锅炉对流受热面灰污监测研究

为了提高电站锅炉对流受热面灰污监测的准确性,更好地进行吹灰优化,提出了基于最小二乘支持向量机的锅炉对流受热面灰污监测方法。以天津北疆电厂1 000 MW机组锅炉为例,建立监测模型,分析了模型建立过程中输入参数的选择、数据的采集与筛选、数据的预处理、核函数的选择等。结果表明:此模型监测结果与电厂的实际吹灰操作一致,能够较准确地实现电站锅炉受热面的灰污监测,为电厂进一步地吹灰优化打下了良好的基础。     

基于人工神经网络的电站锅炉受热面污染部位诊断

基于人工神经网络,提出了一种有效的电站锅炉受热面污染部位诊断的方法。以额定工况下不同受热面出口烟温为特征参数,建立了神经网络污染部位诊断模型。此模型可以有效地诊断锅炉受热面污染情况,仿真测试结果表明了这种方法的有效性。     

600 MW机组锅炉对流受热面污染状况实验与吹灰优化

锅炉受热面积灰污染导致锅炉运行的经济性和安全性下降。在邹电600MW机组锅炉上进行了不同吹灰间隔与吹灰强度等条件下的对流受热面吹灰实验,利用开发的基于锅炉运行热力参数的在线计算系统对实验过程中各对流受热面污染状况进行了实时监测。根据实验结果和实时监测结果建立了优化吹灰模型,开发了在线吹灰优化系统。所开发吹灰优化系统数月运行结果表明,在采用优化吹灰模型提示的吹灰方式后,锅炉日平均排烟温度比未优化前下降约6°C,锅炉效率提高0.3%以上,经济效益显著。图4表1参7     

燃煤锅炉受热面灰污监测与吹灰优化

提出了一种锅炉受热面灰污监测与吹灰优化方法。该方法利用神经网络建立锅炉清洁受热面换热模型,在此基础上运用非线性动态规划技术进行受热面吹灰周期的优化。在扬子石化公司热电厂#8锅炉上进行了现场测试,结果表明所提出的方法是有效的。     

电站锅炉对流受热面积灰在线监测的研究

针对在线监测电站锅炉对流受热面积灰的需要,建立了对流受热面的污染监测模型.以HG1021/18.2-YM9型锅炉为监测对象,开发了受热面积灰在线监测系统,成功实现了锅炉对流受热面污染的在线监测.     

燃煤电站锅炉对流受热面积灰在线监测的研究

针对在线监测电站锅炉对流受热面积灰的需要,建立了对流受热面的污染监测模型。以某300 MW机组的1 025 t/h锅炉为监测对象,开发了受热面积灰在线监测系统,成功实现了锅炉对流受热面污染的在线监测。     

超超临界塔式炉半辐射区优化吹灰的研究

基于热平衡和传热原理建立超超临界塔式锅炉半辐射、半对流高温受热面的污染监测模型。依据电厂受热面进、出口烟温测点及机组运行实时数据,通过热力计算得出受热面灰污变化规律,并分析灰污系数的影响因素。经过在国内某1 000 MW超超临界塔式炉进行大量的吹灰前后对比试验,验证了灰污监测模型的正确性和适用性。结合吹灰经验,提出了合理的吹灰方案,对于锅炉吹灰系统的优化运行具有实际指导作用。     

超超临界直流锅炉受热面传热运行预测方法及在水煤比调整中应用

给出一个包含受热面结构参数的传热系数,对于超临界锅炉,由于工质侧的传热阻力可以忽略,该传热系数只和烟气侧的参数有关。并可以表示成锅炉燃煤量的函数,通过试验得到了传热系数和燃煤量的关系式。假设吸热量较少的附加受热面和主受热面串联,整台锅炉是一个受热面首位相接的热交换网络,利用受热面的能量平衡方程,建立了基于实际运行数据的超临界直流锅炉静态传热模型,该模型较为接近锅炉设计热力计算模型,但它不需要复杂的受热面的信息,因而,具有便于应用的特点。在不同的煤量和水量下,利用该模型模拟了超临界直流锅炉受热面的换热,给出了水煤比的报警运行曲线,对运行有指导意义。     

变负荷工况下锅炉对流受热面污染的监测

针对在线监测大型电站锅炉受热面污染的需要,讨论了稳定负荷的计算模型无法用于变负荷工况监测的原因,分析了变负荷过程中各物理参数的变化机理,从热量平衡出发,考虑了金属管壁蓄热及蒸汽蓄热对受热面污染计算的影响,推导了变负荷工况下的污染监测模型及实时计算方法.以某电厂300MW机组锅炉的低温对流过热器为计算对象,采用现场实时数据进行了变负荷工况下受热面污染监测计算.提出了考虑金属及工质蓄热的锅炉变负荷污染监测模型与计算方法,基本能够消除负荷变化对受热面实际污染率计算的影响,得到比较合理的污染率计算结果,对改进现有的根据热平衡算法的锅炉受热面污染在线监测模型有重要的参考价值和工程实际意义.     

吹灰对锅炉对流受热面传热熵产影响的试验研究

建立了锅炉对流受热面传热熵产的计算模型,并给出了传热熵产生数的计算公式.对1台600 MW机组燃煤锅炉进行了不同吹灰模式的试验.结合采集的实时数据,利用建立的传热熵产模型计算了各对流受热面吹灰前后的传热熵产,得出了吹灰对各受热面传热熵产的影响曲线,分析了该锅炉各吹灰模式的利弊,提出了吹灰模式优化的建议.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.