Über den Einfluß der Kornverteilungskurve auf das dynamische und das kumulative Verhalten nichtbindiger Böden

On the influence of the grain size distribution curve on the dynamic and the cumulative behaviour of non-cohesive soils. This paper presents experimental studies on non-cohesive soils on the influence of the grain size distribution curve on the dynamic soil properties and the accumulation of residual deformations under cyclic loading. It is shown that the dynamic shear modulus is not influenced by the mean grain diameter but decreases strongly with the non-uniformity. For a non-uniform soil the common empirical formulas overestimate the dynamic shear modulus by up to 70%. Also the residual deformations under cyclic loading depend significantly on the grain size distribution curve. They are larger for fine-grained soils. Under cyclic loading non-uniform soils densify much faster than uniform soils.     

Description of partial sandy layers of dredged clay deposit using penetration resistance in installation of prefabricated vertical drains

The dredged soil dumped into a reclamation facility is generally heterogeneous. If the reclamation is executed using hydraulic transportation through pipes, large particles will be deposited around their outlets, and fine particles will be deposited apart from those outlets, resulting in significant grain size segregation. Therefore, ground improvement by applying a preload or vacuum to the dredged soil deposit with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) may result in an unexpected differential settlement. In the present study, partial sandy layers in a dredged soil deposit were identified as three-dimensional information using the penetration resistance of the mandrel in the PVD installation, which was recorded as dense information for a wide region. It was clarified that the depth profile of the penetration resistance of the mandrel in the PVD installation was useful for investigating the soil stratigraphy, because it is closely related to the depth profile of the tip resistance in cone penetration tests (CPTU). The relative penetration resistance, defined as the penetration resistance eliminating the data trend that reflects the effects of the overburden stress, shear strength, sleeve friction and buoyance, is useful for identifying the partial sandy layers in a dredged soil deposit. A classification equation was proposed for identifying the partial sandy layers. Firstly, the depth profile without the sandy layer was approximated, and then the threshold value of 1.0 MN/m² was used to identify the partial sandy layer. To verify the availability of this proposed method, the depth profiles were compared with the results of CPTU tests. In addition, the predicted settlement, calculated on the basis of the stratigraphy obtained using the penetration resistance of the PVDs, was compared with the ground surface profile leveled after vacuum consolidation.     

On the Strength of Fibre-Reinforced Soils

Fibre reinforced soils have been investigated for several decades and different models have been suggested to estimate their improved shear strength. The shear strength of such composite materials is affected by the micro and macro mechanical characteristics of both the fibres and the soils (e.g., relative sizes of fibres and soil grains, fibres aspect ratio, stress state, mechanical properties of the fibres), yet no model is available to explicitly take all of them into account. The aim of this work is to establish a new expression for the shear strength of the reinforced material, able to consider the main characteristics of the soil and the fibres as well as the effect of fibre to grains relative dimensions. Data from triaxial tests carried out on fibre reinforced soils with distinct grain size distributions (from clayey sands to sandy gravels) and from previous experimental works were considered and have been analysed successfully within the proposed framework.     

Comparison of three Tunisian clayey soils for containing acid waste

Three natural soils from Tunisia we are studied to assess their suitability for use as a liner for a acid waste disposal site at Gabes. The dominant minerals were palygorskite (soil 1), smectite (soil 2) and illite (soil 3). X-ray diffraction (XRD), grain size, Atterberg limits, permeability (with water and waste solution), consolidation and shear strength tests were undertaken. Soil 2 had the highest Atterberg limits and lowest shear strength, while the permeability of soil 3 increased significantly over time when tested in a simulated leachate. It was concluded that soil 1 from Sebkhat El Maleh-El Mkhachrma was the most suitable.      

