Pattern recognition algorithm for determining days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles

This paper describes a pattern recognition algorithm for determining days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles. The algorithm determines energy use features, such as average daily consumption or peak daily consumption, from time series of energy use. Features are transformed to remove the effects of seasonal variation that may be present in time series data. Then, the transformed features are grouped by day of the week into seven clusters. Univariate and multivariate outlier analysis methods are used to remove unusual data from the seven clusters. Finally, a modified agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm determines days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles. Knowledge of days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles can be used in the following ways: (1) supervisory control strategies that use forecasting algorithms, and (2) methods for detecting abnormal energy consumption in buildings. This paper contains field tests results from three buildings.     

大型公建能耗远程监测系统的实现与节能分析

对大型公共建筑能耗进行远程监测不仅能分析建筑用能具体特点,也为节能措施的实施和节能改造政策的制定提供科学依据。在分析大型公共建筑能耗特点的基础上,搭建了一套包括现场设备层、通讯网络层和监控中心管理层的集成自动化实时监测系统,实现了大型公共建筑分项能耗的远程监测,并对监测数据进行了分析,结果表明,该监测系统运行稳定可靠,能够有效反应大型公共建筑各个环节的用能特点和问题,可为后续的建筑节能诊断和改造提供科学依据。     

高层办公建筑节能设计常见问题及对策

高层办公建筑在节能设计方面存在一些常见问题,如自然采光利用率低、人工控制室内通风效果不佳、外围护结构保温隔热能力差、可再生能源的利用率不高等.本文以西安地区为例.通过对12栋高层办公建筑进行能耗调研,针对以上问题提出了改进建议与对策,以期对高层办公建筑生态化发展提供有益的借鉴.     

重庆市既有大中型商场建筑集中空调能耗调研与分析

通过对重庆市既有大中型商场建筑空调能耗数据的调查研究分析,发现既有商场建筑空调系统中各个部分存在的问题如设计不合理,设备选型过大,输送设备配置不合理,运行管理方式落后等.在此基础上指出目前重庆市既有商场建筑空调系统能耗较高产生的原因,并针对问题进行其节能潜力分析,提出适宜重庆市既有商场建筑的节能改造的合理化建议.     

城市规模的建筑能耗研究综述

城镇化速度的加快导致城市建筑能耗的快速增加,因此,城市规模的建筑能耗研究得到人们更多的关注。综述了国内外城市规模的建筑能耗研究现状。首先讨论城市建筑能耗分析与单体建筑能耗分析的差异,主要从4个方面论述,包括如何在城市环境中定义单体建筑、能耗数据获取、单体与群体建筑负荷差异、城市建筑之间的相互作用。然后将先前研究根据3个标准分类,分别是空间规模、建筑类型、能耗模型。综述表明,与城市规模的交通能耗研究相比,建筑能耗研究还处于非常初级的阶段,主要原因是缺少城市规模的群体建筑信息和能耗数据。同时,城市地理信息系统(GIS)的完善和新型统计学方法如贝叶斯和空间分析方法的出现,为城市规模建筑能耗的研究提供了新的机遇。     

重庆市既有大中型商场建筑集中空调能耗调研与分析

通过对重庆市既有大中型商场建筑空调能耗数据的调查研究分析，发现既有商场建筑空调系统中各个部分存在的问题如设计不合理，设备选型过大，输送设备配置不合理，运行管理方式落后等。在此基础上指出目前重庆市既有商场建筑空调系统能耗较高产生的原因，并针对问题进行其节能潜力分析，提出适宜重庆市既有商场建筑的节能改造的合理化建议。     

基于能耗监测平台的分项计量数据的应用

随着大数据时代的到来,对数据进行挖掘与分析得到的信息价值日益显现。大型公共建筑的节能研究是建筑领域节能任务的重点,在建立能耗监测平台的同时,将伴随大量的能耗数据产生。公共建筑的基本信息、设备运行参数、能耗数据将成为深度挖掘建筑节能潜力的基础。通过对上海长宁区的大型公共建筑的实地调研和平台在线监测所获取的建筑基本信息及建筑能耗数据信息,进行数据统计研究。延伸了分项计量数据的后续应用,为安装分项计量设施的建筑运行管理提供借鉴。     

