电磁搅拌对板坯表层大型夹杂物分布的影响

采用非水溶液电解法对汽车面板钢连铸坯距内弧面0~60 mm表层大于50μm非金属夹杂物的分布进行实验研究,给出了汽车面板钢连铸坯中大型夹杂物的三维形貌照片,定量化研究了大型夹杂物在连铸坯表层宽度、厚度方向上的质量及体积数量密度分布规律。并通过实验研究手段研究了结晶器电磁搅拌对大型夹杂物在连铸坯表层的分布规律进行了研究,弄清了电磁搅拌对大型夹杂物分布的影响机理。     

Ca处理对55SiMnMo夹杂物行为变化的研究

研究了Consteel电弧炉-LF-VD-连铸工艺生产55SiMnMo时钙处理对钢中夹杂物行为变化的影响,对显微夹杂物、夹杂物成分变化及大型夹杂物进行分析。结果表明,喂钙线后2 min时钙处理并未反应完全,VD结束后夹杂物钙处理变性效果明显且钙主要与夹杂物表面反应。对Mg-Al-Ca类夹杂物成分分析得出,钙线的加入使钢中夹杂物Ca含量明显增加,(Al2O3)由VD入位80%～90%降低至中间包中的40%～60%,(Mg)最终降低至10%以下。钙处理对大型夹杂物影响较小。     

稀土处理对含铝中锰钢中夹杂物的调控机理

铝脱氧中锰钢精炼过程中易形成尖晶石类夹杂物,这类硬质夹杂物会恶化中锰钢的疲劳性能,易导致钢材功能失效引发事故。采用稀土Ce处理对中锰钢中尖晶石类硬质夹杂物进行改质处理。为了阐明夹杂物的改质机理,开展了高温模拟实验。实验结果表明,Ce处理后,尖晶石夹杂物转变为稀土夹杂物,且随着TO含量的降低,稀土夹杂物类型为CeAlO₃→CeAlO₃+Ce₂O₂S→Ce₂O₂S。铈对尖晶石夹杂物的变质机理为：铈添加到钢中后,尖晶石夹杂物中镁和铝不断被铈替代(含锰尖晶石夹杂物中锰优先被置换),尖晶石结构遭到破坏,从而形成CeAlO₃。当钢中氧含量低,相对硫含量较高时,钢中硫将参与置换反应,置换出夹杂物中的氧,因此尖晶石夹杂物和CeAlO₃夹杂物最终转变为Ce₂O₂S。最后通过热力学模型计算得出,将钢中尖晶石夹杂物完全改质为稀土夹杂物的最低铈含量与钢中氧含量呈线性关系,当钢中铈质量分数为氧质...     

50CrVA弹簧钢夹杂物特性研究

采用全流程多级取样的方法,对国内某钢厂BOF-LF-CC工艺生产的50CrVA弹簧钢中夹杂物特性的演变规律进行系统分析和研究。实验结果表明:随着精炼和连铸过程的进行,钢中的夹杂物种类逐渐由SiO2-Al2O3-MnO-TiO2夹杂物转变为CaO-Al2O3-MgO和CaO-A l2O3-SiO2夹杂物。最终铸坯夹杂物中的Al2O3组元含量约为70%～75%,而Ca O含量仅为5%～10%。夹杂物熔点较高,改性不充分。建议在生产中,强化钙处理或提高炉渣碱度来实现夹杂物的低熔点化,降低其危害。     

稀土耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出的热力学分析

基于FactSage热力学软件的最小吉布斯自由能原理,系统研究了不同铈含量及钢液洁净度条件下耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物的析出行为。结果表明：耐热钢中添加铈后,高熔点的Ce2O2S、 Ce2O3等夹杂取代了SiO2与MnS夹杂;在一定洁净度条件下, SiO2与MnS无法析出的铈含量分别为0.02%与0.03%;随着氧含量的增加,耐热钢中的夹杂物类型由Ce2O2S、 CeN、 CeS向SiO2、 Ce2O3转变,当氧含量大于0.006%时,钢中开始析出SiO2夹杂;随着硫含量的增加,耐热钢中的夹杂物类型由Ce2O2S、 CeN、 CeS、 Ce2O3向Ce2O2S、 MnS、 Ce2S3转变,当硫含量大于0.005%时, MnS夹杂开始析出。     

