电动汽车低温环境下采暖方式探讨

传统汽车的采暖方式是利用发动机余热,电动汽车则大多采用PTC加热或热泵制热方式。PTC加热的能效比低,电能消耗大,续航里程削减严重;热泵制热在环境温度低于-10℃时,存在压缩机无法启动以及供热量不足的问题。为了保证热泵系统在低温环境下能高效稳定供热,提出了使用补气增焓涡旋式压缩机、局部调节、热储能制热系统和二次回路空调热泵系统四种采暖方案,并对其进行分析与说明。     

一种海洋能及风能联合发电装置

文章提出了一种利用海洋温差能和风能联合发电的方法及装置。利用海洋表层的热海水加热低沸点工质,使之蒸发．送入汽轮机推动汽轮发电机组做功发电,汽轮机排出的工质乏气用海洋深层的冷海水冷凝为液态,再用热海水加热,送入汽轮机,使之蒸发,推动汽轮机发电机组做功发电,如此循环,持续发电;并且利用洋面风力发电,并用该电力驱动热泵装置．由热泵装置的媒质将工质的温度进一步提高．增大工质体积膨胀率;由热泵装置的媒质将冷海水的温度进一步降低．再用该低温海水去冷凝工质乏气,增强对工质乏汽的冷凝效果。该装置既需要用到小型透平,又需要用到风力发电装置．十分适合公司发展。     

CO2跨临界热泵高温化途径分析

CO2作为一种环境友好的自然工质,以其为循环工质的跨临界热泵制热能力突出.建立CO2跨临界增压和CO2跨临界热泵理论分析模型,研究不同增压过程对热泵系统COP、气冷器中水的出口温度及质量流量的影响规律.结果表明,2种热泵高温化方案均会提升压缩机等熵效率、功耗和压缩机出口工质温度,且提升了气冷器出口水温,但COP和热水的...     

吸收式热泵在锅炉暖风器中的应用研究

针对电厂的各种热损失,结合热泵回收低温余热技术,提出利用锅炉排污和汽轮机抽汽驱动溴化锂吸收式热泵、回收循环水废热、送入暖风器加热锅炉进风的方案。通过技术经济性分析,证明此方案可行,具有环保、节能、节水的多重功效。     

一种新型太阳能辅助高温热泵系统性能分析

为降低压缩机排气温度、优化热泵系统性能,设计了 一种利用太阳能集热器加热压缩机排气,利用蒸气显热制取高温热水的新型太阳能辅助热泵系统.结合天津地区的辐射日照条件对新型太阳能辅助热泵系统进行了可行性和热力性能分析,并将其与直膨式太阳能辅助热泵系统的性能进行对比.结果表明:该系统通过提高蒸发温度,可以降低制冷压缩机排气温度...     

自然工质复叠式制冷热泵系统的性能分析

介绍了以自然工质CO2为高温循环工质,R290为低温循环工质,同时制冷和供热的CO2/R290复叠式制冷热泵系统,通过对CO2/R290复叠式制冷热泵系统的性能分析,得到了气体冷却器的入口压力和出口温度,复叠式循环的蒸发温度,低温循环的冷凝温度对复叠式制冷热泵系统性能的影响,为今后的CO2/R290复叠式制冷热泵系统的优化设计和开发应用打下了一定的基础。     

一种多用途热泵的分析

通过对现有热泵循环过程的全面分析,提出了一种新型的多用途热泵.该热泵有蒸汽释放出气态显热的高温换热器、工质释放出液化潜热的中温换热器(冷凝器)和工质释放出液态显热的低温换热器.计算表明,与采用相同循环工质的现有热泵相比,该新型热泵具有更高的制热系数.它可以应用于家庭、学校以及企事业等单位的采暖/空调、沐浴以及开水供应等.     