大型办公建筑照明及插座系统电耗逐时使用率聚类分析

逐时使用率对于预测办公建筑照明与插座系统电耗,以及核定节能改造的节能量有十分重要的意义。选取重庆17幢办公建筑作为研究对象,根据建筑全年逐时照明与插座系统的实测电耗数据,计算各建筑全年每个工作日24h的逐时使用率。利用聚类分析方法,根据日逐时使用率的不同,将办公建筑快速分为3类。根据是否经常加班以及午休时是否关闭部分用电设备,可以快速判断办公建筑属于哪一分类。最后对3类建筑分时段计算典型逐时使用率,便于实际应用中快速查询。     

杭州市公共建筑能耗现状及节能分析

本文通过对杭州市35栋公共建筑进行能耗调查、检查能源管理制度制定和实施情况以及用能设备运行状况,得出了所调查的杭州市公共建筑综合能耗范围为473.01～4 503.53 MJ/(m2.a),平均为1 265.06 MJ/(m2.a)。在此基础上分析比较了商场、宾馆饭店、写字楼和政府机关建筑能耗的差异,并针对存在的问题,提出了相应的建议。     

公共建筑能耗统计方法的研究

为全面了解我国公共建筑能耗的基本状况,为建筑节能工作及能源领域的管理决策提供有力的数据支持,有必要在全国范围内建立起科学的公共建筑能耗统计制度。对公共建筑能耗统计体系的建立进行了研究。从公共建筑基本信息、能耗设备的拥有和使用情况及公共建筑日、月、年能耗3个方面建立起公共建筑能耗统计指标体系。设计了公共建筑能耗统计报表。     

建立大型公共建筑能耗在线监测平台

大型公共建筑在我国民用建筑总能耗中占有很大比重。本文提出了建立大型公共建筑能耗在线监测平台,对各建筑的全年设备耗能状况,设备运行及管理状况进行实时在线监测。文章详细论述了深圳达实智能股份有限公司城市能源监测平台（City Energy Management Platform,简称CEMP）的系统构成,这是国内第一个面向行政管理部门和终端用户开发的,用于能源管理和节能决策的大型系统。     

System approach to the energy analysis of complex buildings

Energy analysis of complex buildings is usually carried out by process analysis. The results are indices of the direct consumption by final energy carriers. This analysis, however, is not complete because the final energy carriers are generated in a system of interconnected production and transport processes, where energy is also used. The sum of the direct energy use, the energy used in intermediate stages and in transport is termed cumulative energy consumption. The analysis of cumulative energy consumption may concern either one single final energy carrier (e.g. electricity) or the global primary energy consumption. The theory of cumulative energy consumption belongs to the class of system methods. This paper applies one system method, input–output analysis, to compare different systems of supplying energy to buildings. The linear mathematical model of annual energy balance of a complex case-study building has been formulated. The paper describes the application of such a linear mathematical model for calculating the coefficients of cumulative energy consumption in buildings as well as for evaluating the effects of energy rationalisation systems and strategies.     

辽宁地区农村住宅节能综述

辽宁地区农村住宅由于在观念、设计和新技术采用上的问题,存在耗能高、舒适性低的问题.本文立足于辽宁地区农村住宅中存在的问题,深入分析农村住宅能耗高的问题关键所在,在建筑的设计、建筑施工以及附属设施方面提出了切实可行的措施,为提升农村住宅舒适度和节能减排提供了参考.     

