双菌比较优化稻草“液化”发酵产乙醇的研究

利用稻草液化产物为底物,分别采用酿酒酵母和休哈塔假丝酵母发酵生产乙醇,对影响发酵阶段的各因素进行优化,选取最佳菌种完成秸秆到乙醇的转化。结果表明,液化产物经酶解后葡萄糖浓度可达69.5mg/mL,是发酵制备乙醇的良好底物。优化发酵后,酿酒酵母更适合做液化产物的发酵菌种。适宜的发酵条件:初始葡萄糖浓度60~65 mg/mL,温度30℃,pH=6.0,装液量80 mL,接种量10%,发酵时间36 h,在此条件下乙醇得率可达49.3%,能达到理论得率的96.1%,转化率最高为0.27 g/g(乙醇/液化产物)。     

膨化玉米秸秆酶解糖化条件优化的研究

采用二次回归正交组合试验设计,以温度、pH值、底物浓度、加酶量和酶解糖化时间5个因素为变量,研究各因素在不同试验水平下对膨化玉米秸秆酶解糖化效率的影响,并对试验条件进行优化组合。结果表明,温度为50℃,pH值为4.8,底物浓度为95g/L,加酶量为40U/g底物,酶解糖化时间为60h,膨化玉米秸秆酶解效果最佳,该条件下还原糖含量达到28.61%。     

汽爆玉米秸秆产乙醇的补料同步糖化发酵优化

为提高反应系统中的底物浓度,减少酶用量,以蒸汽爆破预处理的玉米秸秆及高性能的酵母菌株Y5进行补料同步糖化发酵研究。通过同步糖化发酵策略的优化,经两次补料使反应体系底物浓度提高至25.7%,同步糖化发酵72h,即可获得41.7g/L的乙醇浓度,综合转化率64%。同时,纤维素酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶用量分别可降至7FPU/(g纤维素)及7IU/(g纤维素)。     

餐厨废弃物糖化发酵炼制燃料乙醇工艺优化

利用高效液化酶(Liquozyme)和糖化酶(AMG)对餐厨废弃物进行液化糖化,优化了酶组成、加酶量、pH、操作温度、操作时间、酵母接种量等参数,建立了由餐厨废弃物炼制燃料乙醇的最佳工艺。结果表明:通过液化酶和糖化酶复配,可降低原料粘度、提高传质效率,使淀粉类多糖快速转化为可发酵性单糖;液化酶最优作用条件为85℃,pH值5.1~5.2,加酶量为0.75 U/g(干基),液化时间为40 min;糖化酶最优作用条件为45℃,pH值5.0,加酶量0.5 U/g(干基),糖化时间为30 min;最佳的发酵条件是酵母接种量3 g/L,发酵时间20 h,所得乙醇浓度为54 g/L,相当于0.438 g/g(乙醇/葡萄糖),达到理论产量的86%。     

甘蔗渣高温同步糖化发酵制取燃料乙醇研究

研究添加不同量纤维素酶对甘蔗渣酶解效果的影响,结果表明葡萄糖浓度随加酶量增加而增加,最优的添加量为30FPU/(g原料)。利用克鲁维氏酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)NCYC 587,在42℃下进行甘蔗渣高温同步水解糖化发酵实验,发现额外添加β-葡萄糖苷酶能有效提高乙醇的质量浓度,经48h发酵,添加30IU/(g葡聚糖)的β-葡萄糖苷酶可提高乙醇浓度30%。通过分批补料方式提高固体浓度至20%,比较SSF和SHF两种工艺,发现前者经72h可产生36.2g/L乙醇,发酵效率为0.50g/(L·h),后者经120h可获得41.2g/L乙醇,发酵效率为0.34g/(L·h)。     

