Behavior of dam concrete under biaxial compression-tension and triaxial compression-compression-tension stresses

In order to meet the requirement for nonlinear analysis and design of mass concrete structures, the deformation behavior and strength of three-graded concrete specimens 250 mm × 250 mm × 400 mm with a maximum aggregate size of 80 mm and the corresponding wet-screened concrete specimens 150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm with a maximum aggregate size of 40 mm were studied experimentally. Specimens subjected to biaxial compression-tension (C-T) and triaxial compression-compression-tension (C-C-T) stress states. Test data indicate that both the deformation and strength of the mass concrete specimens are lower than those of the corresponding wet-screened concrete small specimens, but the initial tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve of the former is greater than that of the latter. Test results show that the wet-screened effect and size effect of the specimens under complex stress states are obvious such that these should be considered in the design of mass concrete structures. In addition, respective failure criteria for mass concrete in principal stress space and octahedron stress space are proposed.     

Endochronic damage constitutive model for fully-graded aggregate mass concrete

The behavior of deformation and strength of a fully-graded aggregate concrete under complex stress state is the basis of the nonlinear analysis and design for mass concrete structures such as concrete dams. In this paper, based on the combined endochronic theory with damage mechanics and on the quantities of experimental data, an endochronic damage constitutive model suitable for various aggregate grade concrete is proposed. This model takes into consideration the scale effect and the effect of wet screen sieve of aggregate in which the concept of yield surface is not needed and the difference of damage evolution rule of various graded aggregate concrete is a concern. The proposed model is used to analyze the deformation and strength of fully-graded aggregate mass concrete and the wet screened aggregate concrete specimens. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data, which can be used as a guide for the design of arch dams and other mass concrete structures. __________ Translated from Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(7): 769–778 [译自: 水利学报]     

Factors affecting the strength and creep properties of laterized concrete

Many factors are known to affect the strength and creep properties of laterized concrete prisms. Those considered in this report include: mix proportion, water/cement ratio, curing ages, grain size ranges, stress level, lateritic soils-river sand variation. Moulds of 50 × 50 × 250 mm high were used for making prism specimens. Four different mix proportions were selected while prism specimens were cast using four different water/cement ratios which were kept constant for each mix proportion. Prism specimen were also made using a constant water/cement ratio with different river sand lateritic soils proportions forming the fine aggregate component of the selected 1:2:4 mix proportion. The results have shown that increase in cement content and decrease in water/cement ratio of laterized concrete prisms bring about increase in the compressive strength obtained. The mix ratio of 1 part lateritic soils plus $\text{1}\text{1}\text{2}$ parts river sand produced a slightly higher strength than the conventional concrete grade 20. There is also a corresponding increase in the creep of laterized concrete prisms due to different curing ages and different imposed loads. Both the mix proportion and the grain size ranges affect the creep of laterized concrete prisms differently. Unlike the creep of concrete which shows some definite recovery after unloading, laterized concrete prisms did not show any form of recovery, and there was drastic reduction in the compressive strength of the specimens after unloading.     

纤维格栅对新/旧水泥混凝土黏结性能的影响

为了研究纤维格栅类型、旧水泥混凝土与纤维格栅表面处理状况、粗集料最大粒径对新/旧水泥混凝土黏结劈拉强度的影响,对10组150mm×150mm×150mm的新/旧水泥混凝土黏结立方体试块进行劈拉试验.分析了试件的劈拉破坏过程,探讨了纤维格栅与新/旧水泥混凝土的黏结机理.结果表明:采用网格尺寸为5mm的玄武岩纤维格栅时新/旧水泥混凝土的黏结劈拉强度最大,旧水泥混凝土与纤维格栅表面处理状况对新/旧水泥混凝土黏结劈拉强度有较大的影响,而粗集料最大粒径对新/旧水泥混凝土黏结劈拉强度影响较小.     