饱和、非饱和有机质粉土抗剪强度的对比

通过对饱和–非饱和淤泥土的抗剪强度和土–水特征曲线SWCC测试,以及利用SWCC对非饱和淤泥土的抗剪强度预测,结果显示了饱和土的抗剪强度τsat小于非饱和土的抗剪强度τunsat,预测与实测的非饱和抗剪强度基本一致,并且非饱和抗剪强度随基质吸力ψ增加而增大,也反映了野外现场的物理条件和应力状态对细颗粒土的性质有重要影响。     

Geo-engineering properties and settlement of peaty soils at an industrial site (Turkey)

Peats consist of the partly decomposed remains of vegetation, which have accumulated in waterlogged areas. They are often unsuitable for supporting structures of any kind due to their high water content, high compressibility, low shear strength and high degree of spatial variability. The paper reports a preliminary study on peats from industrial sites in the city of Kayseri, Turkey. The soils in the study area are classified as peat to muck. The peats are fibrous at shallow depth and become amorphous as they extend to some 8 m depth. The ranges of geo-engineering properties are generally consistent with those reported in the literature, with some variation due to their higher mineral soil contents. The behavior of the peats is essentially frictional, with high friction and relatively small cohesion. The direct shear tests yielded higher shear strengths than those from the triaxial tests, due to the fact that the peat specimens used in the direct shear tests were rich in fibers and mineral soils. Back analysis of the settlement of heavy rolls of metal wires laid on the peat generally confirmed the consolidation properties of the soil determined in laboratory.     

Behavior of diatomaceous soil in lacustrine deposits of Bogotá, Colombia

This work presents a study on the behaviors of diatomaceous soils. Although studies are rarely reported on these soils, they have been identified in Mexico City, the Sea of Japan, the northeast coast of Australia, the equatorial Pacific, and the lacustrine deposit of Bogotá (Colombia), among other locations. Features of this kind of soil include high friction angle, high initial void ratio, high compressibility index, high liquid limit, and low density. Some of these features are counterintuitive from a classical soil mechanics viewpoint. To understand the geotechnical properties of the diatomaceous soil, a comprehensive experimental plan consisting of more than 2400 tests was performed, including physical tests such as grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, density of solid particles, and organic matter content; and mechanical tests such as oedometric compression tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial tests. Laboratory tests were complemented with scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations to evaluate the microstructure of the soil. The test results show that there is an increase in liquid limit with increasing diatomaceous content, and the friction angle also increases with increasing diatomaceous content. In addition, several practical correlations were proposed for this soil type for shear strength mobilization and intrinsic compression line. Finally, useful correlations were presented, such as the relationship between the state consistency and the undrained shear strength, the friction angle and the liquid limit, the void ratio at 100 kPa and the liquid limit, the plasticity index and the diatomaceous content, among others.     

Compressibility of sandy permafrost during thawing

Conclusions 1. The compressibility of sandy permafrost deep deposits with a medium texture density is, as a rule, close to the compressibility of similar thawed deposits.2. The degree of saturation of frozen sandy soils may serve as an indicator of their compressibility during thawing. When G_f<0.91, the compressibility of frozen sands during thawing is equal to the compressibility of similar thawed soils.3. The compressibility of frozen sandy deposits during thawing, which increased as compared with ordinary thawed sands, should be expected in zones adjacent to the roof of soils with a low permeability.4. The refinement of the method and the high quality of the testing of thawing soils increases significantly the technicoeconomic effectiveness of construction on permanently frozen sandy soils, making it possible to reduce the volume of special measures taken to ensure the stability of buildings and structures, or eliminate them entirely.All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures. Northern Branch of the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 3, pp. 20–22, May–June, 1988.     

Behavior of diatomaceous soil in lacustrine deposits of Bogota,Colombia

This work presents a study on the behaviors of diatomaceous soils. Although studies are rarely reported on these soils, they have been identified in Mexico City, the Sea of Japan, the northeast coast of Australia,the equatorial Pacific, and the lacustrine deposit of Bogota(Colombia), among other locations. Features of this kind of soil include high friction angle, high initial void ratio, high compressibility index, high liquid limit, and low density. Some of these features are counterintuitive from a classical soil mechanics viewpoint. To understand the geotechnical properties of the diatomaceous soil, a comprehensive experimental plan consisting of more than 2400 tests was performed, including physical tests such as grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, density of solid particles, and organic matter content; and mechanical tests such as oedometric compression tests, unconfined compression tests, and triaxial tests.Laboratory tests were complemented with scanning electron microscope(SEM) observations to evaluate the microstructure of the soil. The test results show that there is an increase in liquid limit with increasing diatomaceous content, and the friction angle also increases with increasing diatomaceous content. In addition, several practical correlations were proposed for this soil type for shear strength mobilization and intrinsic compression line. Finally, useful correlations were presented, such as the relationship between the state consistency and the undrained shear strength, the friction angle and the liquid limit, the void ratio at 100 kPa and the liquid limit, the plasticity index and the diatomaceous content, among others.     

