旋流片开槽深度对低热值煤层气燃烧特性的影响

为提高低热值煤层气的燃烧效率,设计了3种由不同开槽深度的旋流片组合成的低热值煤层气燃烧器,并进行燃烧特性实验研究,分析了不同流量下,开槽深度对燃烧室内速度、温度及火焰结构特性的影响。研究表明,火焰温度在燃烧器轴线方向分布与流速分布相似,均存在一个温度和速度峰值。相同轴向距离处,甲烷流量减小,3种旋流片的火焰中心流速和温度峰值逐渐下降,且中心流速峰值、温度峰值位置逐渐前移,但温度峰值位置始终是大于速度峰值位置。开槽深度对燃烧特性的影响主要是由于燃气通流截面改变引起的入口流速和射流直径变化导致的。采用3 mm开槽深度的旋流片时,火焰长度和直径增加最快,燃烧室内轴向速度分布和温度场最为理想,射流刚性和火焰充满度最好。     

旋流对同轴富氧扩散燃烧NOx排放的影响

对30%～40%的氧浓度下甲烷富氧空气同轴扩散燃烧的火焰形态、可见火焰高度、燃烧特性以及NOx排放进行了实验测量,研究了旋流数对NOx排放控制的影响.结果显示,随着旋流数的增加,火焰高度略有升高,火焰发光由白色逐渐变为橙黄色;最高火焰温度逐渐降低,温度分布也变得平坦;NOx排放指数随旋流数的增加而降低,氧浓度越高,其下降幅度越大.保持其他条件不变,增加氧化剂流速可以增强旋流对燃烧特性及NOx排放的影响.     

入流条件对同轴射流旋流燃烧室内湍流流动模拟的影响

应用一种新的代数Reynolds应力模型对同轴射流旋流燃烧室内两股射流为同向旋转和反向旋转条件下的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟。为得到合理的流场分布结果，研究了入流条件对同轴射流旋流燃烧室内湍流流动模拟结果的影响。计算中对旋流燃烧室进口处两股旋转射流的轴向与切向速度采用了均匀分布和实验测量分布两种方式来给定。将两种进口速度分布条件下得到的燃烧室内气体轴向与切向速度分布计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。     

一种热气机用盘式旋流气体燃烧器的试验研究

为满足小型热气机常温常压条件下燃烧的需要,在数值模拟的基础上设计了一种盘式旋流气体燃烧器,并试验研究了不同开孔方式、负荷条件和过量空气系数下燃烧室内的温度分布和火焰形状,结果表明:燃气孔为内孔,空气旋转流动,同时燃烧器外径减小到原来的2/5左右的情况下,燃气-空气混合均匀,燃烧稳定,火焰透明、脱壁且不直接灼烧加热器头部,高温区分布合适,满足热气机燃烧要求。     

轴向射流对旋流管状火焰传热影响的实验研究

为了探究轴向气体流动特征对旋流管状火焰传热性能的影响,在实验中引入轴向喷出的N₂作为稀释剂。研究了不同的轴向流量、喷嘴孔径及喷孔数量下的火焰结构及传热规律,重点分析了不同流动条件下管状燃烧室内火焰径向传热的温度分布特征。分析结果表明：旋流管状火焰能将一定量的气体工质快速升温至1 000℃以上;随着轴向稀释气体流量的增加,火焰根部被吹离切向入口,火焰锋面向燃烧室下游移动,导致火焰根部温度显著降低,而且最高温度区域也向下游移动,最高温度值也有所降低;随着喷嘴孔径的增大,火焰锋面位置无明显变化,而火焰根部向喷嘴侧移动,且相同轴向位置的径向温度更高,即喷嘴孔径的增加有助于对轴向气流的快速加热;在当前实验条件下由于受到空间限制,喷孔数量的变化对火焰位置与温度分布无明显影响。     

合成气低旋流燃烧器设计与流动结构的分析

设计了一个合成气低旋流燃烧器,采用PIV技术对不同负荷下的冷态流场进行了测量,并比较分析了不同中心射流流速对旋流流场的影响.结果表明:流场中出现中心回流区时的旋流数与中心流速无关,高旋流与低旋流的分界点为S＝0.7;流场中的轴向速度、径向速度和湍动能均关于燃烧器中心轴线对称;中心轴线上无量纲轴向速度的分布与中心射流流速(负荷)无关,燃烧器出口下游形成一个发散低速区,有利于稳定充分燃烧;随中心射流速度的增大,径向速度成正比增大,湍动能明显增加.     

