生物滞留池水文效应的模拟试验研究

为研究生物滞留池滞留雨水径流和缓解城市渍涝的能力,通过模拟试验监测了生物滞留单元的入流和出流过程,研究其对雨水径流总量的削减率、洪峰削减率和洪峰出现时间延迟等的水文效应。结果表明,生物滞留池对径流总量的削减率在12.83%～48.12%之间,对洪峰的削减率平均为70.85%,延迟洪峰出现时间约26.6min,对小流量的洪峰延迟时间最长(达31.7min)。     

雨洪滞留池与蓄水池模式下的雨洪过程研究

为研究雨洪滞留池和蓄水池对雨洪过程的不同影响,介绍了雨洪滞留池和蓄水池的特点及设计方法,构建了基于SWMM的雨洪模拟模型,并以济南市某小区为例,采用SWMM模型分别对雨洪滞留池和蓄水池模式下的城市雨洪过程进行了动态模拟。结果表明,雨洪滞留池和蓄水池对雨洪的控制作用及效果各有侧重,雨洪滞留池侧重于洪水调节,可通过不同高度的排水孔实时调节自身调蓄容积,对洪水的调节具有持续性,但并不能减小区域内的总径流量。而蓄水池利用自身容积对雨洪进行调节,其调节能力随自身储水量的增大而逐渐减小,当蓄水池水位较高时丧失洪水调节能力,相比雨洪滞留池其侧重于洪水利用。在实际应用中,应根据不同雨洪控制利用目标,结合区域水文特征、下游最大允许流量及工程经济等选择适宜的雨洪控制与利用模式。     

尼尔基水库运行对嫩江水文情势的影响

水库运行是导致河流水文情势改变及其生态响应的主要驱动因素,是当前生态水文学研究的热点。基于水文变化指标/变化范围法(IHA/RVA),定量评估了尼尔基水库运行下32个水文指标,基于HYDROTEL水文模型的无水库情景下的径流模拟结果,对比分析了建库后实测径流和模拟径流,揭示了尼尔基水库运行在极端水文事件下对径流影响的贡献量。结果表明,在尼尔基水库调蓄作用下,其下游嫩江水文情势的整体水文改变度达到66%;尼尔基水库在极端枯水年和极端丰水年的背景下对嫩江径流影响的贡献率分别为68.82%、32.18%,水库运行对极端枯水年水文情势的影响强于对极端丰水年水文情势的影响。研究成果可为尼尔基水库运行调度及其下游嫩江生态保护提供依据。     

生物滞留槽土壤渗透与恢复过程模拟研究

以蒸发蒸腾和重力流作为土壤渗透恢复机制,建立了生物滞留槽土壤渗透与恢复过程模拟模型.以深圳市茜坑水库管理处地下式生物滞留槽为例进行全年土壤水份过程模拟,评估了生物滞留槽对地表径流的削减效果.     

子流域划分对HSPF模型径流模拟效果的影响

在水文水质模拟过程中,子流域划分数量直接影响模拟结果的精确度,确定最佳子流域划分方案对提高模拟精确度至关重要。基于PEST-HSPF模型,以中河流域为例,在相同参数及不同参数条件下,采用PEST自动校准方法,判断子流域划分数量对流量模拟精确度的影响。结果表明,在相同水文参数下,子流域划分数量变化时,模拟流量的纳什系数(NSE)和可决系数(R2)在0.65~0.78之间波动,其中子流域划分数量在10~20之间对模拟结果的精确度影响最大;在不同水文参数下,径流模拟结果的NSE与R2随子流域划分数量的增加先增大后减小,相对误差(RE)在子流域划分数量介于1~10之间时急剧下降后趋于稳定;子流域划分对HSPF水文模拟效果影响显著,表现出阈值效应,当划分数量超出阈值范围时,径流模拟精度均会受到很大影响。     

未来气候变化对赣江上游区极端径流影响预估

受气候变化影响,近年来赣江上游区洪旱灾害频发,但缺少综合评估未来气候变化情景下赣江上游区极端径流演变特性。采用IPSL-CM5A-MR气候模式模拟的RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5、RCP 8.5排放情景下的气候数据经统计降尺度,驱动栅格型新安江水文模型,预估未来气候变化情景下赣江上游区极端径流的演变趋势。结果表明,栅格型新安江水文模型能合理地模拟赣江上游峡山站的历史日流量过程和极端径流;3种排放情景下极端高流量较基准年呈显著的增大趋势,RCP 2.6情景最为明显;3种排放情景下极端低流量较基准年明显减小,RCP 4.5情景极端低流量减幅最大。结果可为适应气候变化的水资源管理提供依据。     

SWAT模型在大尺度流域的应用探索

为检验SWAT模型在大尺度流域径流模拟的应用效果，构建了巴西巴拉那河上游流域分布式水文模型并分析了模型的敏感性参数，利用17个流量站进行模型参数率定和验证。结果表明，土壤蒸发补偿系数和SCS径流曲线数是影响模拟的最敏感参数；对于实测站点密度较大的子流域，模型可以较好地模拟流域径流变化，17个流量站中有11个站的R²值大于0.5;受降水数据不足和土地利用变化等因素的影响，模型验证期表现不如率定期。可见SWAT模型可以作为大尺度流域的径流模拟工具，但模拟精度很大程度上取决于降水数据质量。     

城市既有小区雨洪模拟及LID组合方案综合效益分析

为研究既有小区海绵化城市改造方案，以武汉市洪山区某既有小区为例，建立SWMM雨洪径流模型，根据场地条件、空间需求及下垫面特征的可行性分析确定不同LID组合方案，模拟了研究区域不同重现期下各组合方案径流控制和污染负荷情况，从生态、社会、经济三方面对各组合方案的模拟结果进行综合效益分析。结果表明，生物滞留设施的生态效益和社会效益较高；布设渗渠、植草沟和生物滞留设施的LID组合措施，对研究区域的径流控制、洪峰和污染物削减效果最好，社会效益和经济效益良好，为较优方案。     

基于低影响开发内涝改造及经济性评估

受气候变化和城市化的影响,城市内涝频发,在传统管网应对城市内涝问题出现瓶颈的背景下,低影响开发理念应运而生。基于城市暴雨管理模型(SWMM)及其低影响开发(LID)控制模块,结合地理信息系统(GIS)对排水系统和低影响开发措施进行模拟和评估。采用生物滞留网格、雨水花园、透水铺装和植草沟四种LID措施,依据5、10年设计标准分别对H市A区排水系统进行改造,引入费用效率法分析其工程性与经济性。结果表明,在研究区内布设透水铺装设施对减少内涝影响最为经济,其次为植草沟、生物滞留网格和雨水花园。研究成果可为LID措施的比选和建设提供参考。     

渤海湾滨海平原河网地区降雨径流模拟

渤海湾滨海平原河网地区河道纵横交错,流态多样,降雨径流过程复杂。为准确模拟其降雨径流过程,在水文特征数据矢量化的基础上,将以二维非恒定浅水运动方程为控制方程的二维水动力模型与以河道汇流关系及水文方法为基础的一维河道拟序汇流模型相耦合,建立了适用于平原河网地区的降雨径流模型。经实测数据验证,模型可靠。研究表明,该模型可模拟计算渤海湾滨海平原2015年各时刻各处产流量、水位、流速及其变化过程;计算得出各河道的入水、出水水量及主要河流的入海水量,实现了对平原河网地区的降雨径流模拟。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093