Stabilization of clay soils using lime and effect of pH variations on shear strength parameters

This paper presents the results of geotechnical and mineralogical investigations on lime treated clay soils from Hamedan City, Iran, and effects of pH variations on their shear strength parameters. Initially, lime was added in different percentages and laboratory experiments were conducted after curing times. The results indicate that these soils can be stabilized satisfactorily with the addition of about 7 % lime. Also, investigation of the relationship between lime-treated geotechnical properties and lime percentage and curing time demonstrates high regression coefficients for the proposed relationships. Several laboratory tests were performed on treated and untreated clay soils with lime mixed with pore fluids with different pH values including 3, 5, 7 and 9. The results of shear strength tests indicated that the undrained shear strength parameters for untreated clays increased considerably if the pore fluid had a high pH (pH = 9) or a low pH (pH = 3). It can also be found that for lime-treated soils, maximum cohesion and friction angle values are achieved at pH = 9.     

Modified ultimate bearing capacity formula of strip footing on sandy soils considering strength non-linearity depending on stress level

Most of the contemporary ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) formulas assume a linear yield function in shear stress-normal stress space. However, experimental investigations have corroborated the non-linearity in the failure envelopes of sandy soils. This study focused on the assessment of the stress level effect on the UBC of surface strip footings ascribed to the soil unit weight (γ), footing size (B), and uniform surcharge load (q). The rigid plastic finite element method (RPFEM) was employed for the analysis. The analysis method was validated against the centrifuge test results from the published references in the case of various sandy soils with different relative densities. The RPFEM, using the mean confining stress dependence property of Toyoura sand, is utilized in non-linear finite element analysis of model sandy soil. The normalized ground failure domains in the case of the non-linear shear strength model are gleaned smaller than those in the case of the linear shear strength one. The numerical results are compared with the guidelines of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) and the Japan Road Association (JRA). The modification coefficients are ascertained for the frictional bearing capacity factor (N_γ) and surcharge bearing capacity factor (N_q), and a modified UBC formula is proposed. The performance of the proposed UBC formula is examined against the analysis results and various prevailing UBC guidelines.     

砂土与混凝土接触面力学特性大型单剪试验研究

利用研制的大型单剪仪,进行砂土与混凝土接触面单剪试验研究,研究单一粒径的砂土对混凝土接触面物理力学性质的影响。从试验结果分析得到,不同单一粒径砂土的接触面厚度和试样破坏时的剪切位移。试验表明:抗剪强度与法向应力呈较好的线性关系;在接触面法向应力压力较低时,剪切应力-位移关系曲线呈应变软化型;随着接触面法向应力的增高,剪切应力-位移关系曲线呈应变硬化型的趋势越明显,此时,不同单一粒径的砂土与混凝土界面剪应力-位移曲线可看成由一条曲线与一条平直线组成。接触面法向应力越低剪胀越明显;随着接触面法向应力的增大,剪胀性减弱,试样发生剪胀时的剪应力也逐渐增大。     

上海浅层地基土的前期固结压力及有关压缩性参数的试验研究

地基土的前期固结压力是判断土体应力历史的一个指标,在不同应力历史状况的土体变形分析中它也是一个重要的计算参数。本文根据试验结果确定了上海浅层地基土的前期固结压力P.及其沿深度的分布,并对由Garlanger给出的考虑到应力历史影响的应力一应变关系式中有关的压缩性参数(膨胀指数C_(?)压缩指数C_c和次固结指数C_α)作了计算确定,同时,考虑到由于土体的次固结作用会产生所谓“准前期固结压力”,本文亦就上海软土重塑土膏固结试验结果的分析,提出估算准前期固结压力的公式。上述研究的初步结果可为今后上海软土的变形、强度研究提供参考。     

