无吸热管球形腔式集热器的设计与数值模拟

腔式集热器是点聚焦式太阳能集热系统的核心部件。目前,大多数腔式集热器均在腔体内壁上铺设吸热管,这样会导致该腔式集热器结构复杂、热损失严重。因此文章提出了一种新型的无吸热管球形腔式集热器,并对该腔式集热器的结构参数进行设计,而后采用Trace Pro,ANSYS软件对该腔式集热器进行光学仿真和热稳态分析。研究结果表明:无吸热管球形腔式集热器可以对聚焦光线进行多次反射和均匀吸收,光吸收率大于90%;当腔体内壁温度为500℃时,该腔式集热器的热效率为57.5%,随着腔体内壁温度的逐渐降低,热效率会逐渐升高;导热腔壁的热流主要集中在工质孔处,导致工质孔处工质获取热量的效率较高。     

槽式太阳能聚光集热器传热性能研究

建立了槽式太阳能聚光集热器单侧吸收高热流密度的传热数学模型.该传热数学模型将金属吸热管壁面所能接受到的非均匀热流简化为矩形分布,考虑了金属吸热管管壁的周向导热,选取Dudley的试验数据验证了传热数学模型的可靠性并分析了影响集热器传热特性的主要因素.通过Fluent软件研究了槽式太阳能聚光集热器金属吸热管的周向温度分布规律.结果表明:该传热数学模型具有一定可靠性;流体温度、太阳辐射强度和流体体积流量是影响集热器管内换热特性和管壁周向温度分布的主要因素.     

DSG槽式聚光器吸热管壁稳态温度分布的数值研究

在DSG槽式太阳能聚光器运行过程中,吸热管外表面的热流分布不均易导致吸热管损坏,将严重影响系统的安全。文章以实际辐照为边界热流条件,对集热器吸热管两相区和干蒸汽区截面上的温度分布规律进行了二维数值研究。在稳态条件下,分析了管内不同压强、工质温度和流型对管壁温度场分布的影响。结果表明:压强和温度对干蒸汽区管壁最大周向温差无明显影响,压强较高时两相区管壁温度场分布更均匀;管内为层流时,管壁温度场分布比管内为环流时更不均匀,且整体温度更高。     

DSG吸热管内插入扭带的汽水动力学数值模拟

文章使用欧拉多相流模型对插入扭带后的DSG吸热管的汽水动力学特性进行数值模拟。该数值模型充分考虑了DSG吸热管表面上非均匀热流密度的影响。基于此,文章分析了当吸热管内两相区插入扭带后,管内的汽水两相分布情况、壁面温度以及壁面温度梯度等。研究结果表明:y=4扭带扰乱了吸热管内的分层流型,这使得吸热管内蒸汽分布更为均匀;插入y=4扭带使得DSG吸热管管壁周向温度与温度梯度相对减小,吸热管周向壁面的最大温差减少33.3%;插入y=4扭带使得吸热管周向角度θ=120°处的壁面径向温差减少35.9%,径向最大温度梯度减少74.1%,壁面温度分布更加均匀。     

周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性

利用数值模拟方法研究周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性,分析吸热管壁厚、熔盐入口温度、熔盐流速对局部传热性能的影响规律,结果表明:吸热管周向加热量相同,管壁越厚其外壁温度越高,管内壁热流分布越均匀。壁厚对低热流侧周向及轴向局部Nu影响较大,且低热流侧局部Nu均随壁厚的减小而增大。同一流速,熔盐入口温度越高,周向局部Nu越大。不同流速吸热管周向局部Nu均随周向热流的减小而增大,流速越大,周向局部Nu越大。不同壁厚吸热管内低热流侧Nu明显大于高热流侧Nu,平均Nu略大于高热流侧Nu,且平均Nu基本相等。     

槽式太阳能聚光集热器传热数学模型研究

为了计算分析槽式太阳能集热器的传热特性,将金属吸热管表面的热流密度不均匀特性考虑在内,建立了一种传热数学模型;该模型将金属吸热管管壁所能接受到的热流密度简化为矩形分布,考虑了管壁的周向和径向导热。本文以Dudley的试验数据为依据对其进行计算验证,同时也进行了不均匀热流边界条件下槽式太阳能吸热管的管内流动模拟研究。计算结果和模拟结果都与文献提供的数据有较好的吻合度,集热器出口流体温度和效率与试验数据的最大相对误差分别为0.91%和4.79%。该传热数学模型可用于槽式太阳能集热器传热热性的计算分析。     

两段式塔式太阳能腔式吸热器设计及性能分析

针对一种新型两段式塔式太阳能热发电的吸热器进行几何设计,建立了呈高斯分布热流密度的条件下吸热器辐射和对流换热以及流动模型,确定了吸热器I和吸热器II受热面蛇形管管道布置方式和几何尺寸,获得了吸热器内部不同位置受热面的热流密度分布情况.结合气液两相传热和流动特点确定了吸热器典型管道内部工质温度、干度、压降和沿管道流程的壁温分布规律.得出两段式塔式太阳能腔式吸热器几何结构的系统化设计流程,并对吸热器进行了热力性能分析.结果表明:两段式塔式太阳能腔式吸热器能够有效减小预热蒸发吸热器的几何尺寸,提高平均辐射热负荷的同时降低吸热器的平均温度,有效提高吸热器的热效率;多管程蛇形管道布置可使出口参数分布更加均匀,避免受热严重不均等安全问题.     

