等离子发生器燃烧过程的数值研究

用湍流扩散燃烧的简单概率密度函数模型对等离子发生器燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。其中概率密度分布采用函数,使用RNG湍流模型得到了流场各参数同平均混合分数,混合分数脉动均方值的关系图及等离子发生器内部温度、压力、速度、密度、湍动能及各种燃烧产物等一系列湍流燃烧流场的特性参数分布,为研究燃烧室等离子强化燃烧机理奠定了基础。     

高压缩比活塞顶形状对湍流动能和缸内气流的影响

基于一台排量1.0L的小型涡轮增压直喷汽油机,研究了压缩比、活塞形状和结构尺寸对缸内气流和湍流动能的影响。结果显示,随着压缩比的提高,缸内滚流在压缩过程中减弱,压缩末期的湍流动能减小,压缩比16.0的活塞在压缩末期的湍流动能大约为压缩比9.6活塞的27%。而对于活塞形状来说,较大尺寸的球面凹坑形状有利于压缩末期湍流动能的保持,而不规则的活塞会使得压缩末期的湍流动能下降41%。凹坑的尺寸存在一个最佳值,凹坑深度过浅或过深都会降低缸内湍流动能。选择压缩比为12.0且湍流动能最高的活塞加工并试验,基于4种不同形状的活塞和最佳油耗的工况分析燃烧特性,结果显示随着工况的改变,缸内湍流动能的峰值和相位会改变,但结构对湍流动能影响的优劣基本不变。火焰扩散方向为缸内湍流动能较大的位置,缸内平均湍流动能越大,火焰传播越快,燃烧特性越好。     

多流体模型在燃气轮机燃烧室三维反应流中的应用

对一种模型燃气轮机燃烧室中的三维反应流进行了数值模拟，模型燃烧室的燃料是CH4，燃烧类型是预混燃烧，在数值模拟过程中，采用了Spalding于1995年提出来的多流体模型来对燃烧室中的湍流预混燃烧进行了数值模拟，在数值模拟过程中考虑了辐射问题，采用了六通量辐射模型。通过数值模拟给出了速度，压力，湍流脉动动能，湍流动能耗散率，焓值，湍流粘度，温度，密度，燃烧产物质量分数，氧的质量分数，燃料/空气混合比，燃料质量分数，空间三个方向的辐射热通量以及各种流体的质量分数等变量的分布情况，此外，还采用传统的旋涡破碎模型对此燃烧室进行了数值模拟，并对两种方法的结果进行了分析比较，由分析可以看出多流体模型的结果接近于实际情况，对模型燃烧室进行三维反应流数值模拟的工作为今后对实际燃烧室反应流的数值模拟打下了一定的基础。     

增压发动机被动预燃室的仿真分析

用CONVERGE软件对预燃室燃烧系统模型进行网格划分，设置关键参数以研究预燃室喷孔数对湍流比、湍动能、空燃比、缸内混合气流速的影响。结果表明：进气行程结束前，预燃室喷孔数对湍流比无影响；气门关闭时，预燃室喷孔数为偶数对湍流比无影响，奇数则对湍流比影响较大；预燃室喷孔数对湍动能影响较小；预燃室喷孔数对主燃室空燃比影响不大；预燃室喷孔数减少，可以提升缸内混合气流速。     

旋流杯矩阵下游冷态流场特征分析

基于分级贫油直射燃烧概念的多点喷雾燃烧室在降低航空发动机氮氧化物排放方面显示出极大的潜力,在传统航空发动机燃烧室模型的基础上构建了相邻旋流杯旋转方向相同(顺转)和相反(逆转)两种3×3旋流杯矩阵,数值计算采用可实现k-ε湍流模型,对比分析了旋流杯矩阵下游流场特性。结果表明,对于逆转旋流杯矩阵,部分旋流杯下游回流区相互靠近,而且回流区的长度与回流速度均大于顺转旋流杯矩阵情况。有利于维持火焰稳定,但燃烧情况下气流在高温环境中滞留时间增加,不利于降低氮氧化物排量。对于顺转和逆转两种旋流杯矩阵,下游回流区边缘处湍流动能最大值与湍流动能分布相似。     

基于两方程湍流模型的均匀流中湍流动能衰减规律研究

通过理论推导和数值模拟,从湍流模型封闭系数的确定过程、输运方程扩散项的影响因素、入口边界条件和网格尺度等方面分析标准k-ε模型、标准k-ω模型和SST k-ω湍流模型在计算均匀来流时湍流动能的衰减规律及其本质物理区别;通过数值模拟分析中性大气条件下湍流动能的衰减规律。结果表明,在均匀流中,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,入口湍流强度较小或湍流粘性比较大时,湍流动能衰减的程度及速率比采用标准k-ω模型和SST k-ω模型时小;在中性大气条件下,采用SST k-ω湍流模型,顶部边界采用压力出口时,风速、湍动能和比耗散率的廓线保持性较好。     

湍流燃烧亚格子线性涡模型研究

湍流燃烧的亚格子模式一直是限制大涡模拟在湍流燃烧中应用的主要困难,介绍了湍流燃烧亚格子模型———亚格子线性涡模型.回顾了该模型的发展历程并给出了其当前形式,指出了该模型建立过程与其他湍流燃烧亚格子模型相比的长处,指出了该模型的不足.对亚格子线性涡模型在湍流燃烧大涡模拟中的应用进行了总结评述,重点分析了该模型应用于超声速燃烧存在的问题.     

柴油机湍流燃烧模型的研究现状及发展趋势

本文根据湍流燃烧模型研究的最新文献资料,综述了柴油机湍流燃烧模型的研究现状,重点介绍了作为当今研究热点的拟序火焰面模型(ＣＦＭ)和概率密度函数模型(ＰＤＦ),并指出了今后湍流燃烧模型研究的趋势。     

稳态湍流非预混燃烧的小火焰模拟

以甲烷/空气的湍流射流非预混燃烧为对象,建立二维稳态湍流非预混火焰的小火焰模型.利用湍流流动模型和小火焰模型耦合求解,计算出速度、混合分数、温度以及反应标量的摩尔分数在燃烧室内的分布,模拟结果表明小火焰模型能够用来描述燃烧室内燃烧机理.     

燃烧室开口形式对475柴油机性能影响研究

柴油机燃烧室不同形状对气流运动、燃烧过程以及排放具有较大影响.针对475柴油机,运用AVL-FIRE软件对3种不同开口(缩口型,直口型以及开口型)形式的ω型燃烧室建立燃烧仿真模型并进行了仿真分析.对3种形状燃烧室的平均压力、平均温度、平均湍流动能、放热率、累计放热量、平均碳烟质量分数、平均NOx质量分数等参数进行对比分析.结果表明,缩口型燃烧室能够形成较大的湍流运动,使得燃烧迅速,碳烟排放量减小,NOx的排放相比原直口型燃烧室增加量不超过10％.本研究可以为475柴油机燃烧室的设计提供理论参考.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．