基于VMD和QPSO-SR的风电机组轴承故障提取方法

提出一种基于量子粒子群优化算法的自适应随机共振(quantum particle swarm optimization stochastic resonance,QPSO-SR)降噪和变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)的风电机组轴承故障提取方法。首先根据原始故障振动信号特征采用量子粒子群优化算法自适应地进行随机共振参数优化;其次以信噪比最优的参数值对原始信号进行随机共振降噪处理,削弱噪声干扰和冲击成分对结果的影响并增强故障信号幅值;再用VMD法分解降噪处理后的信号,实现故障信号的提取。仿真分析和实验分析表明,该方法提高了VMD在噪声背景下的计算精度,实现风电机组滚动轴承故障的精确诊断。     

基于优化VMD的有载分接开关振动信号降噪研究

为了有效降低噪声对换流变压器有载分接开关(OLTC)故障特征提取的不利影响,提出了一种基于优化变分模态分解(VMD)的有载分接开关振动信号降噪算法。首先,利用人工鱼群仿生算法(AFSA)结合整体正交系数对VMD的参数k、α进行自适应优化处理;然后,利用优化VMD算法将有载分接开关振动信号分解为有限个窄带、准正交的模态函数;再采用峭度指标对模态函数进行选择,将所选模态叠加进行重构,进而得到降噪后的信号;最后引入三种评价指标进行降噪效果评价,通过与其他算法的对比试验得出,优化后的VMD算法降噪效果更佳。     

基于IVMD-MCKD的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

针对强噪声环境下滚动轴承微弱信号易被淹没，其识别缺乏数学理论基础的问题，基于分形理论提出一种改进变分模态分解(Improved Variational Mode Decomposition, IVMD)与最大相关峭度解卷积(Maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution, MCKD)相结合的轴承早期故障识别方法。采用灰狼算法(Grey Wolf Optimizer, GWO)优化VMD参数，分形筛选最优分量，MCKD算法突显信号中的冲击成分，对其进行包络谱分析实现故障诊断。与其它方法相比，IVMD-MCKD方法可较好突显故障特征频率及其倍频，实现滚动轴承早期微弱故障诊断。     

基于AVMD和WDK的风电齿轮箱轴承复合故障诊断方法研究

针对强背景噪声下轴承微弱复合故障特征提取困难的问题,提出一种基于自适应变分模态分解（AVMD）和优化的Wasserstein距离指标（WDK）的风电齿轮箱轴承复合故障诊断方法。首先,引入自适应学习粒子群优化算法（ALPSO）,以平均包络熵作为ALPSO的适应度函数来搜索变分模态分解的最佳影响参数,从而构造AVMD;其次,结合Wasserstein距离（WD）和峭度优点,提出WDK指标筛选有效模态分量,并对筛选的有效模态分量进行重构;然后,通过对重构信号进行包络谱分析实现轴承复合故障的诊断;最后,将所提AVMD-WDK方法应用于某风场2 MW风电齿轮箱轴承振动信号的故障诊断。结果表明,该方法能有效提取轴承的微弱故障特征,实现轴承复合故障的精确诊断。     

基于最大相关峭度解卷积和变分模态分解的风电机组轴承故障诊断方法

针对风电机组轴承故障特征难以提取的问题,提出一种基于最大相关峭度解卷积(maximum correlatedkurtosis deconvolution,MCKD)和变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)的轴承故障诊断方法。首先利用MCKD算法对轴承振动信号进行降噪,然后对降噪后的信号进行VMD分解,并利用峭度指标筛选出敏感本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF),最后通过分析敏感IMF包络谱中幅值突出的频率成分判断故障类型。仿真和实验分析结果表明该方法可成功地提取出故障特征频率,实现风电机组轴承故障的有效诊断。     

基于VMD与粒子滤波的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对旋转设备工作环境复杂,难以提取轴承故障特征信息的问题,提出基于变分模态分解(VMD)和粒子滤波的故障诊断方法。首先,对原始振动信号进行VMD分解,得到有限个具有稀疏特性的固有模态函数(IMF);其次,利用基于峭度、相关系数、能量比的综合评价指标P,筛选最能反映原始信号故障特征的模态分量进行重构;最后,对重构故障特征分量进行粒子滤波,消除VMD残留的非线性、非高斯噪声后,利用包络谱分析故障类型。通过对实验轴承振动信号的分析,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

基于改进自适应多元变分模态分解的轴承故障诊断方法研究

为解决多元变分模态分解(MVMD)经验参数设置对分解结果的影响,提出一种新的自适应多元变分模态分解(AMVMD)方法并将其应用于轴承的故障诊断方面.首先,将最小平均包络熵(MAEE)作为适应度函数,采用灰狼算法(GWO)寻求MVMD参数的最优解,并按照最优参数对原始信号进行分解.然后,计算各本征模态分量(IMF分量)的...     

基于自适应变分模态分解的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法研究

针对滚动轴承微弱故障特征易被噪声和强故障成分淹没导致漏诊或误诊问题,基于互信息与信息熵构建多目标适应度函数,形成面向故障诊断的自适应变分模态分解算法(Diagnosis Oriented Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition, DOA-VMD),有效提取信息以传达故障特征且不产生异常模态干扰;并采用NSGA-II算法对多目标适应度函数搜寻最优Pareto解集;然后考虑峭度是反应冲突的有效指标,以最大峭度值为目标,筛选解集中最优结果实现DOA-VMD参数的确定和特征提取;基于齿轮箱轴承内圈损伤数据验证提出方法的可靠性。结果表明：DOA-VMD可剔除含噪分量并保留具有最显著冲击信号的特征,且该特征较传统VMD方法更能凸显故障特征频率。     

基于SHSVD-AS的风电齿轮箱故障诊断

针对传统的硬阈值奇异值分解降噪法（HSVD）阈值选取主观性较强、自适应性较弱、易丢失信号特征的问题，首先提出一种自适应的硬阈值选取算法；其次，利用一种非等量最优权值收缩的软阈值奇异值分解降噪（SSVD）方法，并结合HSVD，形成一种混合阈值的奇异值分解（SHSVD）降噪方法；最后再结合所提出的一种幅值抑制（AS）算法用于突出信号的故障冲击特征SHSVD-AS。利用该方法对风电传动系统齿轮箱故障信号进行分析，仿真、实测信号的结果均表明，在强噪声环境下，相较于传统的HSVD、VMD-HSVD方法，SHSVD-AS在风电齿轮故障诊断上性能较好。     

基于改进变分模态分解与支持向量机的风力机轴承故障诊断

为研究风力机齿轮箱轴承振动信号非线性及故障诊断问题，采用改进变分模态分解方法对四种状态轴承振动信号进行处理，提出无量纲参数多重分形谱值因子，联合峭度值对分解所得模态分量进行选取，剔除无效信息分量并进行信号重组，采用分形维数研究重组信号的分形特征，并通过支持向量机进行模式识别。结果表明：基于样本熵优化的改进变分模态分解方法可获得高质量的模态信息；通过多重分形谱值因子及峭度选取并重组的信号具有良好的振动特性，其分形维数可通过信号非线性程度定量区分轴承工作状态；采用支持向量机对不同轴承工作状态的重组信号进行分类，结果具有较高的准确度。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093