中梁山隧道火灾通风排烟的数值模拟

根据中梁山地铁区间隧道的实际情况确定最不利的通风排烟模式,利用FDS对火灾时的通风排烟进行模拟,分析隧道内不同时刻、不同截面位置的烟流特性参数。模拟结果显示,射流风机作用下火区上游通风风速为2.5 m/s,没有产生回流,起火列车人员能够安全疏散。烟流前锋面到达非起火列车的时间超过850 s,大于非起火列车人员疏散完成时间。     

建筑双层玻璃幕墙火灾行为特性研究

为研究建筑双层玻璃幕墙的火灾行为特性,通过PyroSim建立双层玻璃幕墙几何模型,利用FDS模拟火灾发展及蔓延,分析火灾过程中的温度、烟气和房间CO体积分数变化规律。模型设定不开启自动喷淋系统和机械排烟系统。设门洞开在1层内侧幕墙和门洞开在1~6层内侧幕墙,幕墙之间距离为0.5、0.9、1.3 m。结果表明:高温气流可沿烧穿的玻璃幕墙快速蔓延,在每层幕墙破裂处呈现明显的回旋状高温气流,双层幕墙间的烟气扩散速度为4.5 m/s,房间内能见度随时间降低,非起火房间会出现一段时间内能见度下降又升高的现象,80 s时各层房间内能见度均小于5 m,起火房间内CO体积分数随时间呈近似线性增大,增大幕墙间距对控制非起火房间CO体积分数有积极作用,但也存在将起火房间的火焰引至幕墙间的危险。     

某历史风貌建筑火灾模拟及分析探讨

以天津市内某英国庭院风格式建筑一层厨房为起火点,火灾规模4 MW,分有无水喷淋保护两种情况以FDS模拟火灾发展过程。在无水喷淋保护条件下,约在772 s时建筑内发生轰燃;约1 100 s时一楼大厅内顶棚温度达到800℃左右。在有水喷淋保护时,约106 s和120 s时两个喷头相继作用,火势受到明显控制;120 s时,厨房内温度基本不超过200℃;约1 000 s以后,火势已逐渐减小并熄灭。除厨房外,其余部位均未过火。     

某典型别墅火灾的数值模拟重构

以FDS模拟某别墅火灾,设定火灾发生于厨房燃气灶台,设无水喷淋和有水喷淋两种情况.模拟结果显示无水喷淋时起火240 s后一层1.8 m高度处温度为175 ℃,人员逃生几率很小.有水喷淋时一层1.8 m高度处温度在55～85 ℃,人员有更多逃生时间.无水喷淋情况烟气密度略小,但300 s时蔓延至二层.有水喷淋时烟气密度略高,但不易扩散至二层.     

空气幕对隧道火灾烟气蔓延影响数值模拟

设置火源功率为20 MW的公交车起火的火灾场景,利用FDS模拟的方法对比分析有、无空气幕时隧道内火灾烟气蔓延情况,包括烟气浓度、温度、能见度和流速等参数的变化,研究空气幕对隧道火灾烟气蔓延特性的影响。结果表明,火源两侧设有出口射流方向朝下、射流速度为15 m/s的空气幕时,火灾烟气可较好地受控于这两个空气幕形成的区域内。     

地铁车厢火灾人员疏散安全性研究

分析了地铁车厢内火灾时人员疏散的全过程。采用Pathfinder2009.2软件计算得到车厢中部火灾和车厢端部火灾时人员所需安全疏散时间分别为65 s和139 s。采用FDS火灾模拟软件得到相应火灾场景下的危险来临时间(ASET)控制判断指标,结果表明,着火车厢内部人员能够安全疏散至非着火车厢。     

不同车门开闭状态下地铁车厢火灾特性研究

考虑地铁车窗受高温破碎的因素,利用FDS 研究不同车门开闭状态下车厢火灾发展,对比热释放速率、温度、车窗破碎时间等。结果显示：车门开启数量对车厢火灾热释放速率的影响较大,最大热释放速率可达14.4 MW。在400 ℃和600 ℃的破碎温度下,当车门开启数量大于3 扇和4 扇时,车厢火灾最大热释放速率下降。火灾发展初期,车门开启数量对车厢内温度分布影响不大,全面发展阶段时,车门开启会造成温度跳跃式增长。对于车厢火灾,不同车门开启状态会影响车窗破碎的顺序、位置及时间。当1 号车门开启时,400 ℃工况下,火源两侧窗户破碎时间相比600 ℃工况最多提前1 066 s。     