燃料中心进入的旋流燃烧数值模拟

采用统一二阶矩(USM)旋流燃烧模型对旋流数为0.5的美国Sandia国家实验室甲烷-空气旋流火焰进行了数值模拟.预报的轴向、切向时均速度、脉动速度均方根值、温度以及CO2和H2O浓度分布都和实验值吻合,验证了统一二阶矩模型的可靠性.从测量值和预报值可以看出,火焰几乎就位于回流区内,燃烧过程进行得很快,回流区的存在强化了燃烧.     

醇基燃料燃烧器结构对火焰结构的影响研究

运用不同结构的旋流燃烧器对醇基燃料进行燃烧实验研究。实验测量燃烧的火焰温度,从而得到不同型号燃烧器相对应的温度场,并对比分析相对应的温度场的变化规律。实验表明:不同型号的燃烧器火焰中心温度随着高度增加温度降低;受燃烧器结构的影响,不同燃烧器燃烧温度场的均匀性不同,与燃烧器内腔深度、配风方式相关,内腔过深会降低燃烧温度场的均匀性,风孔分布不均匀会降低燃烧温度场的均匀性。     

空气旋流强度对气泡雾化喷雾流场及火焰的影响

对不同空气旋流强度下气泡雾化喷嘴出口下游喷雾流场特性及燃烧特行进行了诊断与分析.随着空气旋流强度的增加,喷雾锥角明显增大,颗粒的轴向平均速度有所降低,而速度分布趋势则由单峰分布逐渐转变为双峰分布.同时,径向和切向的平均速度都有所提高,速度脉动加强,气、液两相之间的混合趋于强烈.空气旋流强度对油雾的燃烧过程影响显著,随着旋流数S的增大,油雾火焰的湍乱程度加强,火焰长度缩短,火焰表面皱褶和旋涡的尺度有所减小.空气旋流强度过小或过大,都将导致燃烧状况恶化;在S=1.2时,燃烧产物中的cxHy、CO和NO 的体积含量均达到较低的水平.     

当量比对甲烷预混低旋流燃烧的影响

通过实验和数值模拟的方法研究了甲烷/空气预混低旋流燃烧的流场结构及当量比对甲烷低旋流燃烧的影响.结果表明,甲烷/空气预混低旋流气流在喷嘴出口处扩张,形成有利于燃烧稳定的低速区;预混火焰"悬浮"于喷嘴上方,在剪切区的内侧,火焰呈W型;富燃时,随着当量比的增加,火焰的推举高度略有增加;甲烷/空气预混低旋流流场具有自相似性,无量纲轴向速度的径向分布几乎不受当量比的影响.同时,燃烧室出口的温度随着当量比的增加而增加,并且在当量比为0.8~1.4时变化较为明显,当量比超过1.4后,增加趋势变缓.     

Optimization of the flame characteristics of H2–O2 coaxial injection applied to hydrogen-fueled argon cycle engines

The argon power cycle is one of the most promising technologies for high efficiency and low emission hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines. The application of coaxial injection technology in the hydrogen-fueled argon engine can improve the mixing process and the combustion performance of the H₂/O₂ mixture. In this study, an innovative H₂–O₂ coaxial injection combustion system was designed to investigate the jet flame characteristics of oxygen coaxially wrapped by hydrogen in a controllable argon thermal atmosphere. The findings of this study could provide a new perspective for designing hydrogen-fueled argon engines in the future. The influences of co-flow temperature, jet injection pressure, and excess oxygen coefficient were all determined. Observations of the flame showed a bright blue flame with a reddish glow in the far-burner region. Experimental results show that the flame length, cross-sectional area, and area/perimeter ratio first decrease with increasing jet injection pressure and subsequently increase, reaching maximum values at 0.4–0.6 MPa. When increasing the co-flow temperature from 1023 K to 1223 K, the cross-sectional area of the flame increases significantly by 61.1% at an excess oxygen coefficient of 0.4. Furthermore, the liftoff flame height shrinks when the co-flow temperature and the excess oxygen coefficient increase, while it rises along with an increasing jet injection pressure.     

