液化气体储罐爆沸过程的影响因素

液化气储罐在生产使用过程中可能发生泄漏,造成危害性事故,严重时会发生沸腾液体膨胀、蒸气爆炸(BLEVE).为了研究过热液体突然泄压时的爆沸过程,建立了小型实验装置,以水为实验介质,进行BLEVE的模拟实验研究.实验中发现,储罐内的介质突然泄放会出现压力突降和剧烈反弹,可能导致BLEVE.实验结果表明,液体充装率、初始压力及开口面积都会引起一定程度的爆沸,对压力突降及再反弹有较大影响.充装率在60%～90%的范围内压力反弹最大;泄放压力增大时,压力反弹速率增大;开口面积增大会提高泄放时液体的过热度,导致爆沸过程更剧烈;液相存在热分层时,泄放引起爆沸的剧烈程度及升压速度远低于同压力下液体温度均匀时的程度.     

分层对液化石油气储罐热响应的影响

由于液化气热分层的存在，LPG储罐内的压力增长加快。同时，还可能影响到蒸汽爆炸。液化石油气温度越高，泄压时产生的气泡量就越大。当温度接近过热极限时变化更加剧烈。所以研究蒸汽爆炸，不可能不考虑分层。对液化石油气储罐内的热分层现象进行了数值模拟，并分析了分层现象对蒸汽爆炸等响应过程的影响。     

热冲击下LPG储罐力学响应研究

液化石油气(LPG)储罐在遭受火焰侵袭时通常会面临较为恶劣的环境.在高温和内压作用下,金属材料强度下降,罐体将会出现局部屈服变形,严重时可能会发生破裂甚至爆炸.对储罐在喷射火焰下其壁面的力学响应规律进行了研究,在分析壁面应力产生机理的同时,利用有限元分析ANSYS软件对该物理过程进行了数值模拟,得出了壁面不同位置的应力分布.结果表明:在喷射火焰情形下,LPG储罐的力学响应与火焰的喷射方向有关,面向火焰一侧的壁面由于温度上升更快,材料强度下降的速度也较快,故较之背向火焰一侧的壁面发生破坏的可能性增大;另外,储罐壁面顶部附近由于温度最高,材料的强度下降最明显,因此发生破坏的可能性最大.     

周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性

利用数值模拟方法研究周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性,分析吸热管壁厚、熔盐入口温度、熔盐流速对局部传热性能的影响规律,结果表明:吸热管周向加热量相同,管壁越厚其外壁温度越高,管内壁热流分布越均匀。壁厚对低热流侧周向及轴向局部Nu影响较大,且低热流侧局部Nu均随壁厚的减小而增大。同一流速,熔盐入口温度越高,周向局部Nu越大。不同流速吸热管周向局部Nu均随周向热流的减小而增大,流速越大,周向局部Nu越大。不同壁厚吸热管内低热流侧Nu明显大于高热流侧Nu,平均Nu略大于高热流侧Nu,且平均Nu基本相等。     

不同壁厚对气缸套壁面温度影响的有限元分析

以某重型柴油机的薄壁顶置湿式气缸套为研究对象,结合特定热边界条件,对气缸套的稳态温度场进行了有限元分析,气缸套三维温度场的计算结果显示气缸套最高温度为239℃,出现在气缸套活塞上止点附近。通过对比不同气缸套壁厚对壁面温度场的影响,明确了气缸套的变形分析中不同壁厚对气缸套壁面温度的影响,为气缸套结构设计改进提供理论指导和依据。     

循环载荷作用下的高温熔盐储罐设计分析

以某大型光热电站高温熔盐储罐为研究对象，采用瞬态热-机械应力分析结果，依据ASME规范对储罐进行棘轮和蠕变-疲劳失效评估。结果显示：正常和异常工况下储罐均未发生棘轮失效，因异常工况下储罐壁面存在165℃的温差，其结构的棘轮应变较正常工况增加72%。异常工况下储罐会发生蠕变-疲劳失效，结构的蠕变损伤和疲劳损伤较不会失效的正常工况分别增加1.4倍和9.0倍。为避免入罐熔盐温度大幅波动给结构安全带来危害，故建议采用熔盐缓冲罐降低温度波动范围。     