混凝土抗折强度尺寸效应的试验研究

为研究强度等级变化对混凝土材料抗折强度尺寸效应的影响,完成54组试件的抗折试验,获得试件尺寸为70 mm×70 mm×310 mm、100 mm×100 mm×400 mm和150 mm×150 mm×550 mm,强度等级为C20、C40以及C60混凝土试件的抗折强度。通过对试验结果进行回归分析,得到不同强度等级、不同尺寸试件抗折强度之间的关系。对混凝土抗折强度的尺寸效应进行较系统研究,并应用Bazant尺寸效应理论和在光滑表面裂纹起裂处失效的尺寸效应理论分析材料尺寸效应现象。结果表明:各强度等级的混凝土试件均存在尺寸效应现象;强度等级提高,试件的尺寸效应越明显;Bazant基于能量释放引起的尺寸效应理论和在光滑表面裂纹起裂处失效的尺寸效应在本尺寸范围内与试验结果吻合较好,但不适用于全尺寸范围;提出的基于能量释放的修正尺寸效应率能够较好地适用于混凝土抗折强度尺寸效应的预测。     

高强高性能混凝土在多轴压下强度与变形性能的试验研究

 利用大型静动真三轴试验机,进行高强高性能混凝土和普通混凝土在不同应力比下的单轴、双轴、三轴压强度与变形试验研究。多轴压试块尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×100 mm,减摩措施为3层黄油中间加3层塑料薄膜的减摩垫层,加载方式为单调比例加载。阐述试件的破坏形态和机制;测得多轴强度、峰值应变和应力–应变曲线,分析应力比对其影响规律;剖析2种混凝土多轴力学性能的差异。试验结果表明：多轴压下2种混凝土极限强度s 3f和峰值应变e 3p在所有应力比下都分别大于其单轴压强度¦c和峰值应变e cp,尤其是在三轴压下更为明显;而且s 3f和e 3p相对于¦c和e cp的提高倍数取决于混凝土的脆硬性、应力状态和应力比。建立在双轴压和多轴应力状态下的高强高性能混凝土和普通混凝土Kupfer-Gerstle和Ottosen破坏准则公式,为2种混凝土结构(如桥梁与隧道工程、地下工程、建筑工程等)在多轴压下的强度分析提供试验和理论依据。     

再生粗骨料含量对再生混凝土力学性能的影响分析

为了研究再生粗骨料取代率对再生混凝土力学性能的影响,利用废弃混凝土为再生粗骨料来源,研究取代率从0%至100%变化,中间级差为10%的11种再生混凝土,制作了33个标准立方体、33个标准棱柱体和33个尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×550 mm的棱柱体再生混凝土试件,依标准试验方法进行力学性能测试。通过试验,获取了再生混凝土取代率与立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、抗折强度、应变延性系数、耗能系数、割线刚度和损伤度等力学性能指标之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着再生粗骨料取代率的增加,再生混凝土立方体抗压强度和轴心抗压强度总体呈现增长的趋势;抗折强度呈现先增长后减小的趋势;弹性模量总体呈现减小的趋势;延性系数、耗能系数、割线刚度总体均呈现减小的趋势但减小幅度较小;再生混凝土的刚度退化和损伤累积过程与天然混凝土较为一致。综合考虑再生混凝土基本力学性能指标和经济性能指标,建议以30%~40%作为再生混凝土的最优取代率。     

Effect of coarse aggregate size and cement paste volume on concrete behavior under high triaxial compression loading

