基于模态分析和遗传神经网络的闸门锈蚀损伤研究

闸门结构破坏的主要形式为钢结构的失稳破坏，而钢材的锈蚀势必会造成钢闸门结构动力性能的不稳定。鉴于水动力作用对闸门的动力性能有重要影响，综合考虑水体流固耦合作用对弧形闸门进行动力分析，选取支臂进行锈蚀损伤模拟。在支臂局部锈蚀即小面积锈蚀情况下，应用应变模态这一局部评价指标可以明确判断出闸门的锈蚀位置，结合遗传神经网络有效预测，可以分析出该锈蚀位置后续损伤引起的应变模态数值变化，确定该位置的锈蚀影响率。当锈蚀影响率超过60%时，会引起闸门斜腹杆沿垂直杆轴方向的振动破坏形式，为弧形闸门损伤的评估判定提供依据。     

大跨度弧形闸门静动力学数值分析

针对大跨度弧形闸门结构受力复杂且易发生弯曲变形和振动问题,采用有限元软件ANSYS对弧形闸门进行分析计算,对闸门主要部件的应力状态及变形情况进行了校核,分析了闸门自振频率的影响因素,全面评估了闸门的安全性能。并以目前国内跨度最大的某弧形闸门为研究对象,对不同工况下闸门的刚度和强度进行了计算,考虑流体与闸门之间的流固耦合作用,利用附加水体法分析了水体对闸门自振频率的影响,同时还研究了不同开度闸门自振频率变化情况。结果表明,弧形闸门总体强度和刚度满足设计要求,主要部件存在局部应力集中;水体作用使闸门的自振频率有一定程度的减小;随开度的增加,闸门的振动频率有不同程度的增加。     

弧形闸门斜支臂空间角度分析

大型弧形闸门斜支臂空间角度易出现混淆和错误，且其微小的误差会造成结构上的很大误差，影响弧门的制造、安装及运营安全。因此，对弧门斜支臂的几个关键空间角度进行定义区分和计算，并以实际工程弧形闸门为例，分析斜支臂各关键角度对闸门制造和安装精度的影响程度，进而提出可提高制造和安装精度的措施，以供后续斜支臂弧形闸门设计、制造和安装参考。     

大型水工弧形钢闸门流激振动物理模型—数值模型计算分析

针对大型弧形闸门在局部开启过程中因受水流脉动压力而导致的振动问题,以某水利枢纽弧形工作闸门为例,通过建立闸门有限元模型,计算了在考虑流固耦合影响下闸门的自振特性,并与模型试验测得的脉动压力特性进行对比,发现闸门发生共振的可能性不大。在模型试验测得的水流脉动压力的基础上,利用随机振动方法计算出闸门在典型水位不同开度下流激振动应力响应和位移响应。根据计算分析结果对大型弧形闸门的振动安全进行评价,并对闸门的安全运行调度提供合理的建议。     

偏心铰弧形闸门振动特性研究

根据偏心铰弧形闸门的工作特点,建立了水体和闸门耦合作用的动力方程和弧形闸门的精细有限元模型,开发了基于ANSYS的动水压力附加质量求解模块,研究了闸门在不同开度和水头下的振动特性,为设计提供了科学参考.     

弧形钢闸门三维有限元优化分析

为探寻弧形钢闸门在静水压力作用下未开启状态的应力及变形规律,并在此基础上探寻改良优化措施以保障闸门运行安全,通过ABAQUS软件对某水库弧形钢闸门进行三维有限元应力、变形分析,由闸门在静水压力作用下应力及变形分布规律,得出面板及主横梁—支臂接缝处存在较大应力区。为此,从改善截面属性角度出发,针对主横梁—支臂接缝处应力集中现象提出加厚支臂及加角钢两种工程处理方式,发现闸门支臂最大应力区向支座处上移及整体应力减小现象,由此可得两种工程处理方式均能有效改善闸门支臂受力情况并保障工程安全,但从施工操作及改善效果而言,推荐采用加角钢的方式对闸门进行局部处理。     

开度对各体型弧形闸室突跌后空腔长度的影响

空腔的长短对于高水头、大流量泄水建筑物的掺气减蚀效果具有重要影响,为研究不同体型弧形闸室突跌后开度对空腔长度的影响,利用控制变量法,通过物理模型试验,研究了不同体型弧形闸室在不同开度e与水位h下的空腔长度L_d。试验结果表明,随着闸门体型的变化,其空腔长度有明显改变,且空腔长度与弧形闸门和底板的夹角α_0呈负相关关系;闸门开度越小,弧形闸门对空腔长度的影响越大,因此设计时应充分重视小开度时,不同体型对空腔长度变化的影响。试验成果可为实际工程设计提供参考和指导。     

角木塘弧形闸门流激振动响应特性研究

为研究角木塘水电站溢洪道表孔弧形闸门出现的流激振动现象,通过制作几何比尺为1∶30的完全水弹性相似模型进行相关试验,研究弧形闸门在有无止水时的应力响应和加速度响应特性,以得到闸门在不同开度下应力的规律性变化。试验结果表明,静应力在无止水时的压应力大于有止水时的压应力,动应力在有止水时随闸门开度的增大先增加再减小,加速度在无止水时最大值为0.761g,有止水时最大值为0.699g,加装止水后加速度值减小,振动现象得到改善,动力响应满足闸门抗振设计要求。     

船舶撞击作用下弧形闸门的动力响应

为得到水工弧形闸门正常运行时在船舶撞击作用下的动力响应,预测了闸门可能出现的破坏模式,评价了闸门结构安全并探寻有效的防护措施,采用非线性有限元数值方法,考虑闸门材料的弹塑性、失效及结构大变形,模拟船舶正面撞击弧形闸门过程,分析了弧形闸门结构瞬态动力响应。计算结果表明,闸门结构安全防护重点区域为垂直隔板、边梁与上主横梁相交的部位,闸门支臂结构的振动明显,其动力稳定性问题需引起重视,并提出加大隔板、边梁的梁高,提高钢材强度,增设加劲板及在闸门上游适当高程设置横跨于闸室的柔性防撞缆索,以吸收撞击船动能,减小撞击荷载等安全防护措施。     

平面弧形双开闸门流量系数影响因素分析

鉴于平面弧形双开闸门为一种具有弧形闸门和横拉门的新型闸门,其流量系数的研究尚处于起步阶段,采用物理模型方法分析了不同试验工况下平面弧形双开闸门流量系数影响因素。结果表明,当闸门开度不同时,相对淹没度与流量系数呈一定的曲线关系,且流量系数随相对淹没度的增加而降低;闸门入口处断面平均弗劳德数与流量系数呈线性关系,且此线性关系与闸门开度无关。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.