迷宫汽封与平衡孔在透平级中应用的仿真研究

为了进一步认识匹配应用迷宫汽封和平衡孔对透平级气动性能的影响,采用商用软件CFX,数值仿真了某汽轮机高压一级半透平、堵住平衡孔的一级半透平内部的三维流场.通过对计算结果的比较分析发现,转子带凸台的高低齿迷宫式汽封,与转子外径相等、同压比的等齿高直通型迷宫汽封相比,泄漏流动的方向折转以及在汽封腔内形成的旋涡显著增多,因此强化了对泄漏流的阻抗及其动能的耗散,提高了汽封的封严性.对于低反动度透平级,气流对动叶栅的直接冲击是级内轴向力产生的主要原因.叶冠的径向高度远小于叶高,但是叶冠产生的轴向力在级轴向力中占有较大比例.平衡孔需要与前后静叶隔板汽封以及动叶前后轴向间隙汽封匹配设计,设计合理,能够消除泄漏流对主流的干扰,降低透平级的流动损失.     

汽轮机调节级多工况下三维流场数值研究

汽轮机调节级的部分进汽特性,不仅影响到机组的气动性能和效率,而且还对其安全性产生一定程度的影响。基于三维黏性可压缩雷诺时均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,采用结构化六面体网格,运用有限容积法,构造了带有进汽室和加强筋的300MW汽轮机调节级三维黏性可压缩计算模型,针对不同运行工况下调节级内部复杂流动进行了详细研究。分析发现:调节级进汽室内部流动损失较大;进汽段下游动叶通道静压分布合理,内部流动顺畅,而非进汽段动叶通道内部流动紊乱,熵增明显,部分进汽带来的损失较大;部分进汽度越小,效率降低越快,尤其是一阀进汽时,效率急剧下降。     

透平双列调节级气动特性研究和分析

对采用静叶栅部分进汽的双列调节级进行不同负荷分配的气动性能分析研究，同时分析静叶栅不同局部进汽对级性能的影响。运用全三维数值方法对全周双列调节级模型计算模拟。分析结果表明，首列叶栅负荷比的变化直接影响整级的气动性能，首列叶栅负荷从80%下降到50%的过程中，级效率呈现先上升后下降的趋势，即双列调节级存在一个最佳的首列载荷分配值。同时研究首列静叶栅和第二列静叶栅部分进汽度的设计，经研究，第二列静叶栅部分进汽度与首列静叶栅部分进汽度接近时，双列调节级的气动性能最优。     

汽轮机调节级三维复杂流动的数值研究

汽轮机调节级的部分进汽特性,不仅对机组的气动性能和效率具有较大的影响,还在一定程度上影响到其安全性能.基于三维黏性可压缩N-S方程,采用结构化六面体网格,运用有限容积法,构造了带有进汽室的150 Mw汽轮机调节级三维黏性可压缩计算模型,对其内部复杂流动进行了详细研究.分析发现:由于部分进汽.调节级进汽室内部流动较为紊乱...     

湿蒸汽非均质高速凝结流动的数值研究

基于冠状成核机理,建立了湿蒸汽两相非均质凝结流动数值模型,对缩放喷管、汽轮机叶栅和汽轮机级内湿蒸汽两相非均质凝结流动进行了数值模拟．结果表明：与自发凝结相比,非均质凝结流动中杂质颗粒改变了凝结过程;杂质颗粒减小了喷管中凝结激波强度,改变了汽轮机叶栅中的压力分布,降低了蒸汽过冷度,减少了不平衡热力学损失;在汽轮机级内,非均质凝结流动的动、静叶进、出口汽流角接近过热蒸汽流动的动、静叶进、出口汽流角,其动叶前压力高于过热蒸汽的动叶前压力,但级反动度偏离过热蒸汽流动数值．     

汽轮机叶顶汽封间隙内的流动损失分析

为了揭示叶顶汽封结构变化对泄漏损失的影响,提高汽轮机运行效率,数值研究了平齿汽封、高低齿汽封和侧齿汽封3种不同叶顶汽封结构下汽轮机高压转子间隙泄漏的流动形态、间隙涡系的形成机理和发展规律,研究表明:在叶顶汽封腔室复杂的周向螺旋状的涡动中,泄漏流体的周向速度是影响漩涡耗散的一个重要因素;高低齿及侧齿的汽封结构可以增强漩涡之间的相互作用,降低泄漏流体的周向速度,使漩涡在腔室内的耗散更加充分;由于掺混损失降低,高低齿及侧齿汽封的泄漏总损失较平齿汽封相比分别下降7.1%和9.8%。     

汽轮机部分进汽调节级三维流场的非定常数值模拟

使用商业软件NUMECA,采用三维粘性数值模拟方法对处于部分进汽条件下调节级的内部流动进行数值模拟,并以此来分析调节级内部流动的非定常现象,从而进一步理解调节级的工作机理.     

150 MW汽轮机高压缸级内流场的数值模拟

采用Numeca软件对带隔板汽封和叶顶间隙汽封的高压缸二、三级叶栅流动进行了数值模拟,并与不带汽封的二、三级叶栅流场进行了比较.结果表明,汽封泄漏损失使级效率显著下降,汽封出口处的低能流体使端壁的附面层变厚,端壁摩擦损失增大;隔板汽封出口处的气体周向速度较小,导致了较大的负攻角流动,它与下排叶栅的横向流动相结合大大促进了下通道涡的发展.     