渡槽在折线温差分布下的横向温度应力计算

为分析渡槽在折线温差分布下的横向温度应力,运用公路桥梁规范中折线温差分布函数,推导了渡槽在折线温差分布下横向温度自约束应力和框架约束应力计算公式,计算了渡槽在冬季骤然降温作用下的温度应力。计算表明,渡槽外表面总应力是壁厚和温差的函数,当壁厚不变,温差减小50%时,其温度应力也相应减小50%,当温差不变,壁厚减小50%时,其温度应力减小21%;与指数温差分布函数计算的温度应力值相比,该方法计算值较小,在设计时若按此考虑渡槽温度荷载,则能显著提高渡槽的安全性能。     

壁面温度对柴油喷雾碰壁质量分布的影响

基于AVLFIRE软件建立柴油喷雾及碰壁仿真计算模型,以定容燃烧弹中喷雾碰壁试验得出的数据为基础对模型进行标定与校核,然后对不同壁面温度条件下的喷雾碰壁特性进行仿真计算,得出了不同壁面温度时燃油的气相、液相和附壁油膜质量随时间的变化规律.结果表明:喷雾碰壁之前,液相质量随时间的增加而增加,碰壁之后,液相质量随时间的增加而减少;壁面温度对空间液相质量的分布及其随时间的变化规律影响不大;随着壁面温度升高,喷油结束之前气相质量随时间增加的速率稍有增加,而喷油结束之后气相质量随时间增加的速率明显增加,附壁油膜达到最大质量的变化速率降低,达到最大质量后,附壁油膜随时间减小的速率增加.     

钢衬壁厚对抽蓄电站围岩内水压力分担率的影响

根据实际工程需要,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件通过改变钢衬壁厚,分析了不同设计内水压力组合条件下,钢衬、混凝土垫层和围岩的位移和变形特征及钢衬环向拉应力,研究了引水钢衬壁厚对围岩内水压力分担率的影响。结果表明,随着壁厚增大,虽可相应减少钢衬径向位移和环向拉应力,但减幅小,效果不显著;随着壁厚变小,钢衬径向位移变大,根据变形协调,有助于荷载传递,提高了围岩分担率,有利于"钢衬-垫层-围岩"联合承载;在满足抗外压稳定验算、焊接工艺和施工安装前提下,壁厚可较大幅减小。研究成果不仅有利于减少不必要的投资,还有利于降低硐室钢衬运输安装等施工难度,可供类似工程设计参考。     

冷气溶胶熄灭电火花成形机床火灾的有效性

采用自行研制的冷气溶胶灭火装置,研究冷气溶胶的产生与灭火过程以及灭火剂充装量、粒径等对灭火有效性的影响．结果表明,冷气溶胶灭火装置的冷气溶胶产生过程分为喷射释放阶段和扩散阶段,喷射释放阶段储罐内压力呈线性递减,扩散阶段储罐内压力呈指数衰减．灭火剂充装量和灭火剂粒径都对装置灭火有效性影响很大,灭火剂充装量越大,灭火速度越快,高浓度气溶胶存留时间越长．灭火剂颗粒的沉降速度与粒径平方呈正比,当灭火剂粒径低于5.0,?m时,其在空气中存留时间达到714.3,s/m以上,有利于长时间的灭火抑制和防止复燃．     

Investigation on no-vent filling process of liquid hydrogen tank under microgravity condition

In order to investigate the no-vent filling performance under microgravity, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method is introduced to the study, where a model aiming at filling a liquid hydrogen (LH₂) receiver tank is especially established. In this model, the solid and fluid regions are considered together to predict the coupled heat transfer process. The phase change effect during the filling process is also taken into account by embedding a pair of mass and heat transfer models into the CFD software FLUENT, one of which involves liquid flash driven by pressure difference between the fluid saturated pressure and the tank pressure, and the other one indicates and calculates the evaporation–condensation process driven by temperature difference between fluid and its saturated state. This CFD model, verified by experimental data, could accurately simulate the no-vent filling process with good flexibility. Moreover, no-vent filling processes under different gravities are comparatively analyzed and the effects of four factors including inlet configuration, inlet liquid temperature, initial wall temperature and inlet flow rate, are discussed, respectively. Main conclusions could be made as follows: 1) Compared to the situations in normal gravity, the no-vent filling in microgravity experiences a more adequate liquid–vapor mix, which results in a more steady pressure response and better filling performance. 2) Inlet configuration seems to have negligible effect on the no-vent filling performance under microgravity since liquid could easily reach the tank wall and then cause a sufficient fluid-wall contact under any inlet condition. 3) Higher initial tank wall temperature may directly cause a higher pressure rise in the beginning, while this effect on the final pressure is not significant. Sufficient precooling and reasonable inlet liquid subcooled degree are suggested to guarantee the reliability and efficiency of the no-vent fill under microgravity.     

