低温余热利用有机朗肯循环系统工质选择研究

针对有机朗肯循环系统工质的选择,本文研究工质过热度与理想有机朗肯循环热效率以及火用效率、热效率与膨胀机进口温度以及工质物性参数与系统热效率之间的一般规律。结果表明:对于低温余热,湿工质热效率随过热度提高而缓慢增加,等熵工质热效率随过热度提高而基本保持不变,干工质热效率随过热度提高而下降。随过热度增大,三种工质火用效率均明显下降。从系统效率角度,低温有机朗肯循环的工质不建议过热处理。膨胀机进口温度相同时,拥有较大临界温度、较小的液体定压比热以及较大的蒸发潜热的工质更适合用于低温有机朗肯循环系统。     

有机朗肯循环与再热式循环低温热源发电系统热力性能研究

针对120℃以下的低温余热热源,探讨了基本有机郎肯循环发电系统和再热式有机朗肯循环发电系统模型的基本原理.从热力学第一定律角度出发,研究了纯工质R245fa和非共沸混合工质R21/R245fa在基本有机郎肯循环系统中,以及纯工质R245fa在再热式有机郎肯循环系统中,三种形式的有机郎肯循环系统热力性能随蒸发温度的变化情况.与纯工质基本有机郎肯循环系统相比,再热式有机郎肯循环最大可提高系统净输出功7.08％,而混合工质对提高整个系统热力性能具有较大的优势,净输出功和热效率最大可提高4.67％和2.91％.     

柴油机不同主机工况下水蒸气朗肯循环和有机工质朗肯循环性能对比

为了充分利用柴油机的余热能量,根据余热分布特性设计了水蒸气朗肯循环系统和有机工质朗肯循环系统,用来回收柴油机排气能量、进气中空气冷却能量以及冷却系统的能量,并利用Aspen Plus软件对这两种循环系统进行流程模拟,比较水蒸气朗肯循环系统和有机工质朗肯循环系统在不同的柴油机主机工况下,这三种指标的变化曲线。结果表明这两种循环系统的净输出功率、热效率、热回收效率都随着柴油机主机工况的增大而增大;在相同的柴油机主机工况下,有机工质朗肯循环系统的净输出功率、热回收效率大于水蒸气朗肯循环系统,而有机工质朗肯循环系统热效率小于水蒸气朗肯循环系统。     

对流热采油页岩过程低温余热ORC系统热力分析

为回收利用对流热采油页岩过程中产生的低温余热蒸汽,提出并设计有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统进行热力发电。在特定余热蒸汽参数条件下,基于R245fa循环工质,编制计算程序模拟分析了ORC系统变工况参数对该系统热效率及输出功率的影响规律。数值模拟结果表明:设定汽轮机背压为0.25MPa时,工质最高蒸发压力为2.566MPa,在此范围内,系统热效率随蒸发压力升高单调增加,增幅减缓;取蒸发器出口温度85℃时,对于不同的蒸发压力系统允许运行工质流量范围不同,在同一蒸发压力下,由于热源限制导致系统热效率并未随工质流量增加显著提高,但可得到更多输出净功;蒸发压力为1.5 MPa时,随余热排放温度的降低,系统输出净功显著提高;随汽轮机背压的降低,系统热效率得到明显改善,但汽轮机背压的降低增加了工质冷凝的困难,合适的背压值取0.2MPa。     

海洋温差能发电循环系统热力学分析

对海洋温差发电朗肯循环系统进行分析,分别研究蒸发压力、氨水浓度、冷热海水温度等参数对系统热效率和?效率的影响,对比分析纯氨和二氟一氯甲烷工质系统热效率和?效率,为海洋温差能开发及商业级发电系统研建提供技术支撑。结果表明:系统热效率和?效率与密切相关,氨水浓度的影响较小;纯氨质量流量远小于二氟一氯甲烷,且其热效率和?效率均大于二氟一氯甲烷系统,是海洋温差发电系统较为理想的循环工质。     

以S - CO2为底循环工质的燃气轮机联合循环系统研究

建立了以超临界CO_2(S-CO_2)为底循环工质的E级燃气轮机联合循环系统计算模型,利用模型分析了高温循环工作压力、低温循环工作压力、余热加热器的端差对系统的影响。计算得到高、低温循环工作压力变化时,使系统出力、效率最优的工作压力。为联合循环系统的底循环采用S-CO_2为工质的工程应用提供依据。     