When massive concrete structures (high-rise buildings, tunnels, dams, nuclear power plants, bridges, protection structures, …) are subjected to extreme loadings (aircraft shocks, rock falls, near-field detonations, ballistic impacts, …), the material undergoes triaxial compression loading at a high confinement. In order to reproduce high stress levels with well-controlled loading paths, static triaxial tests are carried out on concrete samples by mean of a very high-capacity triaxial press. It is a well-known fact that the cement paste volume and the coarse aggregate size are two important parameters of concrete formulation. This article focuses on identifying the effect of coarse aggregate size and cement paste volume on concrete behavior under high triaxial compression. This article shows that at low confinement, the concrete strength slightly increases as the coarse aggregate size increases. At high confinement, the coarse aggregate size has a slight influence on concrete deviatoric behavior and a significant influence on concrete strain limit-state. The higher the coarse aggregate size, the lower is the mean stress level corresponding to concrete strain limit-state. Furthermore, this article highlights that at low confinement, the concrete strength significantly increases with an increase in cement paste volume. Increasing confinement tends to reduce cement paste volume effect on concrete strength. At high confinement, contrary to what has been observed in unconfined compression, the cement paste volume has little effects on concrete deviatoric behavior. Otherwise, decreasing cement paste volume increases concrete deformation capacity. At very high confinement levels and at very high deviatoric stress levels, the axial tangent stiffness of concrete increases as the coarse aggregate size or the cement paste volume is reduced.     

不同骨料组分混凝土立方体抗压强度尺寸效应试验研究

为了研究强度等级和骨料组分对混凝土立方体抗压强度尺寸效应的影响，对强度等级分别为C20、C40和C60，边长分别为100、150、200mm共135组混凝土、水泥砂浆和水泥净浆立方体试件进行抗压试验。结果表明：强度等级对混凝土立方体抗压强度尺寸效应的影响较大，边长200mm的C40与C60混凝土立方体抗压强度的尺寸效应度分别约为C20混凝土的1.61倍与1.85倍；骨料组分对立方体抗压强度的尺寸效应有一定影响，其中，尺寸效应受粗骨料影响较明显，边长200mm混凝土立方体抗压强度的尺寸效应度约为水泥砂浆的2.7倍，细骨料对尺寸效应的影响较弱，水泥净浆立方体抗压强度的尺寸效应度约为水泥砂浆的88%。提出了混凝土立方体抗压强度尺寸效应律的计算式，计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

不同岩性的机制砂混凝土本构关系及力学性能

为研究机制砂混凝土在单轴应力状态下的力学性能,分别以广西地区石灰岩、卵石、玄武岩3种岩性机制砂为细骨料,以混凝土强度等级为变化参数,设计并制作了24个150 mm×150 mm×300 mm标准棱柱体混凝土试件和24个150 mm×150 mm×150 mm标准立方体混凝土试件,以河砂混凝土为对比试件,进行了单轴抗压试验,获得了试件在单轴受压下的抗压强度和应力-应变全过程曲线,通过拟合得到了适用于机制砂混凝土的单轴受压本构方程。基于试验数据,提出了机制砂混凝土的弹性模量计算公式。结果表明:不同岩性的机制砂混凝土破坏形态大致相同; 机制砂混凝土应力-应变曲线变化趋势与河砂混凝土相似,在曲线的上升段,机制砂混凝土与河砂混凝土基本重合,但在下降段,机制砂混凝土脆性较大,曲线比较陡峭; 基于Sargin模型拟合得到的机制砂混凝土应力-应变全曲线与试验全曲线吻合较好; 机制砂混凝土的力学性能与不同岩性细骨料的物理特性有关,随着细度模数的增大或石粉含量的增多,机制砂混凝土试件峰值应力与峰值应变呈现出先增大后减小的趋势; 当水灰比在0.3～0.4之间时,建议机制砂混凝土换算系数取为0.77; 卵石机制砂混凝土弹性模量均高于石灰岩和玄武岩机制砂混凝土。     

Mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes subjected to high temperatures and using image analysis to detect bond deteriorations

The effect of high temperatures, up to 250 °C, on mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes with and without silica fume was investigated, and image analysis was performed on split concrete surfaces to see the change in bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Specimens were heated up to elevated temperatures (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 °C) without loading and then the residual compressive and splitting tensile strength, as well as the static modulus of elasticity of the specimens were determined. For normal strength concrete residual mechanical properties started to decrease at 100 °C, while using silica fume reduced the losses at high temperatures. In terms of percent residual properties, high strength concrete specimens performed better than normal strength concrete specimens for all heating cycles. Image analysis studies on the split surfaces have been utilized to investigate the effect of high temperatures on the bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Image analysis results showed that reduced water–cement ratio and the use of silica fume improved the bond strength at room temperature, and created more stable bonding at elevated temperatures up to 250 °C.     