Towards fast and safe hydrogen filling for the fuel vehicle: A variable mass flow filling strategy based on a real-time thermodynamic model

Dealing with the conflict between the temperature/pressure rise and the total mass of hydrogen is a key challenge for rapid hydrogen filling of the hydrogen storage tank (HST). The temperature/pressure rise and total mass of hydrogen cause safety risks because of the former and limited cruise as the result of the latter. Therefore, safe hydrogen filling strategy is essential for the promotion of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The existing thermodynamic model of the hydrogen storage tank is simplified either in the hydrogen state or the heat conduction of the HST wall, which can be hardly used as the real-time and accurate references for developing the filling strategy. To solve this problem, this paper works out the mathematical expression of a HST thermodynamic model. With the proposed HST thermodynamic model, a variable mass flow hydrogen filling strategy is developed. The results show that at the mass flow (12  g/s), the errors of the thermodynamic model are 7.1% and 6.8% for the temperature and pressure rise, compared with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. At the mass flow (4.84  g/s), the thermodynamic model errors are 8.3% and 7.1% for the temperature and pressure rise, compared with the experimental data. Also, compared with the rule-based hydrogen filling strategies, the final state of charge (SoC) with the new filling strategy improve by 3%, 3.7%, and 2.7% at different initial temperatures, different volumes, and initial SoCs, respectively.     

Experimental studies on temperature rise within a hydrogen cylinder during refueling

In this research, experiments were performed to investigate the thermal behaviors such as temperature rise and distributions inside 35 MPa, 150 L hydrogen storage cylinders during its refueling. The main factors affecting the temperature rise in the fast fill process such as the mass filling rate and initial pressure in the cylinder were considered. The experimental results show that the mass filling rate is a constant when the ratio of the pressure in the tank to the cylinder is higher than 1.7, and the mass filling rate decreases when the ratio is lower than 1.7; the temperature inside the cylinder increases nonlinearly in the filling process and the maximum value of temperature rise at the interface of the cylinder exists in the caudal region; the temperature rise reaches a larger value with a lower initial pressure in the cylinder or a higher mass filling rate. Furthermore, the limit of mass filling rate in the case of different ambient temperature was obtained.     

Characteristics of heat transfer and temperature rise of hydrogen during rapid hydrogen filling at high pressure

An experiment has been done to measure the rise in temperature of a gas during filling a tank at high pressure. The experimental condition is that filling gases are nitrogen and hydrogen at a pressure of 5 to 35 MPa and at a filling mass of G=45 to 324 g/min for hydrogen. The temperatures are measured either horizontally or vertically at five positions in the tank. It is found that heat loss transferred from compressed gas to the tank wall has a significant effect on the rise in the filled gas temperature. The heat transfer coefficient is estimated after the end of filling and is about α_h=270 W/(m²K) for the hydrogen at 35 MPa. A theoretical procedure is proposed to calculate the temperature increase of the gas on a basis of assumption that the gas temperature in the tank is uniform at any time, and the heat transfer coefficient is given. The calculation shows that the temperature is in reasonable agreement with the measured temperatures by assuming α_h=500 W/(m²K) during the filling of hydrogen at 35 MPa, although the estimated heat loss after the end of filling becomes larger than the actual one. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(1): 13–27, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20140     

CFD analysis of fast filling scenarios for 70 MPa hydrogen type IV tanks

High injection pressure is combined with high refueling rate for vehicles storing pressurized gaseous hydrogen onboard. As a drawback, high temperatures are developed inside the tank, which can jeopardize the structural integrity of the storage system. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes already proved to be a valuable tool for predicting the temperature distribution within the tank during fast refueling. Results of hydrogen fast filling CFD simulations for a type IV tank, filled to 70 MPa at different working conditions are presented as follow up of the CFD model validation performed against experimental data. Alternative rates of pressure rise, adiabatic and cold filling are investigated to evaluate the effect on maximum hydrogen temperatures inside the tank. Results confirmed that the developed CFD model could be a suitable tool for investigating fast filling scenarios when experimental data are not yet available or of difficult realization.     