地热驱动非共沸工质有机闪蒸循环的热性能分析

非共沸工质具有变温相变特性,可有效改善有机闪蒸循环系统与冷源温度匹配差的问题,进而提高系统的循环性能。文章构建了有机闪蒸循环系统模型,其中,循环工质为R245fa/R601a混合物,热源温度为150℃。文章以净输出功率作为目标函数对有机闪蒸循环系统进行优化,研究了R245fa/R601a混合物的组分变化对有机闪蒸循环系统的闪蒸压力、质量流量、净输出功率和热效率的影响,并比较了以非共沸工质与纯工质作为循环工质时,有机闪蒸循环系统的净输出功率。模拟结果表明:当R245fa/R601a混合物的摩尔组分为3∶7时,有机闪蒸循环系统的净输出功率最大,为25.21 kW,与纯工质R245fa和R601a作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统相比,分别增大了4.39%和5.66%,但以非共沸工质作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统的热效率并不一定大于以纯工质作为循环工质;当R601a的摩尔组分为0～0.6时,以非共沸工质作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统的热效率大于以纯工质作为循环工质;当R601a的摩尔组分为0.7～1时,以R245fa作为循环工质的有机闪蒸循环系统的热效率大于以非共沸工质作为循环工质。     

烟气余热驱动复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统热力学分析

文章构建了复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统模型,并利用该模型对复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统的热力学性能进行分析,得到了高温级循环质量流量、低温级循环质量流量、冷却水质量流量、高温级循环净输出功率、低温级循环净输出功率、冷却水泵功耗和系统净输出功率等随工质摩尔组分的变化规律。分析结果表明,高温级循环蒸发泡点温度和高温级蒸发器夹点位置会影响复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环各项性能参数随工质摩尔组分的变化趋势,当高温级循环混合物中环戊烷的摩尔组分为0.8,低温级循环混合物中异丁烷摩尔的组分为0.1时,复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率达到最大值,为92.79 kW,比复叠式纯工质有机朗肯循环系统提高了3.83%。     

混合工质功冷联产循环与吸收式制冷循环的热力性能分析与比较

与传统单一吸收式制冷循环相比,混合工质功冷联产循环更有利于提高中温工业余热的利用效率,但能效提高的机理研究仍然不够深入。本研究构建了简化的氨水功冷联产循环系统和氨水吸收式制冷循环系统模型,提出了公平的比较基准,通过流程结构与热力学特性的分析和比较,揭示了混合工质功冷联产循环与吸收式制冷循环在能量转换与利用方面的差异,分析了功冷联产循环的性能提升机理。指出透平膨胀程度是影响热能在动力子循环与制冷子循环间分配比例和梯级利用程度的关键因素,并研究了其对系统性能的影响。     

地热资源在油田地面工程中的应用

我国许多油气田具有丰富的伴生和非伴生地热资源及污水余热资源,利用油田地热资源开展建筑供暖、地热水制冷,加强污水余热资源利用,有助于缓解石油供应紧张局面,有利于二氧化碳减排,改善环境。当前地热资源和污水余热资源在油田地面工程应用中存在地热水水性复杂,腐蚀结垢严重;地热尾水处理和回灌成本较高;常规换热器壳程压降大、易结垢,系统换热效率低;油田地热和污水余热资源利用方式比较单一,未能高效梯级利用等问题。建议应加强科研攻关,积极创新,实现地热利用水质处理工艺技术、高效换热技术、回灌技术等关键技术的研发突破及推广应用;加强地热资源梯级利用技术研究,实现地热发电、建筑供热制冷、工农业生产和温泉沐浴的梯级利用;加快建设和完善地热开发利用的经营管理创新体系;加强专业人才队伍培养和核心团队建设,形成结构合理、专业配套、技术精尖、具有较强竞争力的人才队伍,促进油田地热资源(污水余热)的高效开发和利用。     

Analysis of power and cooling cogeneration using ammonia-water mixture

Development of innovative thermodynamic cycles is important for the efficient utilization of low-temperature heat sources such as solar, geothermal and waste heat sources. This paper presents a parametric analysis of a combined power/cooling cycle, which combines the Rankine and absorption refrigeration cycles, uses ammonia-water mixture as the working fluid and produces power and cooling simultaneously. This cycle, also known as the Goswami Cycle, can be used as a bottoming cycle using waste heat from a conventional power cycle or as an independent cycle using solar or geothermal energy. A thermodynamic study of power and cooling cogeneration is presented. The performance of the cycle for a range of boiler pressures, ammonia concentrations and isentropic turbine efficiencies are studied to find out the sensitivities of net work, amount of cooling and effective efficiencies. The roles of rectifier and superheater on the cycle performance are investigated. The cycle heat source temperature is varied between 90-170 °C and the maximum effective first law and exergy efficiencies for an absorber temperature of 30 °C are calculated as 20% and 72%, respectively. The turbine exit quality of the cycle for different boiler exit scenarios shows that turbine exit quality decreases when the absorber temperature decreases.     