板坯连铸机内钢液流动和夹杂物行为

采用数值模拟方法研究了板坯连铸机内钢液流动和夹杂物传输行为。数值结果表明，由于夹杂物的上浮速度远小于钢液流速，因此钢水的流动直接影响着结晶器内夹杂物分布。夹杂物具有与钢液流场相似的上下两个回流区的结构；在液面处，大粒径夹杂物的浓度较大；在窄面处，小粒径夹杂物的浓度较大。     

电解提取风电齿轮钢夹杂物研究

采用小样电解法对风电齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6中的夹杂物进行了系统的分析检测,通过对齿轮钢中夹杂物的电解、提取、分离,较为完整地将钢中的夹杂物电解并收集,借助SEM-EDS对所收集的夹杂物进行了定性分析。结果表明:通过小样电解法可以较为完整地得到风电齿轮钢18CrNiMo7-6中夹杂物的三维形貌;Al2O3、Al2O3-SiO2类夹杂物多呈不规则多边形状,平均尺寸分别为29.7μm、15.81μm,A l2O3-MgO-CaO-SiO2复合类夹杂物通常为包裹形态的球状,平均尺寸为13.1μm,Ca O类夹杂物通常呈块状,平均尺寸为11.7μm,MnS类夹杂物形貌多呈长条状或纺锤状,平均尺寸为18.8μm,Ca S类夹杂物通常呈规则长条状,平均尺寸为9.2μm;与传统金相法相比,小样电解法在观察钢中夹杂物真实的三维形貌和尺寸时是更为行之有效的方法。     

60Si_2Mn-Cr弹簧钢中夹杂物演变行为分析

针对某钢厂60Si_2Mn-Cr弹簧钢的生产工艺,取不同工位处的钢样,研究夹杂物的转变效果。实验表明:微铝工艺生产钢中的夹杂物逐渐转变为Al_2O_3-SiO_2-CaO-MgO复合氧化物夹杂,形状逐渐趋于球状夹杂物尺寸逐渐减小,最终铸坯中夹杂物的平均尺寸为4.6μm。通过热力学计算,得到了不同工位下夹杂物的SiO_2+CaO-MgO-MnO+Al_2O_3相图,在中间包和铸坯中的夹杂物大多数处于1500-1 600℃温度下的液相区,减小高硬度夹杂物的危害,提高了弹簧钢的质量。     

方坯连铸机内不同形貌夹杂物的去除行为

采用数值模拟方法研究小方坯连铸结晶器的三维流场和夹杂物运动轨迹,探讨了粒子形状对夹杂物去除率的影响.结果表明:相同形状夹杂物,随着粒径的增大,夹杂物的去除率随之增大;相同粒径的夹杂物,形状因子越小的夹杂物的去除率越高;对于5 μm以下尺寸的夹杂物,夹杂物的形状和尺寸对夹杂物运动行为的影响可以忽略.     

高氮钢电渣重熔夹杂物控制研究

对高氮钢电渣重熔前后夹杂物进行对比研究,分析不同渣系和自耗电极氧含量对重熔后夹杂物的影响。研究发现,不同渣系对电渣钢的洁净度影响很大,适当提高w(Ca O)/w(Al2O3)可有效降低电渣锭中的夹杂物和全氧量。对高氮钢电渣重熔的脱硫进行研究,分析了不同渣系和熔炼速率对高氮钢脱硫率的影响,实验结果表明:电渣重熔后,硫化物夹杂的平均直径和单位面积数量大大减少,夹杂物的主要类型为Mn S+Al2O3复合型夹杂物,同时适度提高渣中Ca O含量实现提高硫分配比是提高脱硫效率的有效手段。脱硫动力学推导中发现重熔速率越低,脱硫效果越明显,但实验发现脱硫率随重熔速率的降低呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其原因在于渣池中发生硫化物富集,导致"回硫"现象发生。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.