风力发电中的变速恒频技术

风力发电时希望风能利用系数能处于或接近最佳值,使用变速恒频技术能做到这一点。本文介绍风力发电系统中常用的几种变速恒频技术及一种新型的变速恒频发电系统,并对各变速恒频发电系统的特点作了简要分析。     

适于直驱型风力发电系统的大功率变流器

直驱型变速恒频风力发电系统采用低速永磁同步发电机结构,无需齿轮箱,机械损耗小,运行效率高,维护成本低.该系统须采用的大功率变流器单元可以有不同的拓扑结构,根据每种电路拓扑的特点,整个系统的控制方法都会相应地发生变化.文章对直驱型变速恒频风力发电系统基本拓扑结构进行了对比分析,着重分析了常见的中高压变频器主电路拓扑,并对大功率变流器在风力发电系统应用中的可行性进行了相关分析与探讨.     

变速恒频风力发电系统及其控制技术研究

为了最大限度地利用风能,风力发电系统应采用变速恒频控制策略。分析了鼠笼异步发电系统、双馈发电系统、无刷双馈发电等变速恒频风力发电系统的原理、性能及特点,通过对比各种风力发电机和各种控制方法的优缺点,对未来风力发电机和风力发电控制技术的发展趋势做了展望: 风力发电机大型化;采用变桨距和变速恒频技术;风力发电机采用直接驱动;采用智能化控制等。     

双馈电机变速恒频风力发电系统研究

结合双馈发电机特性,分析了双馈电机变速恒频风力发电系统的工作原理。重点介绍了变速恒频运行方式下双PWM变换器的原理和定子磁场矢量控制系统的设计,并提出了以ARM作为核心控制器的控制系统结构,对系统矢量控制部分进行了仿真实验。     

变速恒频直驱型风电系统变流器拓扑结构研究

直接驱动型变速恒频风力发电是一种新型的发电技术,它具有无齿轮箱、机械磨损小、整机效率高、运行维护成本低等优点,在风力发电领域中有着很好的应用前景。该系统需要采用全功率变流器,对应的大功率变流器单元可以有不同的拓扑结构,根据每种电路拓扑的特点,整个系统的控制方法都会相应地发生变化。载波相移正弦脉宽调制技术（CarrierPhaseShiftedSinuousPulseWidthModulation,CPS-SPWM）可以在较低的开关频率下有效地抑制和消除低次谐波,并具有相当大的传输带宽,是一种适于大功率电力电子装置的较佳的开关调制策略。文章首先对直驱型变速恒频风力发电系统基本拓扑结构进行了对比分析,着重介绍了用CPS—SPWM调制方法控制的五电平级联变流器,及其在直驱型风力发电中的应用。直接驱动型风力发电系统几种大功率变流器拓扑结构对比分析,比较了各种拓扑结构的优缺点、技术难点,以及实际应用中存在的问题,并对大功率变流器在风力发电系统应用中的可行性进行了相关分析与探讨．为直驱风力发电系统拓扑结构的选型提供了参考基础。     

基于PID控制的变速恒频风力发电机组液压变桨距控制系统研究

文章分析了变桨距控制原理,对变速恒频风力发电机组各部分数学模型进行了分析与研究,在此基础上,建立了变速恒频风力发电机组PID液压变桨控制系统仿真模型,在matlab/simulink环境下对未加PID控制器与加PID控制器两种情况下的系统进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,PID控制器能改善风力机桨距控制效果,更好地捕获风能,稳定风力机功率输出。     

兆瓦级变速恒频风电机组变速控制策略的研究

针对变速恒频风电机组的变速控制策略进行了研究,并以兆瓦级变速恒频风电机组为模型,对几种变速控制策略进行了仿真.在对仿真结果进行了讨论分析的基础上,结合大型变速恒频风电机组的整机特点和控制方法的可行性,该文采用了功率闭环的变速控制策略;最后在自主研发的1.5MW变速恒频风电机组控制系统及变流器样机上对变速运行的功率控制策略进行了大量实验和长期的现场试运行,验证了所提出的变速控制策略的可行性与实用性.     