Double-lift absorption refrigeration cycles driven by low–temperature heat sources using organic fluid mixtures as working pairs

At present, much interest is being shown in absorption refrigeration cycles driven by low temperature heat sources, such as solar energy or low-grade waste-heat. Double-lift absorption cycles working with ammonia-water have been recommended for refrigeration applications which require cold at 0°C and which are activated by waste heat between 70 and 100°C. This paper discusses the potential of the organic fluid mixtures trifluoroethanol (TFE)-tetraethylenglycol dimethylether (TEGDME or E181) and methanol-TEGDME as working pairs in series flow and vapour exchange double-lift absorption cycles. The ammonia-water mixture was used for comparison purposes. The results show that the performances of these cycles improve significantly when they have the above mentioned organic fluid mixtures as working pairs. For example, the coefficient of performance of the vapour exchange cycle working with TFE-TEGDME is 15% higher than with ammonia-water. In this study, we used a modular software package, which we developed for the thermodynamic properties and cycles simulation of absorption systems.     

A comparative thermodynamic analysis of Kalina and organic Rankine cycles for hot dry rock: a prospect study in the Gonghe Basin

Hot dry rock is a new type of geothermal resource which has a promising application prospect in China. This paper conducted a comparative research on performance evaluation of two eligible bottoming cycles for a hot dry rock power plant in the Gonghe Basin. Based on the given heat production conditions, a Kalina cycle and three organic Rankine cycles were tested respectively with different ammonia-water mixtures of seven ammonia mass fractions and nine eco-friendly working fluids. The results show that the optimal ammonia mass fraction is 82% for the proposed bottoming Kalina cycle in view of maximum net power output. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that wet fluids should be supercritical while dry fluids should be saturated at the inlet of turbine, respectively. The maximum net power output of the organic Rankine cycle with dry fluids expanding from saturated state is higher than that of the other organic Rankine cycle combinations, and is far higher than the maximum net power output in all tested Kalina cycle cases. Under the given heat production conditions of hot dry rock resource in the Gonghe Basin, the saturated organic Rankine cycle with the dry fluid butane as working fluid generates the largest amount of net power.     

Proposal and analysis of a novel ammonia–water cycle for power and refrigeration cogeneration

Cogeneration has improved sustainability as it can improve the energy utilization efficiency significantly. In this paper, a novel ammonia-water cycle is proposed for the cogeneration of power and refrigeration. In order to meet the different concentration requirements in the cycle heat addition process and the condensation process, a splitting /absorption unit is introduced and integrated with an ammonia–water Rankine cycle and an ammonia refrigeration cycle. This system can be driven by industrial waste heat or a gas turbine flue gas. The cycle performance was evaluated by the exergy efficiency, which is 58% for the base case system (with the turbine inlet parameters of 450 °C/11.1 MPa and the refrigeration temperature below −15 °C). It is found that there are certain split fractions which maximize the exergy efficiency for given basic working fluid concentration. Compared with the conventional separate generation system of power and refrigeration, the cogeneration system has an 18.2% reduction in energy consumption.     

Thermodynamic analysis of a new combined cooling, heat and power system driven by solid oxide fuel cell based on ammonia-water mixture

Although a solid oxide fuel cell combined with a gas turbine (SOFC-GT) has good performance, the temperature of exhaust from gas turbine is still relatively high. In order to recover the waste heat of exhaust from the SOFC-GT to enhance energy conversion efficiency as well as to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants, in this study a new combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) system driven by the SOFC is proposed to perform the trigeneration by using ammonia-water mixture to recover the waste heat of exhaust from the SOFC-GT. The CCHP system, whose main fuel is methane, can generate electricity, cooling effect and heat effect simultaneously. The overall system performance has been evaluated by mathematical models and thermodynamic laws. A parametric analysis is also conducted to examine the effects of some key thermodynamic parameters on the system performance. Results indicate that the overall energy conversion efficiency exceeds 80% under the given conditions, and it is also found that the increasing the fuel flow rate can improve overall energy conversion efficiency, even though both the SOFC efficiency and electricity efficiency decrease. Moreover, with an increased compressor pressure ratio, the SOFC efficiency, electricity efficiency and overall energy conversion efficiency all increase. Ammonia concentration and pressure entering ammonia-water turbine can also affect the CCHP system performance.     