从粒间吸力特性再认识非饱和土抗剪强度理论

首先对非饱和土中吸力进行了综合分类并对各类吸力的性状进行了系统阐述 ,认为非饱和土中土颗粒间的总吸力由本征结构吸力、可变结构吸力、有效基质吸力、湿吸力和牵引力组成。基于各吸力的特性和Mohr -Coulomb强度准则 ,从理论上直接给出了非饱和土的总吸力与抗剪强度间的关系 ,这不仅从形式上统一了Bishop和Fredlund的强度公式 ,而且在内容上明确了其中各状态变量的物理意义。文中分析了非饱和土抗剪强度的组成及其影响因素。对Donald在非饱和土试验中发现的砂性土抗剪强度与基质吸力间呈山坡形的曲线关系及Gan、Escario、Fredlund等的粘性土抗剪强度和基质吸力 (含水量 )间呈非线性正比关系 ,以及对同一非饱和土因具不同初始孔隙比而具不相同的抗剪强度现象给出了令人满意的理论解释。广义抗剪强度公式客观地反映了非饱和土的强度特性     

循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化破坏

本文探讨了循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的极限平衡条件和液化破坏过程,给出了一个可用于饱和砂层地震稳定性分析的广义库伦公式。提出了一种方法:根据一个砂土液化试验记录的分析,给出饱和砂土的动力有效应力抗剪强度。为了工程应用的目的,建议把循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的破坏过程分为两个阶段,并把这两个阶段的起点作为饱和砂土的破坏准则。此外,也给出了饱和砂土液化破坏时破坏面上循环剪应力与循环荷载次数间的一般关系。     

Geo- and Hydro-Mechanical Evaluation of Slope Failure Induced by Torrential Rains in Northern-Kyushu Area,July 2009

Torrential rainfall in mid-July 2009 triggered numerous geodisasters such as slope failure and debris flow in Chugoku and Northern Kyushu areas of Japan. A number of slope failures and debris flows occurred in Yamaguchi and Fukuoka prefectures resulting in extensive damage to human life and infrastructure. One of the most serious geodisasters included a slope failure followed by debris flow at Sasaguri-machi and Fukuchi-machi, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. This paper summarizes the results of geotechnical investigations on the geodisaster sites in Fukuoka prefecture. The geotechnical investigation included determining a series of grain size distributions, consistency limits and conducting direct box shear tests for collapsed soils collected at six disaster sites. The generation mechanisms of slope failure followed by debris flow were also investigated by analyzing the precipitation, topography, geology, and strength properties of the collapsed soils. Moreover, slope deformation and stability analyses were coupled with an unsaturated-saturated seepage analysis to investigate the slope failure mechanism. The main findings from the study are summarized as: The physical properties, such as the grain size distribution, the plastic limit and liquid limit of collapsed soils, are summarized and compared with the results of other failure slopes in the literature. The collapsed soil was characterized as being a well grained soil (the uniformity coefficient >50) and highly weathered (the ignition loss >5%), however, with regard to the liquid limit and plastic index, there were no remarkable findings. The original shear strength for collapsed soils with natural water content is relatively large and slope failure doesn't occur because the cohesion in the shear strength is induced by a suction force between the soil particles under unsaturated condition. However, water seepage into the soil induces a drastic decrease in the shear strength, which is mainly caused by a decrease in cohesion (losing suction) resulting from soil saturation. In addition, the drained/undrained condition in the shear process is also sensitive to shear strength. For example, both water seepage and the shear process with constant volume cause an approximate 30% reduction in shear strength for Fukuchi-machi and Sasaguri-machi soil samples. Therefore, the reduction of cohesive strength due to water seepage and the low permeability of the slope are the parameters which trigger geodisaster. Based on the results of slope deformation and a stability analyses which took the change in water pressure and cohesive strength into account, the geodisaster at Fukuchi-machi was simulated, it is reasonable to assume that the shallow failure near the top of slope occurred due to torrential precipitation of about 100 mm per hour which triggered a debris flow.     

