超细微粒灭火剂施放与流动性能研究

为了掌握超细微粒灭火剂的施放与流动性能,采用平均粒径为6μm左右的超细微粒灭火剂为试样,采用基于爆发原理的灭火剂施放装置,在10 m3大小的封闭灭火室进行冷喷实验,对施放后灭火剂微粒的浓度分布进行了测量.结果表明,用爆发式装置施放超细微粒灭火剂后,灭火剂能迅速向四周均匀抛洒,但抛洒后的浓度分布并不均匀,在气流力作用的方...     

喷射火环境下液化气储罐热响应行为数值模拟

应用CFD软件Fluent6.3对液化气（liquefied petroleum gas,LPG）储罐在火灾条件下的热响应过程进行了三维数值模拟。研究了喷射火作用下LPG储罐罐壁温度、内部介质温度和压力响应的特点,分析了液相介质充装率和储罐壁厚对储罐热响应的影响。结果表明,液相介质充装率越高,储罐失效时间越短,并且当充装率为60%~85%时储罐的失效时间下降更加明显;储罐壁厚越厚,火焰作用下升压越慢,当壁厚大于14mm时,壁厚对储罐升压的影响明显变小。据此,可选择合适的充装率和合理的壁厚以减缓储罐的升压速度,为预防和控制液化气储罐事故的发生争取时间。     

液化气体储罐爆沸过程的影响因素

液化气储罐在生产使用过程中可能发生泄漏,造成危害性事故,严重时会发生沸腾液体膨胀、蒸气爆炸(BLEVE).为了研究过热液体突然泄压时的爆沸过程,建立了小型实验装置,以水为实验介质,进行BLEVE的模拟实验研究.实验中发现,储罐内的介质突然泄放会出现压力突降和剧烈反弹,可能导致BLEVE.实验结果表明,液体充装率、初始压力及开口面积都会引起一定程度的爆沸,对压力突降及再反弹有较大影响.充装率在60%～90%的范围内压力反弹最大;泄放压力增大时,压力反弹速率增大;开口面积增大会提高泄放时液体的过热度,导致爆沸过程更剧烈;液相存在热分层时,泄放引起爆沸的剧烈程度及升压速度远低于同压力下液体温度均匀时的程度.     

气溶胶的喷淋去除特性实验研究

当核电厂发生严重事故时,大量的放射性裂变产物会聚集在安全壳中,对外界的环境产生威胁。而安全壳喷淋系统可以通过喷淋液滴对安全壳内的气溶胶进行清除。为了研究喷淋液滴对气溶胶去除的影响,使用源项气溶胶行为特性实验平台,选择标准实心锥喷雾喷嘴进行喷淋实验。研究了喷淋液滴对不同粒径气溶胶去除的影响以及不同工况下的液滴对各粒径气溶胶去除的影响。实验结果显示,喷淋液滴可以快速的去除容器内的气溶胶颗粒;对于同一喷嘴,随喷淋压力的升高产生的喷淋液滴索特中值粒径会变小。而液滴的索特中值粒径越小对气溶胶的去除速率越快。     

汽油机空气分配式燃油喷射装置的开发

本文研究了空气分配式燃油喷射装置.燃油喷射装置由一个空气分配器和一个包括单向阀在内的双流体间歇喷射器组成.空气分配器使用一个旋转阀向燃油喷射阀分配空气.本文阐明了空气分配器旋转对于燃油喷射定时和喷雾颗粒大小的影响.当空气分配器旋转加速时,单向阀开启定时和燃油喷射定时推迟.当提高供给的空气压力时,燃油喷射的滞后减小.与空气分配器转速成正比地改变供气压力对于减小喷雾颗粒直径和燃油喷射滞后非常有效.试验结果表明喷雾粒径为40μm,喷射滞后在5°以内.     