β-葡萄糖苷酶的异源表达及与纤维素酶协同酶解竹纤维

在毕赤酵母GS115中表达东方肉座菌EU7-22的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因（bgl?）,获得基因工程菌株BP17。优化BP17发酵产酶条件后,重组β-葡萄糖苷酶活力达121 IU/mL。酶学性质研究表明,该酶最适反应温度为70℃,在60℃以下有较好的热稳定性;最适催化pH为5.0,在pH 3.0 ~ 8.0之间有较好的稳定性。将异源表达的β-葡萄糖苷酶添加到东方肉座菌的纤维素酶液中协同降解经过预处理的竹纤维,当纤维素酶添加量为FPA 20 IU/g底物,β-葡萄糖苷酶添加量为BG 6 IU/g底物时,纤维二糖浓度显著下降,酶解得率达到83.03%,表明重组β-葡萄糖苷酶的加入更有利于纤维素的酶解糖化。     

酵母融合子F11葡萄糖木糖共发酵产乙醇性能及其耐毒性初探

研究初始pH值、木糖和葡萄糖配比以及温度对F11乙醇发酵的影响并对其进行发酵抑制剂耐受试验。结果表明,发酵最适初始pH值为4.0~7.0,葡萄糖和木糖最适配比为0%~33%,温度为24~27℃。在初始pH值5.0、转速150 r/min、培养温度27℃、木糖45 g/L、葡萄糖15 g/L,接种量1g/L的条件下发酵,乙醇浓度最高可达28g/L,达到理论产率的91%。添加乙酸明显降低了融合子F11的乙醇发酵速率,模拟预处理后水解液添加葡萄糖醛酸(2.0 g/L)、甲酸(0.9 g/L)、糠醛(0.1g/L)和乙酸(2.3g/L),其协同抑制作用使发酵24 h内几乎无乙醇产生。     

玉米秸秆酶解糖化液乙醇发酵的工艺优化

利用从4组混合乙醇酵母中筛选出的优势混合酵母,对玉米秸秆酶解糖化液的乙醇发酵工艺过程进行了优化试验。试验结果表明,管囊酵母和酿酒酵母组成的混合酵母具有较高的乙醇发酵能力,经60 h发酵,乙醇浓度最高可达12.55 g/L,乙醇产率为最大理论值的68.63%。根据对糖化液乙醇发酵的二次回归正交组合优化试验,当发酵温度为28.0℃,初始pH为5.2,接种量为8.1%时,实际乙醇浓度最高可达13.03g/L,乙醇产率为0.36 g/g,为最大理论值的70.59%,与所得乙醇发酵回归方程预测值基本相符。     

高活力木聚糖酶菌株的筛选、酶学性质及酶解应用

实验分离鉴定了高产木聚糖酶曲霉菌株,研究其固态发酵产酶条件及酶学性质。经菌落形态观察、ITS基因序列分析菌株在系统分类中的地位。通过单因素固态发酵实验确定其最佳产酶条件。结果表明,高产木聚糖酶曲霉菌株鉴定为黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）。其最佳产酶条件为：玉米芯与麸皮比例为1∶3、氮源为尿素、初始pH为3.5、料水比为1∶3.5和接种量为10.0%。在此条件下发酵120 h,木聚糖酶酶活最高可达10 446.92 IU/g。酶学性质研究表明,在pH为5.0、温度为45℃条件下木聚糖酶处于最优条件。糠醛（23.0 g /L）和5-羟甲基糠醛（25.7 g/L）对木聚糖酶的激活率分别达到15.9%和18.4%。Aspergillus niger SM751可以作为木聚糖酶潜在的生产菌株用于木质纤维素的酶解领域。     

优化产酶培养基用于稻草发酵产乳酸的研究

对利用稻草为碳源发酵产纤维酶的过程从菌种选择、培养基的选择、碳源的结构、含水率进行了优化。以黑曲霉及里氏木霉的混合菌株为产酶菌种,在稻草粉和麦麸以3:1的比例混合作碳源,培养基中含水率为70%时发酵产出的纤维素酶酶活达到最高,最高的Cx酶活为1568.47U/g,滤纸酶活为489.3U/g。以该条件下产的纤维素酶分别用短乳杆菌和米根霉进行乳酸发酵实验,产乳酸结果为:短乳杆菌:10.8g/L;米根霉:9.2g/L。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.