氨基磺酸非均相催化菜籽油及废油脂制备生物柴油

采用正交试验和单因素试验的方法研究了氨基磺酸催化菜籽油及废油脂与甲醇的酯交换过程,考察了醇油物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对反应收率的影响。结果表明:菜籽油酯交换的最佳反应条件为醇油物质的量比6∶1,氨基磺酸用量为原料油质量的1.0%,反应温度60℃,反应时间20 min,此工艺条件下,脂肪酸甲酯的收率达到95.6%;废油脂酯交换的最佳反应条件为醇油物质的量比8∶1,氨基磺酸用量为原料油质量的1.0%、反应温度65℃,反应时间30 min,此工艺条件下,脂肪酸甲酯的收率达到87.5%。利用红外光谱表征了菜籽油和生物柴油的结构,气相色谱分析了生物柴油的组成。     

固体碱催化剂在麻疯树油合成生物柴油中的应用

简述了生物柴油作为燃料的优越性,讨论了以固体碱作催化剂、以麻疯树油为原料合成生物柴油的工艺条件.试验研究了该反应的最佳反应条件:固体碱催化剂的用量为麻疯树油质量的1%,油醇物质的量比为1:6,反应温度为70℃.     

棉籽酸化油酸催化两步法制备生物柴油的研究

以棉籽酸化油和甲醇为原料,采用酸催化两步法制备生物柴油.第一步为酸催化酯化和一次酯交换反应,第二步为酸催化二次酯交换反应.通过大量试验优化了反应条件:在酯化和一次酯交换阶段,醇油质量比为0.5:1,催化剂用量为棉籽酸化油质量的3%,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为150 min:在二次酯交换阶段,醇油质量比为0.7:1,催化剂用量为棉籽油质量的4%,反应时间为90min.在此条件下,生物柴油的产率达到94%以上,产品质量符合国家标准.     

麻疯树油制备生物柴油的试验研究

试验研究了麻疯树油在碱催化剂NaOH的作用下与甲醇发生转脂化反应生成脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油)的最佳反应条件.试验结果表明,该转脂化反应的最佳反应条件是NaOH用量为麻疯树油质量的1%、油醇物质的量比为1:6、搅拌时间为30 min,反应温度为65℃、水的含量必须控制在麻疯树油质量的0.1%以下.     

蓖麻油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了以蓖麻油为原料,采用化学酯交换方法制备生物柴油的工艺过程.测定了最佳反应条件：催化剂用量为油重的1.0%,甲醇用量为油重的20%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为90 min,酯交换率可达到86%.     

花椒籽油生物柴油制备工艺研究

以花椒籽油为原料,对KOH催化其与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油进行研究。采用物理萃取法降低花椒籽油中游离脂肪酸的含量,三次萃取后酸值达到2 mgKOH/g以下。研究了花椒籽油和甲醇在氢氧化钾催化下的酯交换反应。进行了不同醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等反应条件下对产率的影响,得到最佳反应条件为醇油物质的量之比为12∶1,催化剂添加量为油脂质量的1.2%,反应温度为60～65℃,反应时间为45 min。     

小桐油制备生物柴油的研究

实验研究了以小桐子油为原料，采用循环气相酯化-酯交换-水蒸气蒸馏法制备生物柴油的工艺过程。着重研究了降低原料酸值以及酯交换过程的优化条件。试验结果表明。气相酯化法可在很短的时间内将原料的酸值降到酯交换对原料的酸值要求；酯交换反应的最佳操作条件为：甲醇用量为油重的20％，催化剂用量为油重的1％左右，反应温度为60—70℃，反应时间为90—120min。     

馏分油脱酸剂技术研究及应用进展

从馏分油中脱除环烷酸是石油炼制的一个重要步骤。针对传统碱洗电精制工艺存在碱和酸用量大、乳化严重、能耗高及环境危害大等缺点,开发了馏分油脱酸剂技术。其中,Ⅰ型技术主要用于各种高酸(度)值、高密度和高黏度的常压馏分油与减压馏分油的脱酸精制。Ⅱ型技术主要应用于酸度小于100mgKOH/100mL的轻柴油的脱酸精制。Ⅲ型技术还处于实验研究阶段,确定的适宜操作条件为:反应温度20～70℃、脱酸剂用量为待处理原料油质量的2.0%。在此条件下,所得精制柴油的酸度为0.2mgKOH/100mL,精制油质量收率达99.8%。与其他工艺相比,Ⅲ型技术使用强碱溶剂脱酸,剂油比低至2.0%,聚结温度低,能耗低,无废水排放,有利于环保;同时碱渣油含量显著降低,环烷酸质量也有所提高,粗酸值达到186.2mgKOH/g,油含量仅11%。目前正在进行真正意义上的绿色脱酸工艺实验研究。     