转子电流混合控制的并网型绕线式异步风力发电机系统

在分析绕线式异步风力发电机系统转子变流器组成特点的基础上,提出一种新型转子电流混合控制的电路拓扑结构及其控制策略。分析了其中双馈运行和斩波调阻运行两种控制方式之间的切换过程和实现连续过渡的控制规律,并对该风力发电系统进行了动态仿真研究。结果表明,该控制方法兼备双馈控制法和斩波调阻法的一些优点,显著降低了转子变流器的硬件成本,实现了两种控制方式之间的连续过渡,可以满足变速恒频风力发电机系统的要求。     

变速恒频无刷双馈风力发电机的建模与仿真

建立了包括风速、风力机和风力机机械控制部分、变速恒频无刷双馈风力发电机的整体动态数学模型：应用MATLAB软件中的SIMULINK环境,以建立的数学模型为基础搭建了变速恒频无刷双馈风电机组仿真模型。以渐进风和随机风为例．对仿真模型进行分析。仿真结果表明了变速恒频尤刷双馈风力发电机良好的运行特性及模型的正确性,并为无刷双馈电机在风力发电系统的进一步应用研究提供了可靠的理论依据。     

基于Saber的风力发电系统建模及仿真分析

采用专业软件Saber,结合MAST语言的编写,搭建了直驱式变速恒频风力发电系统的主电路模型和控制电路模型,并对该模型进行了仿真分析,分析结果说明了直驱式变速恒频风力发电系统的良好运行特性.另外,建模中根据仿真时间及仿真速度的要求,基于开关周期远小于仿真时间以及输出滤波器设计较好的假设,可在一定条件下忽略电力电子系统中开关作用的影响,建立该系统的平均模型,给出数值仿真结果,其仿真结果之间的比较验证了平均模型的可行性及有效性.     

DFIG sliding mode control fed by back-to-back PWM converter with DC-link voltage control for variable speed wind turbine

This paper proposes an indirect power control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with the rotor connected to the electric grid through a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter for variable speed wind power generation. Appropriate state space model of the DFIG is deduced. An original control strategy based on a variable structure control theory, also called sliding mode control, is applied to achieve the control of the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the DFIG and the grid. A proportional-integral-(PI) controller is used to keep the DC-link voltage constant for a back-to-back PWM converter. Simulations are conducted for validation of the digital controller operation using Matlab/Simulink software.     

直驱型风力发电变流器低压穿越控制策略研究

研究了直驱型风力发电变流器系统低压穿越控制策略。首先提出了一种对三相电量进行快速准确的正负序分离软件锁相环。在此基础上,为消除直流电压的二次谐波,采用正、负序双电流内环控制不对称运行控制策略。正负序分离软件锁相环采用了正负序级联延时信号消除法,能够实现对三相电压电流基波正负序分量在同步旋转坐标下的快速提取,并且通过选择不同的参数,可以滤除任何次数谐波的干扰。该方法无需采用滤波器,从而同时具备了稳态精确性和动态快速性。现场实验结果表明,该软件锁相环为三相并网型风力发电变流器在电网发生跌落及谐波畸变时提供了良好运行控制提供保障,正负序双电流内环不对称运行的控制策略保证了在电网电压不对称跌落时的正负序分离控制,消除了直流电压的二次谐波。     

Power decoupling control of DFIG rotor-side PWM converter based on auto-disturbance rejection control

In this paper, double PWM converter AC excitation system of the variable speed constant frequency doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind power generation is taken as the research object. At present, most vector control systems of rotor-side PWM converter adopt feedforward compensation to realize the purpose of power decoupling control. The decoupling effect is greatly affected by the power changes. A power decoupling control strategy based on auto-disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. The decoupling control between active power and reactive power is realized by observing the coupling term and the total disturbance of the d-axis and q-axis components of the stator current and the stator voltage with the extended state observer and compensating. Simulation analysis and experimental test show that, on the basis of vector transformation, the rotor-side PWM converter power decoupling control based on ADRC has a small overshoot and fast dynamic response when tracking the change of wind turbine input power, which can achieve the decoupling control between active power and reactive power well. The system has strong robustness and adaptability.     

Comprehensive control strategy for a variable speed cage machine wind generation unit

A comprehensive control strategy, that addresses all three control objectives in a wind generation system, i.e. control of the local bus voltage to avoid voltage rise, capture of the maximum power in the wind and minimization of the power loss in the induction generator is proposed. The control signals are the desired current wave shapes (instantaneous three-phase currents) of the rectifier and the inverter in a double-sided PWM converter system connected between the wind generating unit and the grid. Studies performed on a complete model for a variable speed cage machine wind generation unit, including wind profile, wind turbine, induction generator, PWM converter, local load and transmission line, show that even as the wind speed changes randomly, the proposed control strategy leads the system to the optimum operating conditions.     

