氦气离心压气机高压比设计研究

氦气离心压气机是预冷发动机氦回路的核心部件,但国内对氦气离心压气机的相关探究较少。为探究氦气离心压气机的压比设计方法,从离心压气机进口和出口速度三角形的角度,分析了出口安装角、滑移因子以及进气负预旋对叶轮做功的影响。提出了基于低出口安装角、高滑移因子和进气负预旋的高压比设计方法。根据此方法设计出了总压比为2.521、等熵效率为83.2%、喘振裕度为18.55%的氦气离心压气机,并通过数值模拟的方法对此压气机的气动特性以及流场进行了分析,证明了高压比设计方法的可行性。     

两级离心式压气机湿压缩实验台系统改进设计与实验研究

详细介绍了两级离心式压气机湿压缩实验台系统的改进设计,并在改进的实验台上进行湿压缩试验,测得了单级离心压气机等折合转速下干压缩和湿压缩的特征参数,得到特性线和耗功变化情况,揭示了湿压缩对压气机工作的影响。     

高压比离心压气机气动噪声数值预测

采用混合计算气动声学方法研究了高压比离心压气机气动噪声,首先计算了压气机非定常流动,获取了声源面上的时域脉动压力,进而通过间接声学边界元法(IBEM)预测了压气机气动噪声,并在增压器性能试验台上完成了相应的噪声测试.结果表明:压气机气动噪声主要由叶片通过频率及其倍频出现的离散单音噪声与宽频噪声组成,且总声压级由离散单音噪声决定;对比计算和试验得到的监测点声压级频谱可以看出二者基本吻合,说明数值仿真具有较高的精确度,使用的仿真方法可应用于高压比离心压气机的噪声预测;压气机气动噪声自进气管口向外辐射时,声压级分布并不均匀;且受频率影响,不同频率噪声的传播能力存在明显差异.     

单级离心压气机气动性能预测与优化设计

为了提升低转速工况下压气机的气动性能,采用人工神经网络与遗传算法相结合的优化方法对某单级离心压气机离心叶轮的弯特性进行优化计算。利用NUMECA软件对该离心压气机进行了不同转速的数值模拟,得到压气机不同工况下的气动性能。通过设置不同控制参数和曲线形式对离心叶轮叶片进行参数化拟合,以8个改变叶片弯特性的参数为自由参数进行了叶型优化设计,最终得到了优化后的叶轮叶片。结果表明:优化后在低转速的设计工况下离心压气机压比增加了4.69%,稳定裕度拓宽了17.41%。     

超临界氦气离心压气机流场分析

设计了一个包含离心叶轮、扩压器和回流器的单级超临界氦气离心压气机,并采用数值模拟方法对设计结果进行了三维数值模拟分析。通过对总特性、叶表压力分布、展向参数分布以及三维流场的分析,得到了高负荷超临界氦气离心压气机各部件内部的典型复杂流动特点。研究结果表明：相比常规工质,超临界氦气离心压气机单级压比较低,但叶轮与扩压器的负荷和级效率较高,且超临界氦气整体流动为亚音流,只在叶片前缘局部出现超音区。     

高进口轮毂比离心压气机的设计

本文阐述了一种特殊结构形式——高进口轮毂比的离心压气机的设计,着重说明了一系列设计上的特殊考虑。在叶轮设计中,高进口轮毂比的特点,就使得子午面流道的设计无法模化现有的成熟的压气机,而须要重新设计。为此,本文提出了评判子午面速度场的三个标准,然后介绍了子午面速度场的计算方法。在扩压器的设计中,本文介绍了设计两级或三级叶片扩压器的概念和方法,设计多级叶片扩压器可以大大提高单级压比较高的离心压气机的效率。     

离心压气机叶片式机匣拓稳流动特性

内燃机功率提高以及高原、高空功率恢复的要求，推动着内燃机增压比不断提高，高增压技术成为先进内燃机发展的核心关键技术之一．提高压比将导致离心压气机稳定工作范围和效率急剧降低，高压比离心压气机的气动稳定性与扩稳成为高增压技术研究的核心和难点．为拓宽跨声速离心压气机的稳定工作范围，对一种离心压气机叶片式机匣处理结构开展了研究，利用数值模拟研究了叶片式机匣内部流动特性与拓稳机理，并对导叶形式进行了优化，最后通过试验进行验证，结果表明：采用优化的导叶机匣处理结构，能够有效拓宽离心压气机高压比流动范围，喘振流量可拓宽6%～8%.     

几何参数变化对离心压气机性能影响的仿真研究

采用离心压气机性能仿真数学模型研究某些几何参数，如叶片顶部间隙，叶轮叶片出口角变化对压气机性能产生的影响，是当今设计高压比、宽工作范围、高效离心压气机的关键步骤。为此，首先建立了离心压气机性能仿真数学模型。为了验证数学模型的有效性，对Krain叶轮性能进行了计算。随后，对不同叶片顶部间隙，不同出口叶片角的压气机性能进行仿真研究。研究结果表明，随顶部间隙的增大，压气机效率及压比下降；后弯叶轮性能优于径向叶轮。     

装有进口喷雾内冷的Trent60燃气轮机

据《Gas Turbine World》2008年11～12月号报道,Rolls—Royce公司的航改型Trent60DLE燃气轮机发电机组在ISO条件下的基本负荷额定功率为51．5MW,效率为42．1％。燃气轮机设计特点是具有3个独立的压气机部分。二级低压压气机装有进口可转导叶。八级中压压气机,前三级装有可转导叶。六级高压压气机。还具有3个相应的涡轮部分：单级高压涡轮、单级中压涡轮和五级低压涡轮。     

基于流场偏差分析的离心压气机优化设计

为了提高车用内燃机变转速、变负荷面工况性能,提出了离心压气机优化设计方法,即通过考虑压气机设计工况与非设计工况流场的关联效应,抑制不同工况流场之间的差异,优化离心压气机结构.利用该方法对某柴油机离心压气机进行了优化设计,其设计工况与非设计工况之间的流场偏差集中在大叶片进口叶尖部分,据此提出了压气机前缘前掠的流场控制措施.仿真分析表明:改型离心压气机流场偏差得到了明显抑制,其设计工况性能变化较小,非设计工况压比提高了4.46%,,效率提高了1.56%,.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.