花椒籽油生物柴油制备工艺研究

以花椒籽油为原料,对KOH催化其与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油进行研究.采用物理萃取法降低花椒籽油中游离脂肪酸的含量,三次萃取后酸值达到2 mgKOH/g以下.研究了花椒籽油和甲醇在氢氧化钾催化下的酯交换反应.进行了不同醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等反应条件下对产率的影响,得到最佳反应条件为醇油物质的量之比为12∶1,催化剂添加量为油脂质量的1.2％,反应温度为60 ～65℃,反应时间为45 min.     

麻疯树油制备生物柴油的试验研究

试验研究了麻疯树油在季铵碱催化剂(四甲基氢氧化铵)的作用下与甲醇发生转酯化反应生成脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油)的反应条件.试验结果表明,该转酯化反应的最佳操作条件:四甲基氢氧化铵用量为麻疯树油质量的0.5%、油醇物质的量比为1:6、搅拌时间为30min、反应温度为65℃.     

我国经济和社会发展中必须重视石油峰值问题

石油峰值(Peak Oil)是指某一区域(全球、地区、国家、油区等)石油产量的最大值及其来临的时间。世界石油产量到达峰值并不意味着全世界已将石油消耗怠尽,也不意味着人类不可能在地球上再发现新的油田,只是新发现的油田的石油产量越来越无法弥补已开发油田产量的下降,世界石油供应量不可能再增加,不能满足人类日益增长的需求。许多研究表明世界石油产量正在进入峰值平台期,随时都可能出现资源长期短缺的石油危机。我国的石油消费一直以较快的速度增长,石油也许很快成为我国经济发展的瓶颈。本文提出了石油峰值——我国经济和社会发展中必须重视的一个重大问题,希望大家尤其是主管部门和高层决策者充分认识石油峰值的内涵和挑战,高度重视我国面临的潜在的石油危机,认真落实科学发展观、未雨绸缪,提早采取应对策略以实现我国经济社会的可持续发展。     

美国战略石油储备补仓和释放策略分析

美国是最早建立战略石油储备的国家之一,自20世纪70年代开始已逐步形成了一套比较完善的战略石油储备决策管理体系。历史数据表明,美国战略石油储备的几次释放和补仓时机都把握得很好,充分发挥了战略石油储备保障国家石油供应安全、平抑国际原油价格的作用。本文系统地介绍和分析了美国战略石油储备几次主要的释放和补仓策略,以期为探讨我国战略石油储备的补仓和释放时机与策略,提供决策信息参考。     

开发难动用储量保障国家石油安全

保障我国石油安全有多种措施：建立石油储备、发展替代能源、降低能耗、从国外获取稳定的石油供应、加大国内石油资源的勘探开发力度等。其中，加强国内石油资源的勘探开发是最重要的途径。本文针对我国陆上近４０亿ｔ已探明难动用石油地质储量的现实，从国家石油政策、技术进步、开发方式和机制、评价方法和参数等方面论述了促进难动用储量开发，保障国家石油安全的途径。     

我国急需发展石油期货市场

本文从我国石油需求逐年上升、对进口依赖性不断提高以及国际石油市场起伏不定的现实出发,分析论述了我国发展石油期货市场的必要性和可行性,并提出了发展石油期货市场方面的建议。     

Mitigation of maximum world oil production: Shortage scenarios

A framework is developed for planning the mitigation of the oil shortages that will be caused by world oil production reaching a maximum and going into decline. To estimate potential economic impacts, a reasonable relationship between percent decline in world oil supply and percent decline in world GDP was determined to be roughly 1:1. As a limiting case for decline rates, giant fields were examined. Actual oil production from Europe and North America indicated significant periods of relatively flat oil production (plateaus). However, before entering its plateau period, North American oil production went through a sharp peak and steep decline. Examination of a number of future world oil production forecasts showed multi-year rollover/roll-down periods, which represent pseudoplateaus. Consideration of resource nationalism posits an Oil Exporter Withholding Scenario, which could potentially overwhelm all other considerations. Three scenarios for mitigation planning resulted from this analysis: (1) A Best Case, where maximum world oil production is followed by a multi-year plateau before the onset of a monatomic decline rate of 2–5% per year; (2) A Middling Case, where world oil production reaches a maximum, after which it drops into a long-term, 2–5% monotonic annual decline; and finally (3) A Worst Case, where the sharp peak of the Middling Case is degraded by oil exporter withholding, leading to world oil shortages growing potentially more rapidly than 2–5% per year, creating the most dire world economic impacts.     

Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock

Biodiesel has high potential as a new and renewable energy source in the future, as a substitution fuel for petroleum-derived diesel and can be used in existing diesel engine without modification. Currently, more than 95% of the world biodiesel is produced from edible oil which is easily available on large scale from the agricultural industry. However, continuous and large-scale production of biodiesel from edible oil without proper planning may cause negative impact to the world, such as depletion of food supply leading to economic imbalance. A possible solution to overcome this problem is to use non-edible oil or waste edible oil (WEO). In this context, the next question that comes in mind would be if the use of non-edible oil overcomes the short-comings of using edible oil. Apart from that, if WEO were to be used, is it sufficient to meet the demand of biodiesel. All these issues will be addressed in this paper by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using edible oil vs. non-edible vs. WEO as feedstock for biodiesel production. The discussion will cover various aspects ranging from oil composition, oil yield, economics, cultivation requirements, land availability and also the resources availability. Finally, a proposed solution will be presented.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on Honge, Jatropha and sesame oil methyl esters

The high viscosity of vegetable oils leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. The inefficient mixing of vegetable oils with air contributes to incomplete combustion. The best way to use vegetable oils as fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines is to convert it into biodiesel. Biodiesel is a methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids made from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fat. The main resources for biodiesel production can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species such as Pongamia pinnata (Honge oil), Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot), Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) and Calophyllum inophyllum (Nagchampa). Biodiesel can be used in its pure form or can be blended with diesel to form different blends. It can be used in CI engines with very little or no engine modifications. This is because it has properties similar to mineral diesel. This paper presents the results of investigations carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection, CI engine operated with methyl esters of Honge oil, Jatropha oil and sesame oil. Comparative measures of brake thermal efficiency, smoke opacity, HC, CO, NO_X, ignition delay, combustion duration and heat release rates have been presented and discussed. Engine performance in terms of higher brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions (HC, CO, NO_X) with sesame oil methyl ester operation was observed compared to methyl esters of Honge and Jatropha oil operation.     

近期石油市场供需形势分析

5月份受SARS疫情影响,国内石油消费需求下降;另一方面,5月以来石油资源增势有所回落,原油及成品油的增幅较之1季度均有不同程度减缓,又加之受国际行情下挫等诸多因素的共同作用,使得国内持续走高的油价大幅下跌。在多方面力量推动下,进入6月以来上述情况有所缓解。通过对近期国内外经济走势的综合分析,认为随着SARS疫情得到有效控制,国内各油品市场油品销售将会有不同程度的提高,市场后期形势趋于回升。     

Factors Affecting the Oil Agglomeration of Sivas-Divriği Uluçayır Lignite

Abstract

In the coal industry, the coal particles need to be decreased to a very fine size because of the need of removing inorganic materials from coal. Oil agglomeration is a kind of coal cleaning technique that is used for separation of organic and inorganic parts of fine sized coal. In this study, the oil agglomeration of Sivas-Divri?i (S-D) Uluçay?r lignite was carried out by using kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, poppy oil, and sunflower oil. The amount of bridging oil was varied from 5% to 25% of the amount of lignite. The effect of oil amount, oil type, solid content, agitation rate and time, pH on agglomeration performance was investigated. Maximum recovery value of 98.18% was observed by using poppy oil. In order to investigate the effect of pH on agglomeration NaOH and HCl is added to the slurry in various amounts. It is decided that the best agglomeration condition is obtained at low pH values. The effect of nonionic surface active agent (Igepal-CA 630) on agglomeration is investigated by adding to the slurry and it is observed that the grade is increased with the amount of surface active agent.     

对燃油锅炉渣油供油系统的工艺改进

针对渣油特性及其应用过程中易发生的问题，介绍了供油系统的几项有效改进措施。