粗粒土与混凝土接触面特性单剪试验研究

采用大型单剪仪进行粗粒土与混凝土接触面在膨润土以及混合土(膨润土中掺入水泥)泥皮条件下的剪切试验。通过对不同水泥浆含量的混合土泥皮接触面进行试验,揭示不同泥皮条件下接触面的力学特性。结果表明,与无泥皮或膨润土泥皮时不同,存在混合土泥皮时,剪应力与剪应变关系曲线存在明显软化段,峰值强度的位置与水泥含量以及法向应力大小有关。水泥含量越大其相应的强度越大,水泥含量由10%提高到40%时,其相应的内摩擦角提高约3.2倍,水泥含量为40%时,其强度达到无泥皮时的84%。剪切破坏时,在同一高度处,法向应力越大,切向位移也越大;同样的法向应力及高度处,切向位移随水泥含量的提高而增大。无泥皮、低法向应力下,试样出现明显的剪胀现象,而泥皮条件下试样均表现为剪缩。试样的有效高度对粗粒料的强度及变形有一定的影响,最大粒径为20mm时,高度分别为100与30mm的试样相比,其内摩擦角及水平位移偏差分别为3%和6%左右。与最大粒径为60mm试样相比,最大粒径20mm试样的内摩擦角要小1.9°,减幅4.8%。     

Two dimensional experimental study for the behaviour of surface footings on unreinforced and reinforced sand beds overlying soft pockets

This paper presents results of a comprehensive investigation undertaken to quantify the efficiency of using reinforcement layers in order to enhance the bearing capacity of soils that are characterised by the existence of localised soft pockets. Small-scale model experiments using two dimensional tank were conducted with beds created from well graded sand with mean particle size of 300 μm but prepared with different dry densities. A relatively softer material was embedded at predetermined locations within the sand beds so as to represent localised soft pockets. Various arrangements of soil reinforcement were tested and compared against comparable tests but without reinforcement. In total 42 tests were carried out in order to study the effect of the width and depth of the soft pocket, the depth of one reinforcing layer and the length and number of reinforcing layers on the soil bearing capacity. The results show clearly that the ultimate bearing capacity reduces by up to 70% due to the presence of a soft pocket. It was also noted that the proximity of the soft pocket also influenced the bearing capacity. Reinforcing the soil with a single layer or increasing the length of reinforcement is not as effective as was anticipated based on previous studies. However, bearing capacity increased significantly (up to 4 times) to that of unreinforced sand when four layers of reinforcement were embedded. The results suggest that rupture of the bottom reinforcement layer is imminent in heavily reinforced sand beds overlying soft pockets and therefore its tensile strength is critical for successful reinforcement.     

Stress-Strain Relationships and Nonlinear Mohr Strength Criteria of Frozen Sandy Clay

A series of triaxial compressive tests were performed on frozen sandy clay at -4 and -6°C under confining pressures from 0 to 18 MPa. The experimental results indicate that the stress-strain curves show strain softening and hardening phenomena when the confining pressures are below and above 3.0 MPa, respectively. Since the generally hyperbolic model can not describe the strain hardening behavior very well and the Duncan-Chang model can not ideally describe the strain softening behavior of the frozen sandy clay, an improved Duncan-Chang model is proposed. This model can describe not only the strain softening behavior but also the strain hardening behavior of the frozen sandy clay, and the calculated results are rather coincident with the corresponding experimental data. In addition, it is also suitable for frozen silty clay with a high precision. Due to pressure melting, the shear strength of the frozen sandy clay changes nonlinearly with increasing confining pressures. In order to solve the problem that the linear Mohr-Coulomb criteria can not exactly reflect the shear strength of the frozen sandy clay, a nonlinear Mohr criteria of the frozen sandy clay is presented. The calculated results illustrate that it has higher precision and can describe the shear strength of frozen sandy soils more accurately than the linear Mohr-Coulomb criteria does.     

团聚体大小对填筑土强度影响的试验研究

为了了解团聚体大小对填筑土强度的影响,对不同改性填筑土的12组土样进行了一系列的无侧限抗压和剪切试验。结果表明:当团聚体的平均粒径小于3.5mm时,素土、纤维土和石灰土的粘聚力随粒径的增大而减小,内摩擦角随粒径的增大而增大;当团聚体的平均粒径大于3.5mm时,随粒径的增大,素土和石灰土的粘聚力明显增大且内摩擦角明显减小,纤维土的粘聚力和内摩擦角则变化不大;在受压破坏时,素土表现为应变软化的塑性破坏,纤维土表现为应变硬化的塑性破坏,石灰土则表现为完全的脆性破坏;素土、纤维土和石灰土的无侧限抗压强度随团聚体粒径的增大而降低。在试验结果的基础上,对团聚体大小的影响机理进行了分析和讨论。试验结论对进一步认识和掌握填筑土的工程性质具有重要意义。