quantifiable landscape components and scores from the untrained judging group were also less predictable. The findings could contribute to coastal aesthetic resource management by demonstrating the feasibility of quantitatively assessing beach scenic quality for a large number of beaches. Identification, albeit tentative, of landscape parameters important in scenic quality assessment by various stakeholder groups could also contribute to the coastal management/planning process.     

城乡边缘带工业空间格局及其生态构建

分析了城乡边缘带工业空间格局与城市景观生态建设的关系,认为前者是边缘带景观生态系统的重要影响因子,对城市景观生态系统也具有显著、广泛和长期的影响,必须进行城乡边缘带工业格局的景观生态构建。确定了对应的景观生态构建目标,提出了全局构建边缘带工业景观生态格局,有效地对边缘带进行动态演变,广泛并长期预控边缘带工业格局,大力促进乡镇工业生态化转型及全面营造相关制度环境等构建方法。     

Goethean science as a way to read landscape

This paper demonstrates the method of Goethean observation as a means of surveying and appraising landscape which allows a role for a schooled subjectivity. Similarities between this method and phenomenological studies are made. To explore what Goethe's scientific method is, the first section of this paper discusses the Goethean method as taught by the School of Life Science. I then move on to the situation of attempting to apply the method as a means of understanding the Genius Loci of a specific place, and record what happens when the same place is then revisited. The method, as negotiated by the group applying it, is examined by describing the experience and examining the intersubjective consistencies and discrepancies that arose within the group. In conclusion I suggest the way in which this method could be used to approach landscape in an informed way that is also sensitive to the phenomenon of the place itself     

游客视角的中国古典园林景点热度感知 评价与传播途径研究——以苏州古典园林 留园为例

依据意境文化传播中主客体交流的规律,从游客感知的角度出发,运用主客观认知结合的原理,通过GPS技术结合问卷调查的方法,以苏州留园为例,开展景观意象感知热点发掘的实证研究。GPS数据表明,不同年龄段的游客有不同的感知热点区域,且构成元素与感知行为特征均不同。问卷数据表明,游客感知受4类因素影响:1)经济;2)园林文化传播;3)感知途径;4)旅游引导信息。基于上述结果,明确了遗产旅游中意境文化传播的过程和机制,认为应充分利用网络平台、移动终端等不同渠道,有针对性地对不同游客分类推广园林文化知识、分类设置游线及旅游项目,达到有效传播园林意境文化的目的。     

Silent meadows: The uncertain decline and conservation of hay meadows in the british landscape

The environmental impacts of British agriculture have been a popular focus in recent years within Landscape Research. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the case of hay meadows, an important feature of the landscape in cultural, agricultural and ecological terms, and one which has been threatened with decline. The paper considers the factors which have marginalized hay meadows in the discussion of agri-environment relations, showing that the lack of definitive data on hay meadows, government funding for more intensive farming practices, and the ephemeral nature of hay meadows have contributed to their 'silent' decline. Drawing on a case study of the Peak District in the UK, the attempts of current agri-envrionment schemes to encourage 'traditional' management, and the problems associated with the use of this term and its connotations, are considered.     

The pardess: an Israeli symbolic landscape

One of the most significant symbolic landscapes of the Zionist revival in Israel is the pardess — the citrus grove. The particular landscape of citrus groves in Israel conveys both religious symbolism and modern secular nationalistic values. The Israelis' images of the citrus grove landscape are reflected in the iconic use of this landscape in a variety of cultural expressions, from children's literature to advertising. Economic and political forces are increasingly threatening and destroying vast areas of citrus groves in the centre of Israel. In the wake of massive construction and development, this essay describes the cultural values that are being challenged by urbanization.     

Silent meadows: The uncertain decline and conservation of hay meadows in the british landscape

The environmental impacts of British agriculture have been a popular focus in recent years within Landscape Research. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the case of hay meadows, an important feature of the landscape in cultural, agricultural and ecological terms, and one which has been threatened with decline. The paper considers the factors which have marginalized hay meadows in the discussion of agri-environment relations, showing that the lack of definitive data on hay meadows, government funding for more intensive farming practices, and the ephemeral nature of hay meadows have contributed to their ‘silent’ decline. Drawing on a case study of the Peak District in the UK, the attempts of current agri-envrionment schemes to encourage ‘traditional’ management, and the problems associated with the use of this term and its connotations, are considered.     

Magnitude and Significance in Landscape Change

Landscape is organised in mosaics: sets of patches with a defined pattern of boundaries through which patches interact. Changes in patches cause changes in mosaics. Landscape change has two components: a quantitative one, referring to the areas in which changes happen, and a qualitative one, referring to the degree of similarity among the mosaics substituting each other. The quantitative component informs on the magnitude of the change: the total area in which landscape mosaics have changed; the qualitative one informs on the significance thereof: the ecological differences between the mosaics substituting each other. This paper presents an index for quantifying landscape change and for discriminating between magnitude and significance therein. It was tested by study of changes in the landscape mosaics in Madrid, Spain. Results show that the index developed is useful for this purpose. This enables objective comparison of different landscape changes presenting different combinations of magnitude and significance.     