北京居住建筑供冷期开窗行为影响因素研究

对北京居住建筑供冷期居民开窗行为进行实测,分析室内温度、室外温度、人员在室情况、降雨、室外细颗粒物质量浓度对开窗行为的影响。对开窗行为主导因素进行筛选,建立住户开窗概率模型。厨房、卧室、客厅的开窗比例均随室内温度的升高先增大后减小,3个功能房间的最大开窗比例均出现在室内温度30℃附近。在各室内温度条件下,厨房的开窗比例高于卧室、客厅,卧室、客厅的开窗比例非常接近。卧室、客厅的开窗比例均随室外温度的升高先增大后减小。厨房的开窗比例始终保持在80%以上,且随室外温度的升高变化不明显。人员在室情况对卧室外窗户开启状态的影响比较小。卧室、客厅的开窗比例均随降雨强度的增大而减小。厨房的开窗比例仍远高于卧室、客厅,卧室与客厅的开窗比例相差不大。厨房、卧室、客厅的开窗比例均随室外细颗粒物质量浓度的升高而减小。当室外细颗粒物质量浓度大于100μg/m³时,卧室、客厅的开窗比例明显下降。当室外细颗粒物质量浓度大于200μg/m³时,厨房开窗比例才明显下降。室内温度、室外温度对开窗行为具有显著性影响。与室外温度相比,室内温度的回归系数绝对值更大,对开窗概率的影响...     

地铁火灾工况排烟模拟与实验研究

本文以南京地铁一号线南延线通风系统为研究对象,采用清华大学开发的地铁热环境模拟分析软件STESS进行通风模拟,结合实际的数据测量,对安全门地铁火灾工况下排烟模拟进行了研究。结果认为,在带有安全门的站台发生火灾的时候,通过开启4台TVF风机,可以保证连接口处的速度到大于1.5m/s,满足人员逃生的风速要求;在区间隧道发生火灾时,通过隧道两边站台各开启4台TVF风机进行送风排烟,可以保证隧道断面风速大于2m/s,满足人员逃生的风速要求。     

客车发动机舱火灾燃烧特性模拟研究

分析客车发动机舱火灾成因,建立了与实际客车发动机舱等尺寸的火灾模拟实验平台。采用油盘燃烧和加热热解两种方式对发动机舱内部易起火位置进行火灾模拟实验。实时采集火灾发生过程中的温度、红外、CO和烟颗粒浓度等火灾特征参量。分析火灾从发生至发展过程中的特征参量的变化规律,对比发动机舱油气及粉尘工作环境后表面污损情况对红外探头的影响。分析冬季、夏季发动机舱温度变化曲线及温度变化率,客车正常运行时发动机舱内的温度变化率均不会超过0.5℃/s,而发动机舱发生火灾初期其温度变化率已经达到2.0℃/s。明确了多传感器融合判断的重要性。     

北京地区住宅中活动式火灾荷载的调查分析及标准值的确定

对北京地区的普通住宅进行了活动式火灾荷载的调查统计,并采用课题组前期理论研究成果进行了数据分析,确定活动式火灾荷载密度标准值为1197.17MJ/m2。通过对卧室、客厅、厨房火灾荷载值的分别计算可知,卧室的火灾荷载密度最大;通过对不同可燃物在可燃物总值中所占比例的计算,发现木材在住宅中是主要的可燃物;另外通过计算确定建筑物的活荷载与火灾荷载之间的比例分布也不拒绝服从极值Ⅰ型分布,其标准值为22.92。     

Low-cost residential sprinkler protection

A realistic bedroom fire test demonstrated that a sprinkler having a smaller than standard orifice is capable of controlling a bedroom fire, protecting the room structure, and eliminating fire spread.     

农村地区火灾荷载调查初步研究

对黑龙江、内蒙古、河南、江西、山东五省市部分农村进行了小范围的火灾荷载的调查统计分析，计算了卧室、客厅、厨房、杂物房等房间的火灾荷载密度，然后利用算术平均值的方法计算了室内平均火灾荷载密度，并分析了影响各个房间火灾荷载密度大小的因素，这些数据将为以后广大农村地区火灾研究及性能化设计奠定了基础。     

Analysis of One and Two-Story Single Family Home Fire Dynamics and the Impact of Firefighter Horizontal Ventilation