地热驱动氨水吸收式动力/制冷复合循环参数优化分析

针对中低品位地热驱动的氨水吸收式动力/制冷复合循环的热力学性能展开分析与优化,在Kalina循环的基础上利用氨水变温蒸发的特性,将正向动力子过程与逆向制冷子过程耦合,对外实现动力与冷量的联供。本文对影响复合循环热力性能的工质对浓度x_w/x_b、氨水发生温度（露点温度）t₁₄、循环倍率K以及分流比n四个重要参数展开了分析优化。研究表明,在x_w/x_b=0.50/0.32、t₁₄=180℃、K=2.80和n=0.505的优化工况下,复合循环的热效率和?效率分别可达19.38%和59.77%,较氨水动力循环分别高出3.71%和4.74%,较水蒸气朗肯循环分别高出8.54%和35.81%。     

Nuclear energy-driven Kalina cycle system suitable for Indian climatic conditions

Kalina cycle (KC) has been contemplated as one of the energy-efficient power generation cycles. It is suitable for various waste heat recovery applications. It is one of the competitors to Organic Rankine Cycle, Transcritical Cycle, Supercritical Cycle, and Rankine cycle. Kalina cycle system (KCS) is a binary mixture system that utilizes ammonia-water as working fluid. In this work, a parametric study has been made with a low-temperature Kalina cycle system (LTKCS) and a high-temperature Kalina cycle system (HTKCS). The LTKCS utilized the hot source energy from solar energy, whereas for HTKCS the hot stream of energy was received from a pressurized water nuclear reactor. The output and efficiencies (energy, exergy, and relative) were noted for a range of limits for the parameters considered. Separator temperature and turbine concentration have been considered as common parameters for the two KCSs. For LTKCS and HTKCS, the optimum working conditions for separator temperature and turbine concentration exist in the range 110?150°C, 60?100°C and 0.85–0.97, 0.50–0.80, respectively. The optimized values for LTKCS and HTKCS have been derived. Among the two KCSs, HTKCS produces high specific power (675 KW). The optimum value of exergy efficiency results for LTKCS (74%) pertaining to low exergy losses. Energy is recovered more efficiently in LTKCS. This study suggests that KCS is well suited for low-temperature applications.     

有出口温度限制的热源亚临界有机朗肯循环最佳回热度定量准则的研究

我国的余热资源和可再生能源丰富,但部分余热资源和可再生能源分布比较分散,并存在温度和能量密度均较低的问题。基于传统能源转化技术,利用温度较低的余热资源和能量密度较低的可再生能源进行发电,会降低余热资源和可再生能源的热功转换效率。有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统可以有效利用低温热能进行发电。对于不同温度和形式的热源,采用合适的工质和循环工况,可以提高ORC系统的发电效率。有出口温度限制的热源是一种较为常见的热源形式,在ORC系统中增加回热装置可能会进一步提高热力循环对该类热源的利用效率。因此,文章针对有温度出口限制的热源,建立了亚临界ORC计算分析模型,选取了干流体和等熵流体作为循环工质,以热源回收?效率作为ORC系统的循环性能评价指标,系统地比较了不同回热度条件下ORC系统的循环性能。文章系统地分析了回热流程对ORC系统循环性能的影响规律,并将计算结果进行理论关联,首次建立了依据冷源和热源条件直接选取最佳回热度的定量准则。     

Application of modified Kalina cycle in biomass chp plants

This paper presents alternatives to Kalina cycles typically used in place of the organic Rankine cycle in biomass power plants. Overviews of both Rankine and Kalina cycles are given alongside the possibilities of using biomass as a viable energy source and recommended guidelines from the engineering practice for selection and management of these cycles. Benefits of Kalina novel bottoming cycle (and the alternative cycles presented herewith) over the Rankine cycle are the higher thermodynamic cycle efficiency and lower capital expenditures combined with the possibility of using low-grade heat sources, such as biomass or waste heat from exhaust gases. Analysis of ammonia-water binary system under various operating conditions has been performed for all the proposed cycles based on the published references and it has been shown that the proposed alternative models prove to be simpler and to have similar or even greater thermodynamic efficiency compared with the Kalina novel bottoming cycle.     

Geothermal‐based hydrogen production using thermochemical and hybrid cycles: A review and analysis

Geothermal‐based hydrogen production, which basically uses geothermal energy for hydrogen production, appears to be an environmentally conscious and sustainable option for the countries with abundant geothermal energy resources. In this study, four potential methods are identified and proposed for geothermal‐based hydrogen production, namely: (i) direct production of hydrogen from the geothermal steam, (ii) through conventional water electrolysis using the electricity generated through geothermal power plant, (iii) by using both geothermal heat and electricity for high temperature steam electrolysis and/or hybrid processes, and (iv) by using the heat available from geothermal resource in thermochemical processes. Nowadays, most researches are focused on high‐temperature electrolysis and thermochemical processes. Here we essentially discuss some potential low‐temperature thermochemical and hybrid cycles for geothermal‐based hydrogen production, due to their wider practicality, and examine them as a sustainable option for hydrogen production using geothermal heat. We also assess their thermodynamic performance through energy and exergy efficiencies. The results show that these cycles have good potential and attractive overall system efficiencies over 50% based on a complete reaction approach. The copper‐chlorine cycle is identified as a highly promising cycle for geothermal‐hydrogen production. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.