掺钒TiO_2可见光催化氧化SO_2的动力学和机理

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺钒纳米TiO_2,研究其在可见光条件下对SO2气体的催化氧化效果。采用烟气分析仪和碘量法测定SO2的浓度。利用XRD、BET、TEM、SEM、XPS、UV对掺钒TiO_2进行表征;研究焙烧温度、时间以及掺杂量等制备条件,对TiO_2脱除SO2的影响效果,探讨光催化氧化SO2的机理。结果表明:有O2条件下,在焙烧温度为700℃,时间为3 h,掺钒量物质的量含量为1.0%时,制备的TiO_2光催化氧化性能最好,SO2的脱除效率大于97%,氧化产物为SO3;光照和催化剂是SO2氧化的必要条件;光氧化效率随初始浓度的增大而增大,光催化反应符合一级反应动力学,且包括吸附和表面反应两部分,其中吸附为速控步骤;钒的掺杂使TiO_2产生红移,增强可见光催化活性,提高SO2气体的氧化效率。     

室内污染物甲醛的光催化氧化降解研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载锐钛矿型TiO2蜂窝陶瓷膜,通过X衍射谱粒径分析及透射电子显微镜的电镜分析,结果表明400℃焙烧条件下得到的纳米TiO2粒径分布在10-20nm之间。以此纳米TiO2陶瓷膜进行室内主要污染物甲醛的光催化降解分析。结果发现,流速和湿度对于甲醛的光催化降解具有较大影响,不同污染物浓度条件下流速对光催化降解的影响是不同的,湿度对甲醛光催化的降解的影响存在一临界值。     

光催化技术降解室内甲醛的研究综述

综述甲醛对室内空气污染的现状及其对人体健康的影响,介绍光催化降解甲醛的基本原理、反应动力学、反应器以及光催化降解甲醛的催化剂的制备方法,讨论甲醛光催化降解研究方向和应用前景。     

纳米TiO2协同Fenton试剂光催化降解甲基橙

采用纳米TiO2协同Fenton试剂光催化降解甲基橙,研究了纳米TiO2与Fenton试剂的协同效应,考察了H2O2用量、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度及初始pH值对降解效率的影响,并对其降解动力学规律作了初步探讨。结果表明:纳米TiO2强化了Fenton试剂对甲基橙的降解效率,它们之间产生了较强烈的协同效应。在实验过程中,纳米TiO2协同Fenton试剂光催化降解初始浓度30mg/L、pH=3.0的甲基橙120min,其降解率达到99.4%,分别是同等实验条件下单独纳米TiO2降解率的2.63倍,单独Fenton试剂降解率的2.32倍,是两者算术和的1.2倍。在实验浓度范围内,甲基橙的降解反应符合准一级动力学过程;与Fenton反应相比,在0.2、0.4、0.6g/L纳米TiO2的协同作用下,甲基橙的降解表现反应常数分别提高了1.71、2.51和3.36倍,半衰期相应缩短。另外,H2O2用量、甲基橙溶液初始浓度及初始pH对降解率有一定影响。     

活性炭与TiO2相结合去除室内污染物甲醛的实验研究(Ⅱ)

将TiO2分别与两类活性炭吸附材料相结合,分析不同活性炭吸附作用对污染物甲醛的光催化去除影响.实验结果表明,以活性炭颗粒为载体负载TiO2催化剂形成的催化剂膜对污染物的去除效率低于以蜂窝活性炭网为载体负载催化剂形成的催化剂膜;同以玻璃为载体的催化剂膜相比,以活性炭材料为载体的催化剂膜对污染物的去除同样表现为传质控制过程和光催化控制过程,且随流速增加,光催化反应从传质控制向光催化控制过渡的转换点提前,在低污染物浓度条件下,污染物的光催化去除受污染物传质和驻留时间控制,且驻留时间的影响是主要的,随着驻留时间的增加,污染物的去除率提高.     