This paper describes experimental investigations on fire service ventilation practices in modern house geometries. Two houses were constructed inside a large fire facility. The first of two houses constructed was a one-story, 111.5 m², 3 bedroom, 1 bathroom house with 8 total rooms. The second house was a two-story 297.3 m², 4 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom house with 12 total rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two-story great room and open foyer. Fifteen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door only, opening the front door and a window near and remote from the seat of the fire, opening a window only and ventilating a higher opening in the two-story house. One scenario in each house was conducted in triplicate to examine repeatability. The results of these experiments examine potential occupant tenability and provide knowledge for the fire service for them to examine their horizontal ventilation standard operating procedures and training content. The fire dynamics resulting from ventilation practices such as ventilation near or remote from the seat of the fire and high versus low in relation to the fire are examined. Several other tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from these experiments to provide specific examples of changes that can be adopted based on a departments current strategies and tactics. Such tactical considerations and a systems approach to fire service tactics should be investigated further.     

色彩在居住环境设计中的应用

从色彩对生理和心理的影响两方面入手,阐述了居住环境中色彩应用的重要性,分别介绍了起居室、卧室、餐厅、儿童房等不同居住环境的色彩设计,指出居室环境设计中合理利用色彩因素能够达到出其不意的效果。     

Determinants of winter indoor temperatures in low income households in England

The objective of this study is to quantify the extent to which variation in heating season indoor temperatures is explained by dwelling and household characteristics and increased by energy efficiency improvements in low income households. A survey of dwellings in the Warm Front home energy efficiency scheme was carried out in five urban areas of England. Half-hourly living room and main bedroom temperatures were recorded for 2–4 weeks over two winters. For each dwelling, regression of indoor on outdoor temperature was used to obtain estimates of daytime living room and night time bedroom temperatures under standardized conditions (outdoor temperature of 5 °C). The results indicate that the median standardized daytime living room temperature was 19.1 °C and the median standardized night time bedroom temperature 17.1 °C. Temperatures were influenced by property characteristics, including its age, construction and thermal efficiency and also by the household number of people and the age of the head of household. Dwellings that received both heating and insulation measures through the Warm Front scheme had daytime living room temperatures 1.6 °C higher than pre-intervention dwellings, night time bedroom temperatures were 2.8 °C higher. Warm Front energy efficiency improvements lead to substantial improvements of both living room and bedroom temperatures which are likely to have benefits in terms of thermal comfort and well-being.     

浅谈居室绿化与植物配置

分析了居室绿化的作用,论述了居室内绿化植物选择须遵循的原则,从客厅、餐厅、书房、卧室、阳台、门厅和走廊几方面详细介绍了居室绿化植物的配置,指出必须尽量利用居室环境的特点及室内装饰的原则来进行绿化,才能达到美化居室环境的目的.     

谈住宅的户型与环境设计

以当今的市场环境为背景,从起居室、卧室、厨房三方面入手,介绍了住宅的基本户型设计,分析了住宅的大环境及社区环境设计方式,为设计出与人们的物质、精神需求相适应的住宅提供了依据。     

某精装修住宅楼室内热舒适度实测分析

热舒适性是居住者对室内热环境满意程度的一项重要指标,除了与空气温度、湿度相关外,还与气流速度、室内空气品质密切相关.详细阐述了室内热舒适性的测试方法及评价方法,并结合工程案例的实测情况,分析客厅、主卧室、次卧室等主要功能房间的室内热舒适度.     

Modeling ventilation rates in bedrooms based on building characteristics and occupant behavior

Air change rate (ACR) data obtained from the bedrooms of 500 Danish children and presented in an earlier paper were analyzed in more detail. Questionnaires distributed to the families, home inspections and interviews with the parents provided information about a broad range of residential characteristics and occupant behavior. These were tested in several linear regression models to identify the degree of effect each selected independent variable has on the total ACR. The measured ACRs are summarized by some of the most significant variables such as room volume (higher ACR in smaller rooms), number of people sleeping in the bedroom (higher ACR with more people), average window and door opening habits (higher ACR with more opening), sharing the bedroom with other family members (higher ACR in shared rooms), location of the measured room (higher ACR above ground floor), year of construction (lowest ACR in buildings from early 1970s), observed condensation on the bedroom window (higher ACR at less condensation), etc. The best-fitting model explained 46% of the variability in the air change rates. Variables related to occupant behavior were stronger predictors of ventilation rate (model R² = 0.30) than those related to building characteristics (model R² = 0.09). Although not perfectly accurate on a room-to-room basis, our best-fitting model may be useful when a rough estimate of the average air change rate for larger study populations is required in future indoor air quality models.