-43℃下多次喷射对柴油机冷起动特性的影响

为了改善极寒条件下柴油机的起动性能和怠速稳定性,基于起动/发电一体式电机拖动柴油机进行-43℃下的冷起动试验,研究了单次、两次（预喷1+主喷）和三次喷射（预喷2+预喷1+主喷）3种喷射方式对柴油机冷起动过程及燃烧特性的影响,分析了不同喷射组合对极寒条件下柴油机冷起动过程的影响规律。研究表明：在-43℃环境温度下,柴油机采用三次喷射时,冷起动性能明显优于单次和两次喷射。随着喷射次数的增加,起动燃烧首循环的缸内压力峰值升高,峰值相位提前,压力升高率和瞬时放热率峰值显著降低,滞燃期缩短;在冷起动过程中,相比单次喷射,两次和三次喷射时倒拖阶段和升速阶段所需时间分别减少9个循环和22个循环,最高燃烧压力升高,循环变动率分别降低37.7%和46.8%,使得起动时间分别缩短0.88 s和2.58 s,起动累积油量分别减少511 mg和1 290 mg;在起动后的怠速过程,怠速转速波动率分别降低54.2%和82.2%,随着喷射次数的增加,怠速稳定性显著提高。研究结果可为柴油机极寒条件下冷起动过程的控制和参数标定提供理论依据。     

喷射参数对二甲醚PPCCI发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响

在一台6缸增压电控共轨二甲醚发动机上进行试验,研究了预喷时刻、预喷燃料量、喷射压力、主喷时刻等喷射参数对二甲醚部分预混合充量压缩燃烧(PPCCI)发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:随预喷时刻提前,缸内压力峰值降低,二甲醚发动机缸内燃烧由两阶段放热转变为PPCCI三阶段放热,氮氧化物(NOx)排放显著降低,HC和CO排放升高;随预喷射燃料量增加,缸内压力峰值及预混合燃烧的冷焰反应和热焰反应速率明显增大,NOx排放逐渐降低,HC和CO排放显著升高;随喷射压力降低,预混合燃烧热焰反应速率增加,主喷扩散燃烧始点推迟,扩散燃烧放热率峰值和NOx排放明显降低,HC和CO排放升高;随主喷时刻推迟,预喷预混合燃烧几乎没有变化,主喷扩散燃烧延后,缸内压力峰值和放热率峰值降低,NOx排放显著降低,HC和CO排放升高。     

基于激光诱导炽光法的柴油喷雾燃烧碳烟生成特性

采用激光诱导炽光法(LII),对高温高压定容燃烧弹内柴油喷雾燃烧火焰及碳烟生成的二维分布图像进行了测量分析,研究了在不同定容室环境温度、环境压力和喷射压力下燃烧火焰和油气混合特性对碳烟生成与分布的影响规律.结果表明:柴油燃料滞燃期会随环境温度和环境压力的升高而缩短;扩散燃烧火焰的浮起长度内空气卷吸量是影响碳烟形成过程的一个重要因素,高的环境温度和环境压力,以及低的喷油压力会产生较短的柴油火焰浮起长度;高的柴油喷射压力、低的环境压力和温度所产生的LII信号强度较弱,即此时激光片光内的碳烟体积分数较小.在喷雾混合中自然形成的混合气浓度分层和温度分层,既影响到混合气的着火和燃烧过程,又诱发碳烟颗粒的产生,研究结果对优化燃烧系统设计,验证燃烧模型提供了有价值的依据.     

柴油机尿素SCR喷射特性的试验研究

尿素水溶液喷射量的精确控制对SCR系统的性能至关重要.利用SCR喷射试验装置对影响尿素水溶液喷射特性的因素进行了试验研究,包括占空比、频率、压力、液体密度以及有无空气辅助系统等.结果表明:占空比与尿素喷射量呈线性关系;喷射频率过大则无法实现小剂量喷射,而喷射频率过小则造成系统压力波动大;压力变化影响喷射量的大小,系统需要保持压力固定;液体密度越大质量流量越大;空气辅助系统的加入对喷射量的影响较小.     

缸内直喷汽油机两阶段喷射喷油规律研究

基于定容积法搭建了均质混合气压燃（HCCI）燃烧模式下的缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）喷油器喷油规律测试台,在保证其测试精度的基础上,研究了GDI喷油器两阶段喷油的喷射压力、喷射背压、两次喷油间隔和体积分数对其喷油规律的影响．结果表明,喷油率随喷射压力增大呈增大趋势;喷射背压只对喷油中期的喷油率有影响且随着喷射背压的增大喷油率有所下降,但喷射背压对喷油总量影响不大．试验测得的喷射间隔小于设定值．另外,两次喷射间隔较小时出现两次喷油过程重叠,使其第2次喷油率高于喷射间隔较大时的第2次喷油率．单次喷油率和喷油持续时间随着喷射体积分数增大而增大．     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.