低压隔板低直径汽封和对齿式汽封的数值分析

在汽轮机低压末几级隔板中,有两种比较典型的汽封结构形式——低直径汽封和对齿迷宫式汽封。在某600MW机组改造末三级长叶片优选过程中,针对两种类型的隔板汽封,在末三级环境中,开展全三维CFD分析,对比两者的密封效果,及对整个级效率的影响。数值结果表明,两种汽封结构均有较好的密封效果,对齿迷宫式汽封配合新型设计的末三级叶片,具有较高的气动效率,有助于改善600MW机组低压缸整体经济性。     

部分进汽对密封间隙流体激振力影响的研究

针对喷嘴调节汽轮机在调节级出现的部分进汽对密封间隙内流场的影响,参考某型300MW汽轮机高压前轴封结构,建立了数值计算模型,研究了不同的进汽条件下的密封间隙内流场的分布和流体对转子的作用力。结果表明:部分进汽改变了密封间隙内压力和速度分布,在不进汽区域内出现低压区;间隙内的流体会向低压区填充,出现较大的切向速度;流体对转子的作用力会随进汽方式的不同而改变。与调节级动叶间隙激振力共同作用,可对转子运动和轴系的载荷分配产生影响。     

火电厂节能工作浅析

本文探讨了火电厂节能基本程序和工作方法,分析节能工作要从基础工作、技术创新、设备整治、燃烧管理等方面入手的论述.     

浅析磨合期汽车的使用

如何合理使用磨合期的汽车，使其摩擦机件的磨损量能够平稳、均匀地磨合而不至于过度磨损，对汽车实际使用寿命有着重要的意义。从机器磨合期的特点和磨损机理出发，对汽车磨合期如何正确使用进行了有实际意义的探讨。     

Geothermal energy in agriculture in Yugoslavia

SFR Yugoslavia has natural hot water springs practically all over its territory, indicating the presence of geothermal reservoirs underground. There is no final estimate of how much energy can be expected from this new resource, except for figures based on the results of studies and investigations.The first use of geothermal energy in Yugoslavia in numerous spas dates back to the 19th century. Some remarkable examples of central heating are known, but the most widespread use is in agriculture (in greenhouse heating, farm heating and drying of agricultural products).     

Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia

In this study, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems for a four-storied institutional building in sub-tropical (hot and humid climate) Queensland, Australia are evaluated using the simulation software called DesignBuilder (DB). Base case scenario of energy consumption profiles of existing systems are analysed and simulated first then, the simulated results are verified by on-site measured data. Three categories of ECMs, namely major investment ECMs (variable air volume (VAV) systems against constant air volume (CAV); and low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers against high COP chillers); minor investment ECMs (photo electric dimming control system against general lighting, and double glazed low emittance windows against single-glazed windows) and zero investment ECMs (reset heating and cooling set point temperatures) are evaluated. It is found that the building considered in this study can save up to 41.87% energy without compromising occupancies thermal comfort by implementing the above mentioned ECMs into the existing system.     

Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK

Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO₂ from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.     

Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey

Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20%, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35% DS content. This study recommends limited liming & solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming & solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40%. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years.     

Viscous heating in liquid flows in micro-channels

Many experimental works on forced convection through micro-channels evidenced that when the hydraulic diameter is less than 1 mm, conventional theory can no longer be considered as suitable to predict the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficients. This conclusion seemed valid for both gas and liquid flows. Sometimes the authors justified this claim by invoking “new” micro-effects. On the contrary, in this paper the explanation of the experimental results obtained for micro-channels in terms of friction factors will be researched inside the conventional theory (Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, this paper will focus on the role of viscous heating in fluids flowing through micro-channels. A criterion will be presented to draw the limit of significance for viscous dissipation effects in micro-channel flows. The role of the cross-sectional geometry on viscous dissipation will be highlighted and the minimum Reynolds number for which viscous dissipation effects can no longer be neglected will be calculated as a function of the hydraulic diameter and of the micro-channel geometry for different fluids. It will be demonstrated how viscous effects can explain some experimental results on the Poiseuille numbers in micro-channels, which recently appeared in the open literature.     

Energy consumption in rural transportation in India

Energy consumption in rural transportation has been computed, taking into account the energy embodied in vehicles or bullocks, as well as the fuels or feeds and food (of operators). Bullock cart transport consumes over four times more energy than vehicles. However, animal transport will continue to be preferred because of its availability.     

Leading-edge Technologies in Hydropower Development in China

After the implementation of the Reform and Opening-up Policy for a period of 40 years, the exploitation of China’s hydropower resources developed significantly. Through vast amounts of scientific and technological research and construction practices, China has accumulated abundant engineering experience with respect to the construction technologies required for 300-meter-high concrete arch dams, 200-meter-high roller-compacted concrete gravity dams, 200-meter-high concrete face rockfill dams, and 250-meter-high earth core rockfill dams, large-flow discharge and energy dissipation, huge underground cavern group constructions, complicated foundation treatments for high earth and rockfill dams and high and steep slope reinforcements. These series of technologies have now reached an international leading level. In the near future, these technical improvements will likely have broader application prospects and make greater contributions toward hydropower development both in China and across the world.