非正弦输入电压下三相四线PWM整流器控制策略研究

在dq0坐标系下建立了三相四线PWM整流器的状态空间平均模型,分析了非正弦输入电压对PWM整流器输入电流控制的影响,指出k次输入电压谐波将在输入电流中产生k次相应谐波。为抑制非正弦输入电压的影响,提出了基于SRF的dq0轴控制策略,实验结果表明,分析及采用的控制策略正确、有效。     

基于DSP实现风力发电机组并网运行

提出了一种风力发电机组并网运行系统;研究了基于数字信号处理器-DSP(TMS320F240)控制的发电机转速驱动控制系统;详细介绍了该系统的DSP控制器的硬件电路设计,实现了对发电机转轴的速度检测和滑差离合器励磁线圈的电流检测;最后给出了该系统的软件设计方案及控制策略,完成对整个系统的控制,使发电机转速稳定,且输出稳定的频率和电压.     

Control of permanent-magnet generators applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid

Wind energy is a prominent area of application of variable-speed generators operating on the constant grid frequency. This paper describes the operation and control of one of these variable-speed wind generators: the direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). This generator is connected to the power network by means of a fully controlled frequency converter, which consists of a pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifier, an intermediate dc circuit, and a PWM inverter. The generator is controlled to obtain maximum power from the incident wind with maximum efficiency under different load conditions. Vector control of the grid-side inverter allows power factor regulation of the windmill. This paper shows the dynamic performance of the complete system. Different experimental tests in a 3-kW prototype have been carried out to verify the benefits of the proposed system.     

A novel stand-alone dual stator-winding induction generator with static excitation regulation

On the basis of the new idea of electric power integration, a novel stand-alone dual stator-winding induction generator (DWIG) system is built. In this generator, there are two sets of windings to be embedded in the stator slots. One, referred to as the 12-phase power winding, supplies power to the dc load via a 12-phase bridge rectifier, and the other, called the 3-phase excitation winding, is connected to a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage source static excitation regulator (SER). A solid iron squirrel cage rotor is suitable for high speed generation. Experiments and simulations show the ac capacitors can reduce the inductance of rectifier loads and help to reduce the capacitance of the SER. A simple control methodology based on stator voltage orientation (SVO) is presented to regulate the output voltage of the 12-phase bridge rectifier in this paper. Moreover, the electric energy quality and the relative influence factors are studied by detailed experiments and analyses. The proposed system is especially suitable for self contained electrical systems, such as those found on electric vehicles, ships, and aircraft, where high performance and compact size are essential.     

An artificial neural network‐based condition monitoring method for wind turbines,with application to the monitoring of the gearbox

Major failures in wind turbines are expensive to repair and cause loss of revenue due to long downtime. Condition‐based maintenance, which provides a possibility to reduce maintenance cost, has been made possible because of the successful application of various condition monitoring systems in wind turbines. New methods to improve the condition monitoring system are continuously being developed. Monitoring based on data stored in the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system in wind turbines has received attention recently. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proved to be a powerful tool for SCADA‐based condition monitoring applications. This paper first gives an overview of the most important publications that discuss the application of ANN for condition monitoring in wind turbines. The knowledge from these publications is utilized and developed further with a focus on two areas: the data preprocessing and the data post‐processing. Methods for filtering of data are presented, which ensure that the ANN models are trained on the data representing the true normal operating conditions of the wind turbine. A method to overcome the errors from the ANN models due to discontinuity in SCADA data is presented. Furthermore, a method utilizing the Mahalanobis distance is presented, which improves the anomaly detection by considering the correlation between ANN model errors and the operating condition. Finally, the proposed method is applied to case studies with failures in wind turbine gearboxes. The results of the application illustrate the advantages and limitations of the proposed method. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydro-thermal-wind scheduling employing novel ant lion optimization technique with composite ranking index

A solution to the combined hydro-thermal-wind scheduling problem of multi reservoir cascaded hydro plants is presented employing a novel ant lion optimization (ALO) algorithm. Five objectives, cost, various emissions and power loss, are simultaneously optimized. The optimal schedules of thermal, hydro and wind power (WP) units are determined for continuously varying load subject to a large number of practical operational constraints. The effect of reserve and penalty coefficients and WP uncertainty is also investigated for the multi-objective (MO) problem. The newly proposed ALO algorithm has unique features like random walk, roulette wheel, and boundary shrinking. These operations provide a judicious balance between exploration and exploitation, and create a powerful optimization technique for complex real-world problems.Finding the best compromise solution (BCS) is a tedious task when multiple objectives are involved. A composite ranking index (CRI) is proposed as a performance metrics for MO problems. The CRI helps the decision maker in ranking the large number of Pareto-optimal solutions. The developed model is tested on three standard systems, having a mix of hydro, thermal and wind generators. The performance is found to be superior to published results and comparable with established algorithms like artificial bee colony (ABC) and differential evolution (DE).