Aerodynamic characteristics and thermal structure of nonpremixed reacting swirling wakes at low Reynolds numbers

The aerodynamic characteristics and thermal structure of uncontrolled and controlled swirling double-concentric jet flames at low Reynolds numbers are experimentally studied. The swirl and Reynolds numbers are lower than 0.6 and 2000, respectively. The flow characteristics are diagnosed by the laser-light-sheet-assisted Mie scattering flow visualization method and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The thermal structure is measured by a fine-wire thermocouple. The flame shapes, combined images of flame and flow, velocity vector maps, streamline patterns, velocity and turbulence distributions, flame lengths, and temperature distributions are discussed. The flow patterns of the no-control case exhibit an open-top, single-ring vortex sitting on the blockage disc with a jetlike swirling flow evolving from the central disc face toward the downstream area. The rotation direction and size of the near-disc vortex, as well as the flow properties, change in different ranges of annulus swirl number and therefore induce three characteristic flame modes: weak swirling flame, lifted flame, and turbulent reattached flame. Because the near-disc vortex is open-top, the radial dispersion of the fuel-jet fluids is not significantly enhanced by the annulus swirling flow. The flows of the reacting swirling double-concentric jets at such low swirl and Reynolds numbers therefore present characteristics of diffusion jet flames. In the controlled case, the axial momentum of the central fuel jet is deflected radially by a control disc placed above the blockage disc. This arrangement can induce a large near-disc recirculation bubble and high turbulence intensities. The enhanced mixing hence tremendously shortens the flame length and enlarges the flame width.     

Thermal characteristics of a premixed impinging circular laminar-flame jet with induced swirl

A swirling flow has been induced in a premixed gas-fired impinging circular flame jet by adding two tangential air flows to the main axial air/fuel flow. The flame jet system was considered to be small-scale and operated under low-pressure, laminar flow conditions. The effects of Reynolds number of the air/butane mixture and nozzle-to-plate distance on the heating performance of the flame were studied and compared with the heat-flux distributions on an impingement plate under different operating conditions. The whole investigation was conducted under the stoichiometric air/fuel condition (i.e., equivalence ratio, Φ = 1) with the Reynolds number being varied from 800 to 1700, and nozzle-to-plate distance being selected between 1.5 and 4.0. The introduction of swirl to small-scale, low-pressure, laminar premixed gas-fired impinging circular flame jets is the method for enhancing their thermal performances. The heat-flux distribution on the impingement plate was more uniform and the flame temperatures essentially higher when compared with a similar flame jet system without induced swirl.     

Hysteresis and transition in swirling nonpremixed flames

Strongly swirling nonpremixed flames are known to exhibit a hysteresis when transiting from an attached long, sooty, yellow flame to a short lifted blue flame, and vice versa. The upward transition (by increasing the air and fuel flow rates) corresponds to a vortex breakdown, i.e. an abrupt change from an attached swirling flame (unidirectional or with a weak bluff-body recirculation), to a lifted flame with a strong toroidal vortex occupying the bulk of the flame. Despite dramatic differences in their structures, mixing intensities and combustion performance, both flame types can be realised at identical flow rates, equivalence ratio and swirl intensity. We report here on comprehensive investigations of the two flame regimes at the same conditions in a well-controlled experiment in which the swirl was generated by the rotating outer pipe of the annular burner air passage. Fluid velocity measured with PIV (particle image velocimetry), the qualitative detection of reaction zones from OH PLIF (planar laser-induced fluorescence) and the temperature measured by CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy) revealed major differences in vortical structures, turbulence, mixing and reaction intensities in the two flames. We discuss the transition mechanism and arguments for the improved mixing, compact size and a broader stability range of the blue flame in comparison to the long yellow flame.     