太阳能热发电站熔盐储罐首次充盐策略研究

通过计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟计算分析某实际工程设计阶段的充盐策略参数,对储罐内熔盐温度和储罐壁面温度的影响,通过分析模拟结果后确定在项目具体实施阶段采用预热系统及电加热器系统配合的充盐策略。通过将此充盐策略用于实际商业项目第1次充盐过程,效果良好,储罐整体温度较为均匀,同时也发现在第1次充盐过程中储罐基础存在较为明显的散热作用,应当引起足够重视。     

Investigations on the combustion parameters of a dual fuel diesel engine with hydrogen and LPG as secondary fuels

This paper presents a detailed experimental investigations on the combustion parameters of a 4 cylinder (turbocharged and intercooled) 62.5 kW gen-set duel fuel diesel engine (with hydrogen and LPG as secondary fuels). A detailed account on maximum rate of pressure rise, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate in first phase of combustion and combustion duration at a wide range of load conditions with different gaseous fuel substitutions has been presented in the paper. When 30% of hydrogen alone is used as secondary fuel, maximum rate of pressure rise increases by 0.82 bar/deg CA as compared to pure diesel operation, while, peak cylinder pressure and combustion duration increase by 8.44 bar and 5 deg CA respectively. When 30% of LPG alone is used as secondary fuel, the enhancements in maximum rate of pressure rise, peak cylinder pressure and combustion duration are found to be 1.37 bar/deg CA, 6.95 bar and 5 deg CA respectively. It is also found that heat release rate in first phase of combustion reduces at all load conditions as compared to the pure diesel operation in both types of fuel substitutions.One important finding of the present work is significant enhancement in performances of dual fuel engine when hydrogen-LPG mixture is used as the secondary fuel. The highlight of this case is that when the mixture of LPG and hydrogen (40% in the ratio LPG: hydrogen = 70:30) is used as secondary fuel, maximum rate of pressure rise (by 0.88 bar/deg CA) and combustion duration reduces (by 4 deg CA), while, peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate in first phase of combustion increase by 5.25 bar and 35.24 J/deg CA respectively.     

Fast filling strategy of type III on-board hydrogen tank based on time-delayed method

In order to study the fast filling problem of the type III on-board hydrogen tank, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation model is proposed. Several simulation calculations are completed to simulate the fast filling process under different initial conditions. In order to control the temperature rise during the fast filling process, the effects of different mass flow rates are studied. Based on the control of mass flow rate, various time-delayed filling strategies for different conditions are proposed to meet the requirement of shortening the filling time as much as possible without exceeding the maximum temperature limit. It is found that if the delay duration is determined, how the filling time is allocated has little effect on the final temperature rise. The proposed strategy can complete the filling within 155s in a general environment, which saves 62% of the time compared with the filling with constant mass flow rate. This research provides the theoretical basis and technical support for mass flow control strategies of fast filling in the hydrogen refueling stations and has guiding significance for the actual filling process of large-capacity hydrogen tanks.     

Numerical simulation for thin wall injection molding of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics

The thickness of product is less than 1mm and product compares flowing length to thickness (flow length ratio L/t) to be living above 150 of injection molding filling. This situation is called thin wall injection molding. This study uses MoldFlow software for material (PP), different processing parameters (injection time, melt temperature, mold temperature, injection pressure), various fiber (glass, long glass), different fiber ratio (40%, 50%) and different thickness (1mm, 0.9mm) to simulate the result on notebook computer. The result shows that the mold temperature is the important factor on processing. The mold temperature, melt temperature and injection pressure of thin wall injection molding are higher than convectional injection molding.