基于景观偏好的落叶景观营造

落叶景观是指落叶落下所形成的具有观赏性的秋季景观,近年来逐渐受到关注,但相关研究刚刚起步。采用问卷调查的方法,利用SPSS17.0对数据进行分析,提取影响落叶景观的因子,分析不同人群对落叶景观的景观偏好。结果表明:1)人群整体偏好落叶景观,绝大部分人表示希望生活中存在落叶景观且喜爱程度较高,体现了公众的积极态度;2)叶色、搭配、种植方式、下垫面、叶量等衡量因子均影响着公众对落叶景观的偏好,不同衡量因子影响的效用不同,人们普遍偏好黄色或红色、大面积种植、叶量较大、落在草坪上、搭配休息设施的落叶景观。通过分析人群的景观偏好特征,探究现有落叶景观存在的问题,提出提升落叶景观质量的方法,旨在为之后落叶景观的营造起到参考和指导作用。     

城市河堤的多目标弹性景观修复途径 ——以四川省富顺沱江为例

城市河堤工程在发挥防洪功能的同时,往往造成滨河生态环境破坏、自然服务功能和空间活力丧失等多种问题。基于弹性防洪理念,这些单一功能的城市河堤在防洪效能、生态服务、环境品质和公共活力等方面具有巨大的提升潜力,已经成为现代城市更新的重点区域。城市河堤的多目标弹性景观修复可以运用软化、退让和复合3种主要策略,以实现防洪与景观的平衡。以四川省富顺沱江项目为例,根据现状情况、问题和修复目标,将项目中已建和规划河堤工程划分为4种形式,综合应用景观修复策略,对不同类型河堤提出相应的改造途径。最后,总结景观修复项目实施中需要解决的关键问题,以期提出适合中国城市河堤工程的弹性景观修复途径。     

论景观空间图式语言的逻辑思路及体系框架

图式语言是建立在景观空间结构性和解构性的前提下,以景观空间单位作为景观组成与结构、过程与功能、感知与表意的基本组织单元,将景观空间整体视为不同尺度单元空间由小到大、由局部到整体的尺度嵌套体。空间单元内在的生成过程与机理是指在单一尺度内的水平过程和多个尺度间的垂直过程以及空间相互依存的关系。景观规划设计的空间认知、理解、传承、塑造与创新是依照空间生成过程与机理,由单一或简单的空间单元逐步拼接耦合、复合嵌套形成的整体景观的过程。在此逻辑思路的基础上,图式语言研究提出了不同于"模式语言"和"景观的语言"研究的思路和方法,建立了图式语言的概念模型、图式语言体系的构成框架、图式语言构成的内在逻辑关系以及其地方性与普适性的作用机制。实践研究证明,景观图式语言理论与方法有助于实现景观地方性的传承与创新,有助于实现感知在景观空间塑造过程中的个性化和特色化,是探索景观学习和设计的新路径。     

On change in the landscape

Research in landscape history/archaeology frequently concerns studies of human interventions in the cultural landscape. Decisions are seen to produce interventions that change a setting in some way, and each combination of decision, intervention and result tends, often sub-consciously, to be regarded as an episode of change or a discrete chapter in the evolution of a locality. Research will conventionally culminate in the completion of such an episode. The habit of perceiving landscape change in terms of discrete chapters or episodes distracts attention from the on-going nature of changes that reverberate around a landscape causing adjustments and compensations long after the termination of the initial intervention. The processes of adjustment and compensation endow landscape change with the character of a continuum rather than that of an episode. Examples from a long-term and highly detailed investigation of landscape evolution at Ripley, North Yorkshire, are used to illustrate the need for more refined perspectives on change. These perspectives should embrace continuing consequences of change as well as the initial impact of a decision upon a location.     

环境解说在景观规划设计中的作用与意义

在欧美、日本等国家及中国港台地区,环境解说已成为景观规划设计中的重要内容,如今,环境解说也已经引起了中国内地风景园林学界、业界的关注,但从对环境解说重要性的认知到规划、设计实践能力来看,环境解说还仅是中国景观规划设计表达中的一种"新语言"。从环境解说在景观规划设计中的重要性入手,结合实际案例阐述环境解说之于景观规划设计的重要性:环境解说系统能够使游客的景观理解更加深刻、丰富;对于保护地和国家公园、郊野公园等自然公园的规划设计,环境解说更是体现公园特色和个性的核心工作内容;按照传统风景观来看湿地等缺乏景观变化性、丰富性的自然空间,环境解说甚至可以成为公园游赏系统规划时的主要线索;环境解说具有辅助游客行为管理、提效资源环境保护的功能;优质的环境解说规划设计可以提升景观美感水平。     

On change in the landscape

Research in landscape history/archaeology frequently concerns studies of human interventions in the cultural landscape. Decisions are seen to produce interventions that change a setting in some way, and each combination of decision, intervention and result tends, often sub-consciously, to be regarded as an episode of change or a discrete chapter in the evolution of a locality. Research will conventionally culminate in the completion of such an episode. The habit of perceiving landscape change in terms of discrete chapters or episodes distracts attention from the on-going nature of changes that reverberate around a landscape causing adjustments and compensations long after the termination of the initial intervention. The processes of adjustment and compensation endow landscape change with the character of a continuum rather than that of an episode. Examples from a long-term and highly detailed investigation of landscape evolution at Ripley, North Yorkshire, are used to illustrate the need for more refined perspectives on change. These perspectives should embrace continuing consequences of change as well as the initial impact of a decision upon a location.     

Hunting and Landscape in Denmark: Farmers' Management of Hunting Rights and Landscape Changes

Hunting represents an important activity in Danish rural landscapes. In this paper, we analyse recent developments in farmers' management of the right to hunt and associated landscape activities in three agricultural regions based on surveys from 1995/96 and 2008. The results show that the total area on which farmers hunt has increased, especially the area on which the owner is the hunter. This indicates that interest in hunting is increasing, and the interest for hunting may play an increasing role as a landscape activity and as a motive to become a farm property owner. Concerning landscape management, non-hunters, surprisingly, seem to have a more game-friendly management practice than hunters. On the other hand, hunters own farms with forests and/or farms located in areas of high landscape heterogeneity more often than non-hunters. Local hunting associations play an interesting role in relation to non-owners' accessibility to hunting and such associations may play a significant role in the future management of the landscape as a commons.