低尘SCR系统单孔催化剂模拟研究

在Eley-Rideal化学反应动力学机理基础上,建立了SCR催化剂孔道表面一维模型,重点分析了低尘布置方式下不同参数(催化剂尺寸、反应温度、反应物浓度等)对催化剂脱硝效率的影响。结果表明:随着催化剂沿程长度增加,反应物浓度降低,化学反应速率下降。在孔内流速为4.5m/s、反应湿度为610K时,脱硝效率最大约为75%,温度过高或过低均会降低催化剂脱硝性能。在入口NO浓度为500mg/m~3时,要满足脱硝效率达78%以上,需要氨氮摩尔比大于1.1。适当地降低烟气流速有利于提高脱硝效率,但会增加SO_2氧化,因此在追求较高脱硝效率同时应考虑对SO_2氧化的影响。     

纳米TiO2薄膜光催化降解苯酚和氯代苯酚的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备纳米TiO2薄膜,研究了初始浓度、pH和外加H2O2对TiO2薄膜光催化降解苯酚、对氯苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2薄膜对于苯酚和氯代苯酚均有较高的光催化活性,相同条件下,2,4-二氯苯酚的光催化降解速率＞4-氯苯酚＞苯酚.在本实验条件下,随着反应物初始浓度的升高,相同时间内,苯酚和氯代苯酚的降解效率均逐渐降低.在中性条件下,苯酚和氯代苯酚的光催化反应速率均强于酸性条件下,其中pH对苯酚光催化降解的影响幅度最大.适量的H2O2有助于提高苯酚和氯代苯酚光催化降解速率.     

微波强化光催化处理罗丹明B染料废水

采用微波无极灯强化光催化(MWL/TiO_2)对罗丹明B模拟废水进行处理。初步研究催化剂TiO_2的用量、罗丹明B初始浓度、微波功率、溶解氧、pH、反应温度、外加氧化剂H_2O_2量等因素对罗丹明B降解效果的影响。实验结果表明:最佳催化剂TiO_2的投加量为4g/L;较低pH、高溶解氧浓度、高微波功率、外加氧化剂H_2O_2有利于罗丹明B的降解。与常规光催化相比,微波减弱pH、染料初始浓度对降解效率的影响,同时增强温度对降解效率的影响。     

低阻力增效器对湿法脱硫的影响

开发了液—气反应低阻力增效器装置,通过在烟气量为10000 m~3/h的中试湿法脱硫平台上进行试验测试,分析了增效器对脱硫效率的影响。试验结果表明增效器的使用能明显地提升湿法脱硫的效率,当液气比为16 L/m~3时,可将出口SO_2浓度由80 mg/m~3降低至26 mg/m~3,增效器所带来的阻力在70 Pa左右,实现了超低排放的目标。同时在安装了增效器的脱硫塔上,研究了液气比、烟气流速对脱硫效率的影响,结果表明,液气比的提高、烟气流速的降低均会对增效器带来正面的影响。     

介孔生物质基活性炭负载TiO_2的光催化降解动力学研究

采用介孔生物质基活性炭作为载体负载TiO_2,研究载体比表面积、不同煅烧温度、不同负载比例下的载体负载TiO_2光催化剂对光催化降解水体有机污染物亚甲基蓝的影响,通过比表面积测试法(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析手段对其表面形貌和晶体结构进行表征。结果表明,载体的比表面积和孔隙结构与光催化反应效果呈正向影响关系,当活性炭与TiO_2质量比为1.3∶1,煅烧温度为500℃时的样品(记为1.3AC4@1TiO_2-500)比表面积为460.10 m~2/g,对亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解量可达到24.06 mg/g。光催化剂煅烧温度与TiO_2锐钛晶型的完善程度和晶粒尺寸呈正向影响关系,因而提高煅烧温度可增强光催化反应效果,当活性炭与TiO_2质量比为1.3∶1,煅烧温度为700℃时的样品(记为1.3AC4@1TiO_2-700)对亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解量可达到26.72 mg/g。活性炭负载比例与光催化反应效果呈正向影响关系,活性炭负载比例的增加可促进TiO_2光生载流子的分离,增强光电流响应强度,从而提高光催化活性。拟合结果表明,采用介孔生物质基活性炭负载TiO_2对亚甲基蓝的光催化反应可用伪一级动力学方程较好表示。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.