U型管式全玻璃真空管集热器热效率及性能研究

在能量平衡分析的基础上，建立了U型管式全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器热效率方程，推导了集热器热损系数、效率因子等性能参数的计算公式，理论计算热效率与实验数据吻合良好。计算分析表明，真空管热损系数与吸热管和环境温差并非线性关系，将其关联式按环境温度分段整理将使计算结果更接近实际；涂层发射比对集热器的热效率影响较大，降低涂层发射比是提高集热器效率的有效途径；采取适当的措施降低吸热管与肋片间的接触热阻后，采用U型管连接方式不会时热利用系统集热器效率造成太大影响。     

非均匀热流下水平管内混合对流大涡模拟研究

针对以槽式太阳能集热器为背景的高密度、高度非均匀热流下水平管内的混合对流换热问题,采用大涡模拟方法,研究了热流密度非均匀性对水平管内混合对流瞬态涡结构、脉动强度、湍流热通量及局部平均壁温的影响;揭示了非均匀热流下自然对流对管内湍流特性的影响规律;提出了适用于不同热边界条件下管内混合对流换热的强化措施。结果表明:均匀热流时,自然对流会抑制管顶部的湍流脉动,使流动层流化,造成传热能力局部恶化;非均匀热流时,随着自然对流的增强,近壁面速度脉动强度先减小后增大,二次流逐渐增强,换热能力逐渐提高,故管内换热能力受湍流脉动与二次流协同影响;在自然对流影响下,均匀加热时管顶部可采用针对层流的强化换热措施,非均匀加热时需着重提高管底部高热流区域的湍流脉动与涡强度。     

非均匀热流密度下槽式集热器吸热管热应力分析

为了分析槽式集热器吸热管的热力性能及其对集热系统安全运行的影响,以LS-2型集热器为研究对象,通过有限元数值模拟方法对槽式集热器吸热管进行热-结构耦合分析。结果表明:吸热管管壁最大温度位于出口处下端(抛物面反射镜反射光线照射区域),吸热管管壁最小温度位于入口处上端(太阳辐照直射区域);太阳直射辐照强度(400～900 W/m~2)越大,工质入口温度(50～300℃)越低,入口流速(1.0～3.5 m/s)越慢,对吸热管的热变形量和热应力影响越大。在集热器实际运行中,当太阳直射辐照强度较高时,工质入口温度和入口流速不能选取太低,否则会造成吸热管热应力增加,影响集热器的使用寿命。     

Fouling in a Steam Cracker Convection Section Part 2: Coupled Tube Bank Simulation using an Improved Hybrid CFD-1D Model

Abstract

Performing an adequate fouling study for the heat exchangers in the convection section of a steam cracker requires reliable data on circumferential tube wall temperature profiles. A hybrid Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-1D convection section model, developed to perform coupled flue gas/process gas side simulations of convection sections, is improved by the implementation of flue gas radiation modeling and extended to include typical tube banks. A complete naphtha cracker convection section is simulated with the improved hybrid CFD-1D model. All tubes show distinct maximum heat fluxes on the tube walls due to the high flue gas velocity. Based on the calculated circumferential heat flux profiles, the maximum heat flux value is calculated to be 1.8 times the average tube heat flux value. As computational costs associated with a hybrid CFD-1D simulation are high, a convective heat flux profile reconstruction scheme is developed. Using the scheme, circumferential heat flux profiles are reconstructed, based on the heat fluxes calculated when performing a fully 1D coupled convection section simulation. The heat flux reconstruction profile scheme enables fast retrieval of circumferential heat flux profiles and, thus, tube wall temperature profiles. Optimization and/or design of a steam cracker convection section becomes less computationally demanding.     

高温熔盐吸热器的传热研究和系统设计

本文对非均匀辐射热流密度太阳能熔盐吸热器传热过程进行了模拟研究,得到了熔盐吸热器内部的温度、传热性能等特征参数。结果表明在轴向和径向上熔盐流体温度和管壁的温度都非常不均匀,同时其综合传热性能要高于按照Sieder-Tate公式的计算值。并对10 MW塔式太阳能热发电的熔盐吸热器进行了设计和分析。     

塔式太阳能集热器HTF温度均化特性研究及评价

以太阳能发电站中集热器中的传热介质(HTF)为研究对象,并对其进行量化评价。采用数值模拟的方法研究3种介质在集热器内的流动和传热特性,流体介质假定为各向同性的均匀介质,液相处于局部热平衡状态,对集热管的轴向切平面和周向截面的温度分布进行分析和定量评价。结果表明,液态钠作为塔式太阳能集热管的传热介质时管壁及管内的温度分布更均匀,在流动和传热方面有比S-S或HITEC更适合作为传热介质的潜力。     

FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR HEAT TRANSFER IN CIRCULAR-SEGMENT DUCTS WITH UNIFORM WALL TEMPERATURE

Heat transfer to constant-property, fully developed, laminar flows in circular-segment ducts with uniform wall temperature (T) has been analyzed. Besides representing a compact surface, the segment duct geometry models the flow cross section of a circular tube with a straight-tape insert. Two variations in the T thermal boundary condition are considered: constant axial and circumferential wall temperature, and constant temperature on the curved surface but an adiabatic flat wall. These two conditions model the extremes of the fin effects of a straight-tape insert, i.e., 100% and zero fin efficiencies, respectively. Numerical solutions, obtained by using finite difference techniques, are presented for both the velocity and temperature fields. The isothermal friction factors are in excellent agreement with analytical solutions reported in the literature. The Nusselt number results for the two thermal boundary conditions are presented for different segment shapes, 0° ≤, 6 ≤, 90°, and they represent the lower limits of the heat transfer enhancement due to twisted-tape inserts.     

Thermal radiation effects of a high‐temperature developing laminar flow in a tube

The thermal radiation effects of a high‐temperature developing laminar flow in a tube are investigated numerically. The two‐dimensional steady flow and heat transfer are considered for an absorbing‐emitting gray medium, whose density is dependent on the temperature. The governing equations of the coupled process are simultaneously solved by the discrete ordinate method combined with the control volume method. For a moderate optical thickness, the velocity distribution, the temperature distribution, and the radial heat flux distribution in the medium as well as the heat flux distribution on the tube wall are presented and discussed. The results show that the thermal radiation effects of a high‐temperature medium are significant under a moderate optical thickness. The flow and convective heat transfer are weakened, and the development of temperature distribution is accelerated noticeably. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(5): 299–306, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20018     

Real‐time thermal states monitoring of absorber tube for parabolic trough solar collector with non‐uniform solar flux

With the world energy shortage problem becoming increasingly prominent, more and more attentions have been paid to the development of renewable energies. Among these sources, solar energy has received extensive attention with its excellent characteristics. The thermal state affects the safety of the solar heat collection system. In this paper, real‐time monitoring of the input heat flux on the inside wall and the temperature field simultaneously of an absorber tube for parabolic trough solar collector were studied. Based on the measured temperatures on the outside wall, the fuzzy adaptive Kalman filter coupled with weighted recursive least squares algorithm (WRLSA) was employed to monitor the heat states of the absorber tube inversely, in which WRLSA was used to acquire the heat flux while fuzzy adaptive Kalman filter was adopted to monitor the temperature field. The method showed strong robustness to resist the ill‐posedness. Accurate monitoring results also can be acquired when there are random disturbances of the heat transfer condition on the inner wall.     

Asymmetrical Non-Uniform Heat Flux Distributions For Laminar Flow Heat Transfer With Mixed Convection In a Horizontal Circular Tube

Non-symmetric heat flux distributions in terms of gravity in solar collector tubes influence buoyancy-driven secondary flow which has an impact on the associated heat transfer and pressure drop performance. In this study the influence of the asymmetry angle (0°, 20°, 30° and 40°) with regard to gravity for non-uniform heat flux boundaries in a horizontal circular tube was investigated numerically. A stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 62.68 mm, a wall thickness of 5.16 mm, and a length of 10 m was considered for water inlet temperatures ranging from 290 K to 360 K and inlet Reynolds numbers ranging from 130 to 2000. Conjugate heat transfer was modelled for different sinusoidal type outer surface heat flux distributions with a base-level incident heat flux intensity of 7.1 kW/m². It was found that average internal heat transfer coefficients increased with the circumferential span of the heat flux distribution. Average internal and axial local heat transfer coefficients and overall friction factors were at their highest for symmetrical heat flux cases (gravity at 0º) and lower for asymmetric cases. The internal heat transfer coefficients also increased with the inlet fluid temperature and decreased with an increase in the external heat loss transfer coefficient. Friction factors decreased with an increase in fluid inlet temperature or an increase in the external heat loss transfer coefficients of the tube model.     

Development of free convection flow of a gas in a heated vertical open tube

The system is a vertical tube open at both ends and heated at the wall. An ambient gas (Pr = 0.7) enters the bottom of the tube with uniform velocity and temperature and flows up through the tube due to natural convection. The flow is assumed to be both stable and laminar. The incompressible thermal boundary layer equations for this situation were solved by a finite difference method for conditions of constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux.     

环形加热炉热工过程CFD数值模拟及其应用

借助CFD商业软件CFX，考虑流动、辐射、燃烧等，对宝钢环形加热炉的热工过程进行了数值模拟，得到了炉膛内的温度、速度矢量等热工参数的分布图。通过简化处理，对环形加热炉各控制段内的加热过程进行了模拟分析，并根据所得到的管坯表面辐射热流、热电偶温度及管坯表面温度研究了各个段总括热吸收率的分布情况，主要分析了总括热吸收率在管坯圆周方向、长度方向以及各个段之间的变化规律。