Correlations among mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete

In this paper, applicability of previously published empirical relations among compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of normal concrete, polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) and glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) to steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) was evaluated; moreover, correlations among these mechanical properties of SFRC were analyzed. For the investigation, a large number of experimental data were collected from published literature, where water/binder ratio (w/b), steel fiber aspect ratio and volume fraction were reported in the general range of 0.25–0.5, 55–80 and 0.5–2.0%, respectively, and specimens were cylinders with size of Φ 150 × 300 mm and prisms with size of 150 × 150 × 500 mm. Results of evaluation on these published empirical relations indicate the inapplicability to SFRC, also confirm the necessity of determination on correlations among mechanical properties of SFRC. Through the regression analysis on the experimental data collected, power relations with coefficients of determination of 0.94 and 0.90 are obtained for SFRC between compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, and between splitting tensile strength and flexural strength, respectively.     

多类混凝土和各向同性岩石损伤比强度准则

针对已有损伤比变量下的损伤比强度理论仅适用于混凝土且偏平面略有内凹等不足,基于多轴应力下混凝土损伤比强度理论的一般形式,根据已有试验资料关于普通混凝土、再生骨料混凝土、轻骨料混凝土和各向同性岩石破坏包络面的特征,建议考虑Lode角和静水压力对受压损伤比影响以及考虑材料类型对受拉损伤比影响的六参数损伤比变量表达式,且损伤比变量取值得到单轴、二轴和三轴受力状态下混凝土和单轴受力状态下各向同性岩石应力 应变曲线试验结果的验证。通过与国内外397组混凝土、130组再生骨料混凝土、97组轻骨料混凝土、179组单轴抗压强度小于100MPa的岩石(用“岩石Ⅰ类”表示)和165组单轴抗压强度大于100MPa的岩石(用“岩石Ⅱ类”表示)多轴强度试验资料的比较,表明考虑Lode角和静水压力后的六参数损伤比强度准则与相对应材料的三维破坏包络面精度较高。此外针对二轴应力状态,提出了进一步简化的损伤比强度准则。     

高强混凝土柱小偏心受压性能尺寸效应试验研究

为了解高强混凝土柱小偏心受压性能的尺寸效应,进行了3组不同几何尺寸的高强混凝土柱小偏心受压破坏试验,其截面几何尺寸分别为200 mm×200 mm、400 mm×400 mm、800 mm×800 mm,对比分析了其破坏形态、承载力、变形能力及截面应变分布规律,揭示了其尺寸效应规律。研究结果表明,高强混凝土柱的小偏心受压破坏形态和横截面应变分布规律基本相同,其尺寸效应不明显;高强混凝土柱的小偏心受压承载力和变形能力存在明显尺寸效应,随着截面尺寸的增大,其极限承载力的安全储备量减小,变形能力减弱。     

Effect of concrete mixing parameters on propagation of ultrasonic waves

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of concrete aggregate gradation, water–cement ratio, and curing time on measured ultrasonic wave velocity (UPV). 30 × 30 × 10 cm Portland cement concrete slabs were cast for ultrasonic evaluation, while 10 cm diameter by 20 cm height cylinders were cast for compressive strength evaluation The slabs and cylinders were prepared using Portland cement and limestone aggregate. Two slabs were cast from each combination of coarse aggregate gradations and water cement ratio (0.40, 0.45, 0.50, and 0.55). Four ASTM gradations were considered, ASTM No: 8, 67, 56, and 4. These gradations have nominal maximum aggregate size 25, 4.75, 19.3, and 12.5 mm, respectively.The ultrasonic equipment used in this study was the portable ultrasonic non-destructive digital indicating tester (PUNDIT) with a generator having an amplitude of 500 V producing 54 kHz waves. The time needed to transfer the signal between the transducers was recorded and used to calculate the signal velocity, which was used as a parameter in the evaluation. Ultrasonic measurements were performed at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days after concrete casting.The results of the analysis indicated that water–cement ratio was found to have a significant effect on UPV. The UPV was found to decrease with the increase of water cement ratio. Aggregate gradation was also found to have significant effect on UPV. In general, the larger the aggregate size used in preparing Portland cement concrete, the higher the measured velocity of ultrasonic waves. Also, UPV was found to be increased as concrete curing time increased. Concrete compressive strength was found to be significantly affected by water–cement ratio and coarse aggregate gradation. Lower water–cement ratio produced higher concrete strength. Also, the concrete compressive strength increased as maximum aggregate size decreased.     