公共建筑能耗影响因素与调研分析

从建筑本体、地域、设备、行为等方面总结公共建筑能耗的影响因素。以东营市50栋公共建筑为调研对象,对被调研建筑分项能耗(空调能耗、照明能耗、设备能耗、其他能耗)占比进行箱线图分析。对4类影响因素(外墙保温、空调系统冷源形式、外窗类型、空调设置温度)对建筑能耗的影响进行箱线图分析。对于分项能耗占比:空调能耗占比波动幅度比较大,绝大部分被调研建筑的空调能耗处在较高水平,对空调系统的节能优化是降低建筑能耗的重点。照明能耗占比波动幅度比较小,虽然被调研建筑的照明能耗节能潜力有限,但仍有空间。设备能耗占比波动幅度比较大,且有较大节能潜力。其他能耗占比与照明能耗占比相似。对于影响因素:无外墙保温公共建筑的单位建筑面积能耗波动幅度更大,且单位建筑面积能耗平均水平更高。采用分体式空调器的公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗波动幅度最大,采用空气源热泵机组的公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗平均水平最高,压缩式冷水机组居中,分体式空调器最低。采用Low-E玻璃的公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗波动幅度最大,采用普通单层玻璃的公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗平均水平最高,双层中空玻璃居中,Low-E玻璃最低。空调设置温度小于26℃的公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗平均水平更高。     

Using intelligent clustering techniques to classify the energy performance of school buildings

The present paper deals with the energy performance, energy classification and rating and the global environmental quality of school buildings. A new energy classification technique based on intelligent clustering methodologies is proposed. Energy rating of school buildings provides specific information on their energy consumption and efficiency relative to the other buildings of similar nature and permits a better planning of interventions to improve its energy performance. The overall work reported in the present paper, is carried out in three phases. During the first phase energy consumption data have been collected through energy surveys performed in 320 schools in Greece. In the second phase an innovative energy rating scheme based on fuzzy clustering techniques has been developed, while in the third phase, 10 schools have been selected and detailed measurements of their energy efficiency and performance as well as of the global environmental quality have been performed using a specific experimental protocol. The proposed energy rating method has been applied while the main environmental and energy problems have been identified. The potential for energy and environmental improvements has been assessed.     

Incorporation of latent loads into the cooling degree days concept

The cooling degree days concept is a tool to estimate and analyze weather related energy consumption in buildings, i.e. the cooling system electric energy consumption. The main problem with applying this method is that it disregards latent cooling loads. This paper deals with an approach for monitoring electric energy consumption due to cooling in buildings based on cooling degree days, which allows an estimation of latent loads. In addition to applying methods for determining base temperature to base humidity, a new technique is introduced, which is based on a significance test of the enthalpy latent days partial regression coefficient. Analogous to the performance line concept, the influence of latent loads can be presented in the form of a “performance surface” graph. The performance surface is a plot of electric energy consumption as a function of cooling degree days and latent enthalpy days. The above methods are tested on data sets consisting of electric energy consumption data obtained from two buildings and hourly meteorological data.     

Modelling electricity consumption in office buildings: An agent based approach

In this paper, we develop an agent-based model which integrates four important elements, i.e. organisational energy management policies/regulations, energy management technologies, electric appliances and equipment, and human behaviour, to simulate the electricity consumption in office buildings. Based on a case study, we use this model to test the effectiveness of different electricity management strategies, and solve practical office electricity consumption problems. This paper theoretically contributes to an integration of the four elements involved in the complex organisational issue of office electricity consumption, and practically contributes to an application of an agent-based approach for office building electricity consumption study.     

新型建筑设备监控系统在工程中的应用

现代建筑的规模不断扩大,其中风机、水泵、空调等机电设备数量众多,能耗巨大,且分散在建筑物不同楼层或角落,目前存在的最大问题是对这些机电设备进行有效的管控。采用传统控制方法既不节能,运行管理还需消耗大量的人力物力。本文介绍一种新型的建筑设备监控装置,其针对不同设备,嵌入相应的控制及节能策略软件,将强电和控制有机融合,构成分布式智能控制网络,既可集中控制也可独立自动运行,有效解决了机电设备强弱电分立控制的弊端。     

从能耗普查情况探讨实施分项计量设置

通过对福州市政府办公建筑和大型公共建筑能耗普查情况的分析、评价,探讨实施分项计量的必要性,指出实施分项计量是我国开展建筑节能工作的一个重要手段,它既能为政府决策提供数据基础,又能为自己找到节能潜力与途经。此外,文中提出了分项计量的划分和计量的注意事项、安装原则等。