多工况下高水头水泵水轮机压力脉动特性分析

为研究多工况下高水头水泵水轮机内部的压力脉动特性,以某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机模型为例,采用SST湍流模型对非设计工况点下的水泵水轮机进行三维全流道非定常数值模拟,同时监测了固定导叶与活动导叶间、无叶区及尾水管处的压力脉动。结果表明,对于固定导叶与活动导叶之间的区域,水轮机工况下的压力脉动主频为叶片通过频率,而水泵工况下的最高扬程和最低扬程工况的主频分别为转频和叶片数通过的频率;对于无叶区,由于受到强烈的动静干涉效应,水轮机、水泵工况下的主频均为转轮叶片数通过频率,且脉动幅值较大;对于尾水管区域,直锥段处的频率分布规律与流量有关,水轮机小流量工况下,尾水管内主要为0.3倍转频的低频压力脉动,而水轮机大流量工况下,脉动频率主要以2.6倍转频为主。     

径向导叶对高速离心泵非定常流动影响的分析

应用计算流体力学技术对带导叶与不带导叶高速离心泵的内部流场进行定常及非定常数值模拟,从而预测出带导叶与不带导叶两种方案下的外特性曲线走势情况。同时得到了流体流经关键位置时在不同工况下的压力脉动情况,并对相应的时域图及频域图进行了对比分析。结果表明,带有导叶的高速离心泵相比于无导叶离心泵扬程较高,扬程曲线更加平缓,同时在大流量工况下,高速离心泵效率更高也更稳定。从时域图分析,不同工况下两种方案中的高速离心泵压力脉动存在明显的周期性,其中带有导叶的高速离心泵在大流量工况下压力脉动幅值相对较小,不带导叶的高速离心泵在小流量下压力脉动幅值相对较小;从频域图分析看,两种方案中的高速泵都是在一倍叶频处存在较大峰值,即动静干涉作用是引起压力脉动的主要因素,同时通过对比,在不同工况下带有导叶的高速离心泵在二倍叶频处峰值较小,说明添加径向导叶对缓解动静干涉起到一定作用。通过比较不同方案下监测点压力脉动平均值及峰值曲线图,说明在高速泵中加装径向导叶可以有效地发挥扩压作用,降低液流速度,充分将速度能转化为压能。结合上述结论,可以得出带导叶高速离心泵适合在大流量高工况下运行,如消防灭火,石油化工,航空航天等领域。     

螺旋混流式喷水推进泵压力脉动的数值研究

为研究螺旋混流式喷水推进泵动静干涉的压力脉动特性,运用ANSYS Fluent软件基于RNGκ-ε湍流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法进行变流量工况下非定常数值模拟,分析变流量工况下泵内各监测点的时域和频域特性。结果表明,螺旋混流式喷水推进泵内压力脉动的振源主要位于叶轮与导叶交界处,压力系数的幅值最大,且压力脉动自交界面处分别向上、下游传播并逐渐减弱。在叶轮旋转区域,压力系数的幅值受径向位置的影响较强,在导叶静止区域,压力系数的幅值受径向位置的影响较弱。各监测点压力脉动的主频不受流量变化的影响,均为叶片通过频率。在叶轮进出口,压力系数受流量变化影响最为明显;叶轮出口处的压力脉动频谱较宽。在远离叶轮旋转区域,压力系数受流量变化的影响较小,监测点的主频集中在叶频处,压力脉动幅值较小,无高频脉动出现。研究成果可为喷水推进泵的噪声及振动控制提供参考。     

类球形压水室的混流式核主泵压力脉动特性

在对带球形压水室的核主泵进行全流道三维非定常流场数值模拟的基础上,通过对5个典型工况下其主要过流部件中的压力脉动时域与频域特性进行深入分析,寻找引起压力脉动的因素和探讨运行工况对压力脉动特性的影响。结果表明:叶轮与空间导叶的动静干涉是引起压力脉动的主要因素,叶轮、空间导叶和球形压水室的几何参数决定其压力脉动的主要特征;压力脉动主频为叶频,其幅值取决于运行的体积流量,设计工况下的幅值最低;压力脉动幅值沿叶轮进口向出口逐步增大并在叶轮出口达到最大值,然后沿空间导叶的进口向出口逐步减小;在小体积流量工况时,流道中的不稳定流动会产生更为复杂的压力脉动;在同一圆周上,叶轮进口区域的压力脉动特性并不一致,叶片背面脉动幅值大于叶片正面,而在不同工况下叶轮出口区域叶片正、背面的压力脉动特性差别不大;随着运行体积流量的减小,因球形压水室中产生的涡流和回流影响,叶轮内的中高频脉动幅值增大,若运行体积流量过小,整个流道中的脉动幅值都将明显加大;球形压水室对设计工况及大体积流量工况的压力脉动影响很小,但对小体积流量工况下的脉动影响较大,使得脉动的频率特性更为复杂。     