高温下再生骨料钢管混凝土短柱的试验性能

介绍高温下再生骨料钢管混凝土(RACFST)短柱性能的试验研究结果。试验采用了40个试样(其中32个RACFST短柱,8个普通钢管混凝土(CFST)短柱),给出并分析了试样的失效模式、荷载-应变关系和极限强度。采用了5种类型的混凝土:1种天然骨料的标准混凝土;2种再生粗骨料,含量分别为50%和100%;2种再生细骨料,含量分别为50%和100%。试样分别置于300℃,600℃和800℃条件下长达3h。试验结果表明,由于再生骨料的存在,高温下RACFST短柱试样的抗火性低于CFST短柱试样;再生骨料含量相同的条件下,再生粗骨料(RCA)试样的性能优于再生细骨料(RFA)试样。     

Permeability of high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperature (600 °C)

Permeability is one of the most important parameters to quantify the durability of high-performance concrete. Permeability is closely related with the spalling phenomenon in concrete at elevated temperature. This parameter is commonly measured on non-thermally damaged specimens. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of elevated temperature on the permeability of high-performance concrete. For this purpose, three types of concrete mixtures were prepared: (i) control high-performance concrete; (ii) high-performance concrete incorporating polypropylene fibres; and (iii) high-performance concrete made with lightweight aggregates. A heating–cooling cycle was applied on 160 × 320 mm, 110 × 220 mm, and 150 × 300 mm cylindrical specimens. The maximum test temperature was kept as either 200 or 600 °C. After the thermal treatment, 65 mm thick slices were cut from each cylinder and dried prior to being subjected to permeability test. Results of thermal gradients in the concrete specimens during the heating–cooling cycles, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength of concrete mixtures are also presented here. A relationship between the thermal damage indicators and permeability is presented.     

钢纤维混凝土的抗弯韧性研究

本文系统研究了晨大骨料粒径，混凝土强度等级，钢纤维掺量和纤维长度等对钢纤维混凝土的抗弯韧性的影响。试验采用两种最大骨料粒径（15mm,25mm)，两种纤维体积掺量（0．2％，0．6％）和两种纤维长度（35mm,60mm) ,混凝土强度等级分别为C30和C50。研究结果表明，混凝土本身因素（如强度，骨料粒径）与纤维参数（如体积掺量，纤维长度）对钢纤维混凝土的韧性具有同样重要的影响，钢纤维混凝土的设计和应用必须综合考虑纤维与基材料的合理配伍。     

纤维高强混凝土抗剪性能的试验研究

通过84根尺寸为100mm×100mm×400mm的高强混凝土、钢纤维高强混凝土、聚丙烯纤维高强混凝土试件在剪切荷载作用下的抗剪试验,研究了纤维类型和纤维体积率(掺量)对高强混凝土抗剪强度及在剪切荷载作用下变形性能的影响。结果表明,纤维的加入有效地改善了高强混凝土的抗剪强度及变形性能。初裂抗剪强度和变形、极限抗剪强度和变形以及抗剪韧性均随纤维体积率(掺量)的增加而增大,试件破坏时能保持完整性。根据试验结果,建立了钢纤维高强混凝土及聚丙烯纤维高强混凝土抗剪性能的剪力传递模型和数学表达式。