Non-premixed flame characteristics and exhaust gas concentrations behind rifled bluff-body cones

Four bluff-body cones with/without rifled v-grooves were installed behind a non-premixed traditional combustion nozzle to intensify the bluff-body effects and swirl flow. The spiral rifles transformed axial momentum (or axial velocity) into tangential momentum (or tangential velocity). The interaction between the fuel tangential component and axial air flow increased turbulence intensity (T.I.). The Schlieren photography was utilized to visualize the flame structures and classify three flame patterns—jet flame, recirculation flame, and turbulence flame. The jet flame occurs when fuel-jet velocity is high and air-jet velocity (u_a) is low. However, the turbulence flame exists at the high air-jet velocity. The flame lengths were measured using the direct photography scheme. The flame length at high u_a is significantly shorter than that at low u_a. Furthermore, the increase of rifle number (i.e., increasing T.I.) induces the high maximum temperature and low nitric-oxide concentration.     

空气运动对小型直喷式柴油机着火前喷雾混合过程的影响

本在单缸试验柴油机上，采用同步摄影技术，研究了空气运动对不型直喷式柴油机着火前喷雾混合过程的影响。试验结果表明，进气涡流对油束的吹偏作用较小；提高涡流强度使油束保持不被“撕裂”的初始段减小，碰壁前油束端部平均速度降低，油束喷雾锥角增大。提高涡流强度还使油束背风面的“撕裂”程度加剧，顺涡流方向壁面油束扩展加快。着火前燃油喷雾沿燃烧室径向分布与涡流强度和在周向气流作用下油束碰壁后的“撕裂”程度有关。     

Flame characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane–air premixed swirling flames

The effect of hydrogen addition in methane–air premixed flames has been examined from a swirl-stabilized combustor under unconfined flame conditions. Different swirlers have been examined to investigate the effect of swirl intensity on enriching methane–air flame with hydrogen in a laboratory-scale premixed combustor operated at 5.81 kW. The hydrogen-enriched methane fuel and air were mixed in a pre-mixer and introduced into the burner having swirlers of different swirl vane angles that provided different swirl strengths. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane–air flames at fixed thermal load but different swirl strengths were examined using particle image velocimetry (PIV), OH chemiluminescence, gas analyzers, and micro-thermocouple diagnostics to provide information on flow field, combustion generated OH radical and gas species concentration, and temperature distribution, respectively. The results show that higher combustibility of hydrogen assists to promote faster chemical reaction, raises temperature in the reaction zone and reduces the recirculation flow in the reaction zone. The upstream of flame region is more dependent on the swirl strength than the effect of hydrogen addition to methane fuel. At lower swirl strength condition the NO concentration in the reaction zone reduces with increase in hydrogen content in the fuel mixture. Higher combustibility of hydrogen accelerates the flow to reduce the residence time of hot product gases in the high temperature reaction zone. At higher swirl strength the NO concentration increases with increase in hydrogen content in the fuel mixture. The effect of dynamic expansion of the gases with hydrogen addition appears to be more dominant to reduce the recirculation of relatively cooler gases into the reaction zone. NO concentration also increases with decrease in the swirl strength.     

Combustion and emission characteristics of premixed biogas mixtures: An experimental study

In this study, effects of fuel composition, swirl number and hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of various biogas mixtures were experimentally investigated. To this end, a laboratory scale combustor and a swirl stabilized premixed burner were designed and manufactured. Later on, this combusting apparatus was equipped with flow, control, safety and measurement tools, hence entire test system was constituted. Combustion and emission characteristics of tested biogas mixtures were determined by measuring temperature and species (CO₂, CO, O₂ and NO) distributions throughout the combustion chamber. Additionally, flame structures of tested biogas mixtures were evaluated by examining flame luminosity, visible flame length and flame thickness from instantaneous flame images. Results of this study showed that both radial and axial temperature distribution variations of tested biogas mixtures differently alter with hydrogen addition based on the gas composition. Although flame temperature increases with swirl number at burner outlet, it presents a non-monotonous dependence on swirl number outside the flame region because of the modified flow characteristics. This is also the case for emissions of CO₂.