水泵水轮机调相运行水环内部流动分析

水泵水轮机调相运行是抽水蓄能机组转换工况的一个重要过程,在泵工况下压水起动过程中,转轮腔体内注入压缩空气以降低泵启动所需功率。以中比转速水泵水轮机的模型为例,基于RNGκ-ε湍流模型,采用VOF多相流模型对水泵水轮机运行在泵工况压水起动阶段的水环现象进行非定常流动分析,探讨水环现象下不同冷却水流量对无叶区内部流动的影响。结果表明,空气与水在无叶区内形成明显的交界面,构成一定厚度的水环,该水环可有效阻止空气从转轮腔体内泄露至蜗壳内,起到对空气的密封作用。同时在不同冷却水流量下,无叶区内的压力脉动均呈动静干涉现象,其主频为叶片通过频率。     

混流泵内压力脉动测量与分析

以比转速为336的某导叶式混流泵为例,沿流体流动方向在泵进口、叶轮出口、导叶出口、泵出口4个位置设置监测点,对比了0.6Q_d、0.8Q_d、Q_d、1.2Q_d、1.4Q_d(Q_d为设计流量)5种工况下的压力脉动情况。结果表明,泵进口和泵出口压力脉动幅值较低,导叶进口处脉动幅值最高,且小流量工况较大流量工况脉动剧烈,小流量工况下,泵内运行不稳定,出现回流、漩涡等,引起复杂、无规律的压力脉动;各工况下,泵进口处在叶频到7倍轴频范围内均出现了较为紊乱的脉动;与设计工况相比,非设计工况的脉动情况更为复杂。     

混流式核主泵中压力脉动特性分析

核主泵是反应堆冷却剂系统的主要设备和压力边界的设备之一,对安全可靠性要求极高。由于核主泵叶轮与导叶的动静干涉作用,以及运行过程中偏离设计工况时,其流道内流体会产生非常复杂的压力脉动,并会对核主泵水力单元零部件产生复杂的附加动态应力而导致疲劳破坏。为提高核主泵的安全可靠性,采用对混流式核主泵进行全流道非定常数值模拟途径来探究核主泵水力单元,在不同运行工况下的瞬态流场,通过研究叶轮、导叶流道压力的时域变化规律,并利用快速傅里叶变化的频域分析方法对压力脉动特性进行特点分析。结果表明:在设计工况下压力脉动幅值最小,若运行工况的流量远远低于设计工况,流道内的压力脉动幅值将大幅度上升,压力脉动最为剧烈点位于叶轮出口。流量的减小对叶轮出口流动影响较小,但对叶轮进口影响较大。压力脉动的频率与叶轮叶片数和导水机构的导叶数有关,叶轮与导水机构的压力脉动主要发生在主频及谐波位置,且为低频压力脉动。     

叶轮斜切对导叶式离心泵特性的影响

为改善试验离心泵扬程曲线驼峰,斜切叶轮16.4°,通过试验探索泵扬程、效率、轴功率的变化,同时利.用标准SST湍流模型对主要工况Q(Q为额定流量)、0.7Q进行非定常数值模拟,研究叶轮斜切对泵压力脉动和叶轮径向力的影响。试验结果表明,叶轮斜切后各工况扬程均有下降,驼峰区减小;效率有所提高,在0.6Q附近效率增大最多(约2.1%);轴功率曲线整体下移,其中大流量区间轴功率减小更多。数值模拟结果表明,叶轮斜切前后的压力脉动主频均为叶片通过频率,斜切叶轮降低了各工况主频和高频的幅值;1个叶轮.旋转周期内的径向力变化轨迹与导叶叶片数有关,且不论叶轮斜切与否,Q工况径向力大于0.7Q,叶轮斜切使两工况的叶轮径向力下降约41%。     

轴流泵优化设计及压力脉动特性研究

为探究明渠流对轴流泵装置性能的影响及提升大型低扬程轴流泵装置的整体水力性能,基于泵装置悬空高度、明渠进水池宽度、明渠出水池宽度三个参数,对大型低扬程泵装置进行三维非定常数值模拟计算,通过优化分析选出最优轴流泵装置模型,优化后的模型水力效率由81.3%提升为84.5%,进一步分析了最优轴流泵装置模型在不同流量工况下的流场特性及压力脉动特性。结果表明,小流量工况下运行的泵装置压力脉动时域特性明显优于额定流量工况和大流量工况,转轮进口及导叶进出口处测点压力脉动系数值均不超过0.01;转轮进口处三种流量工况下最大脉动系数均低于0.015,小流量、大流量工况下导叶出口处的压力脉动系数接近0,额定流量工况下导叶出口处的压力脉动系数为0.122。     

灯泡贯流式水轮机在小流量工况下的内流特性分析

为了研究灯泡贯流式水轮机在小流量工况下的内流特性,以某水电站贯流式水轮机为研究对象,利用RNG k-ε湍流模型对全流道进行数值计算,分析在小流量工况下尾水管恢复系数和全流道流动情况,并定量分析水轮机部分过流部件的压力脉动情况。结果表明：在小流量工况下当电站水头和导叶开度不匹配时,尾水管的恢复系数减小,当尾水管恢复系数减小2%~3%时,机组效率降低1%;受转轮主流区和尾水管死水区的相互作用,在尾水管边壁会形成漩涡结构,有明显的回流且在边壁存在高速流体;在小流量工况下,机组主要受低频压力脉动影响,转轮进口处的主频是由在转轮转动和导叶提供机组环量时产生的,在尾水管中主要受频率为0.2 Hz的低频压力脉动影响,压力脉动系数沿尾水管出口方向依次增大,最大为1.75%。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．