微型风力热泵系统的研究

研究了利用风能的一种新型装置，将风能通过风力叶轮转化为机械能后，通过变速器带动微型制冷用压缩机，压缩机则与其它装置组成布雷顿热泵循环，利用热泵循环产生的热量加热居民水箱中的水，供给居民使用。通过计算分析，该方案是可行的，同时减少了能量转换环节，实现了可再生能源的合理利用，并且从另一个角度解决了风力资源的不稳定性问题。     

公共浴室热泵热水系统加热模式研究

从实际工程应用的角度出发,提出了用洗浴废水作为低温热源的4种热泵热水系统的换热方案,并针对循环加热和一次加热共2种不同加热模式下的热泵热水系统进行了研究,分别对其无预热和有预热系统的技术经济性进行了分析。     

中高温热泵工质应用的现状与选择

为了消除现有热泵技术利用温度比较低,对于高温的工业余热和地热尾水利用率低的问题,指出中高温热泵工质技术替代常温热泵技术的必要性。介绍热泵系统的组成部分、中高温热泵工质的循环特性、热泵工质对环境的影响以及中高温热泵工质的研究现状。中高温热泵提高了热泵的工作温度,扩大了低位热能资源的回收和供热范围。     

中高温空气源热泵热水器的工质优选

热泵热水器的工质对机组的性能和热水器的出水温度都有较大的影响,是研发高性能热泵热水器的重要课题之一。对目前热泵热水器常用的工质、部分中高温热泵工质以及新开发的中高温热泵热水器工质TJR01从基本物性、安全性、环保性、溶油性进行了分析,又通过CSD方程对循环特性进行了计算和分析。结果表明,新工质TJR01直接充灌到R22压缩机里,既能保证热水器的出水温度要求,又能保证机组高效稳定运行。     

Analysis of a direct expansion solar assisted heat pump using different refrigerants

The thermal performance of a direct expansion solar assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) is analyzed for several refrigerants using two collector configurations, namely a bare collector and a one cover collector. The REFPROP computer program, developed by the National Institute of Science and Technology, is employed to predict the refrigerant properties involved in the energy balance across the collector. The thermal performance, as characterized by the coefficient of performance (COP), is determined for a variety of pure refrigerants as well as refrigerant mixtures. The performance degradation due to switching from R-12 to pure hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants as well as refrigerant blends is investigated. A graphical procedure is developed and illustrated for several refrigerants for sizing the solar collector area and the heat pump compressor displacement capacity for the two collector configurations considered in this study.     

R1234ze(E)与R134a在水平双侧强化管外的凝结换热对比实验

搭建了水平单管降膜蒸发试验台,以第四代制冷剂R1234ze(E)和第三代制冷剂R134a作为工质,在新型水平双侧强化管管外分别进行了改变管内水速、热流密度和冷凝温度条件的凝结换热实验。使用Wilson-Gnielinski图解法计算得到管内表面传热系数h_i,进一步采用热阻分离法分离出两种制冷剂的管外表面传热系数,并分析了管内冷却水水速、冷凝温度和壁面过冷度的变化对其换热性能的影响。实验结果表明:同根实验管下不同制冷剂凝结换热性能的差异与制冷剂物性与强化管结构之间的匹配特性有关,实验管型下,R1234ze(E)的管外凝结换热性能高于R134a。     

同轴径向热管换热器壳程流场数值模拟

基于多孔介质模型和分布阻力方法,引入Al-sanea和Taborek两种阻力关系式模拟同轴径向热管换热器壳程的流场。结果表明:换热器壳程静压沿烟气流动方向呈线性分布;随入口烟气速度的增加,换热器阻力损失增大、压降增大;且随入口烟气速度的增加,压降增加的速率增大。     

Two-phase flow of refrigerants during evaporation under constant heat flux in a horizontal tube

This paper presents the results of simulations using a two-phase separated flow model to study the heat transfer and flow characteristics of refrigerants during evaporation in a horizontal tube. A one-dimensional annular flow model of the evaporation of refrigerants under constant heat flux is developed. The basic physical equations governing flow are established from the conservation of mass, energy and momentum. The model is validated by comparing it with the experimental data reported in literature. The present model can be used to predict the variation of the temperature, heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of various pure refrigerants flowing along a horizontal tube. It is found that the refrigerant temperature decreases along the tube corresponding to the decreasing of its saturation pressure. The liquid heat transfer coefficient increases with the axial length due to the reducing thickness of the liquid film. The evaporation rate of liquid refrigerant tends to decrease with increasing axial length, due to the decreasing latent heat transfer through the liquid–vapor interface. The developed model can be considered as an effective tool for evaporator design and can be used to choose appropriate refrigerants under designed conditions.     

