压气机动态模型的建立及喘振过程分析

在SIMULINK环境中,建立了压气机动态数学模型。为了模拟压气机喘振和旋转失速现象,压气机特性图被延伸到负流量区域,还考虑到了气体通过压气机的延迟。模拟了压气机的喘振过程,并对压气机压力信号进行FFT变换,检测了压气机喘振。仿真结果表明:模型能预测压气机喘振过程中压力、流量和转速的振荡频率和振幅;压缩系统的转动惯量、稳压室容积等结构参数影响喘振特性;模型动态调节特性好,可用于压气机控制系统模型,具有广泛实用性。     

压气机近失速点的性能仿真及可转导叶的影响

压气机的不稳定边界包括失速边界和喘振边界,对压气机工作特性有着重大的影响,甚至会对其造成严重损害,所以研究清楚近失速点的流场有着重要的意义。本文以某2.5级跨音速轴流压气机为研究对象,运用CFX计算其在全工况七种转速下的特性线;重点研究近失速点的内部流场,对比近设计点与近堵塞点流场状态,探究多级轴流压气机的失速特性与失速机理。对可转导叶的角度进行调整,将叶片向着叶片前缘吸力面方向和相反方向旋转相同的角度,计算50%,80%,100%转速下的特性线,发现在中高转速下流量压比特性线向左下平移,效率压比特性线向左平移更为明显,说明将叶片向着叶片前缘吸力面方向旋转可以起到推迟失速发生的作用。     

离心压气机喘振临界点工况下非稳态数值模拟与分析

失速和喘振现象一直是离心压气机研究领域的重点和难点,对于压气机失速或喘振时的非定常效应的研究具有重要意义。对一车用涡轮增压器离心压气机进行了设计转速下喘振临界点的非稳态数值模拟,针对压气机各部件在该工况下的非定常流动状况进行了详尽阐述,从而为深入认识压气机失速和喘振现象及其机理研究提供参考。     

基于试验数据的轴流压气机喘振边界经验预估方法

从压气机特性计算统计法的基本思想出发,对多台轴流压气机喘振试验数据进行了整理分析,总结了同类型压气机喘振边界上参数变化的一般规律,在此基础上,将压气机设计转速下的喘振参数与其非设计转速下的喘振参数进行相互关联,提出了一种基于试验数据的轴流压气机喘振边界经验预估方法.通过与试验结果的详细对比.表明本文所建立的经验方法能够...     

加弯叶型在轴流风机噪声控制中的应用研究

在风机叶轮直径不变的条件下,利用叶型加弯方法对轴流风机进行改型设计,可在较低转速下获得设计全压,从而达到控制风机气动噪声的设计目标。根据轴流风机的设计参数设计了一个基于原始叶型、转速为9 000 r/min的风机模型和一个基于加弯叶型、风机转速为8 000 r/min的风机模型,两者的叶型升力系数分别为0.72和1.02。通过数值模拟和试验对两风机的流场与性能进行研究。结果表明:在设计工况附近,原始叶型风机与加弯叶型风机的性能基本相近,全压误差约为6%。在半转速运行条件下,加弯叶型风机模型的气动噪声比原始叶型风机降低了1.4 d B,而气动性能基本不变。     

湿压缩对压缩系统失速后瞬态响应的影响分析

建立了湿压缩系统的Moore-Greitzer模型，该模型可以用来分析湿压缩对压缩系统失速后瞬态响应的影响，模型仿真结果定性的描述了湿压缩对压缩系统不稳定工作特性的影响，结果显示：在一定条件下，湿压缩可以消除喘振和旋转失速，提高系统的运行稳定性，增强压气机、压缩系统和燃气轮机的性能。     

单级离心压气机气动性能预测与优化设计

为了提升低转速工况下压气机的气动性能,采用人工神经网络与遗传算法相结合的优化方法对某单级离心压气机离心叶轮的弯特性进行优化计算。利用NUMECA软件对该离心压气机进行了不同转速的数值模拟,得到压气机不同工况下的气动性能。通过设置不同控制参数和曲线形式对离心叶轮叶片进行参数化拟合,以8个改变叶片弯特性的参数为自由参数进行了叶型优化设计,最终得到了优化后的叶轮叶片。结果表明:优化后在低转速的设计工况下离心压气机压比增加了4.69%,稳定裕度拓宽了17.41%。     

某燃气轮机低压压气机加级设计方法研究

以某燃气轮机低压8级压气机为母型,开展加零级改进设计。通过对母型机进行分析,合理地选取匹配点,对压气机零级进行了一维、二维气动设计,最后对零级压气机叶片进行三维造型。数值结果表明:新设计压气机在设计转速7 450 r/min下,流量为123 kg/s,总压比为6.125,等熵效率为88.3%,喘振裕度为32.8%,达到了设计指标;新设计零级与母型机流场匹配较好;通过对压气机变工况性能进行分析,各主要运行工况喘振裕度满足10%设计要求。     

计及前缘形状变化的离心式压气机流场分析

通过两种转速(120 000r/min和140 000r/min)下压气机性能试验与仿真结果对比分析得知其总体误差范围在5%左右,验证了ANSYS CFX软件在压气机性能模拟计算的可靠性;采用数值计算方法分别对具有圆形和椭圆形前缘的压气机叶轮与涡壳的组合性能进行计算,得到了相关转速下压气机特性曲线,分析了四种不同长短径之比(a/b=1、3、5、8)前缘的叶轮流道内的气体流动特性。研究结果表明:压气机特性随着前缘长短径比值的增大呈先增后减的趋势,最高压比LE5比LE1提高了5%,最大效率LE3比LE1提高了6.7%,且流量范围也有所增加;在一定范围内增大前缘长短径比可以抑制前缘分离流动,改善叶轮出口处流场。     

一种改善增压天然气发动机动力性的方法及试验验证

分析对比了各种增压方法的优势和劣势,提出向压气机后补气,即利用废气涡轮辅助增压系统(EAS系统)改善动力性的方法,并进行台架和整车试验验证。通过分析不同补气压力对发动机性能的影响,得到影响动力性的主要参数是进气压力;补气后喘振趋势增加,合理控制补气速率可以避免喘振。研究结果表明:此方法使发动机低速最大转矩提升率达50%,最大转矩转速向低速移动至900r/min(原机1 200r/min);补气后整车的起步、加速、爬坡性能也得到显著改善。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093