CO_2工质在热泵热水器中的应用

分析了CO2跨临界循环的特点,介绍了CO2工质在热泵热水器中的研究与应用发展现状,探讨了其目前所面临的问题。与传统制冷剂相比,CO2在热泵热水器中的应用具有广阔的发展前景。     

Steady-state simulation of vapour-compression heat pumps

A vapour compression simulation model was developed. Simple mathematical models were employed for each component of the cycle. They resulted in a set of nonlinear equations, which was solved numerically. Heat losses from condenser to ambient were included. The model is capable of predicting the operating point of the system (including condensing and evaporating pressures) as a function of equipment characteristics (for example, compressor swept volume, speed and clearance ratio, and heat exchanger overall conductances) and prevailing thermodynamic conditions (such as heat source and heat sink temperatures with the mass flow rates of their fluids). The predicted performance was compared to that of an existing R-12 unit, showing good agreement. As an application, a comparative analysis is made on the thermodynamic performance of a domestic heat pump running on two different refrigerants: R-12 and R-134a.     

Cooling characteristics of ground source heat pump with heat exchange methods

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the cooling performance for a water-to-water ground source heat pump (GSHP) by using the counter flow and parallel flow methods. The GSHP uses R-410A as a refrigerant, and its main components are a scroll compressor, plate heat exchangers as a condenser, an evaporator, a thermostatic expansion valve, a receiver, and an inverter. Based on our modeling results, the heat transfer rate of the counter flow evaporator is higher than that of the parallel flow evaporator for a heat exchanger length greater than 0.42 m. The evaporator length of the GSHP used in this study was set to over 0.5 m. The performance of the water-to-water GSHP was measured by varying the compressor speed and source-side entering water temperature (EWT). The cooling capacity of the GSHP increased with increased compressor RPMs and source side EWT. Also, using the counter flow method, compared to the parallel flow method, improves the COP by approximately 5.9% for an ISO 13256-2 rated condition.     

Theoretical and experimental investigation of a heat pipe heat exchanger for energy recovery of exhaust air

Heat pipes and two-phase thermosyphon systems are passive heat transfer systems that employ a two-phase cycle of a working fluid within a completely sealed system. Consequently, heat exchangers based on heat pipes have low thermal resistance and high effective thermal conductivity, which can reach up to the order of (10⁵ W/(m K)). In energy recovery systems where the two streams should be unmixed, such as air-conditioning systems of biological laboratories and operating rooms in hospitals, heat pipe heat exchangers (HPHEs) are recommended. In this study, an experimental and theoretical study was carried out on the thermal performance of an air-to-air HPHE filled with two refrigerants as working fluids, R22 and R407c. The heat pipe heat exchanger used was composed of two rows of copper heat pipes in a staggered manner, with 11 pipes per row. Tests were conducted at different airflow rates of 0.14, 0.18, and 0.22 m³/h, evaporator inlet-air temperatures of 40, 44, and 50°C, filling ratios of 45%, 70%, and 100%, and ratios of heat capacity rate of the evaporator to condenser sections (C_e/C_c) of 1 and 1.5. For HPHE's steady-state operation, a mathematical model for heat-transfer performance was set and solved using MATLAB. Results illustrated that the heat transfer rate was in direct proportion with the evaporator inlet-air temperature and flow rate. The highest HPHE's effectiveness was obtained at a 100% filling ratio and (C_e/C_c) of 1.5. The predicted and experimental values of condenser outlet-air temperature were in good agreement, with a maximum difference of 3%. HPHE's effectiveness was found to increase with the increase in evaporator inlet-air temperature and number of transfer units (NTU) and with the decrease in airflow rate, up to 33% and 20% for refrigerants R22 and R407c, respectively. Refrigerant R22 was the superior of the two refrigerants investigated.     

Use of oscillating heat pipe technique as extended surface in wire-on-tube heat exchanger for heat transfer enhancement

This paper presents the performance of a wire-on-tube heat exchanger of which the wire is an oscillating heat pipe. The experiments for this heat exchanger were performed in a wind tunnel by exchanging heat between hot water flowing inside the heat exchanger tubes and air stream flowing across the external surface. R123, methanol and acetone were selected as working fluids of the oscillating heat pipe. The inlet water temperature was varied from 45 to 85 °C while the inlet air temperature was kept constant at 25 °C.