某住宅区冷热源型式的分析与比较

本文针对某住宅区设置集中式空调系统的要求,对风冷热泵冷热水机组、水冷螺杆式冷水机组＋燃油锅炉、由热电厂余热蒸汽驱动的蒸汽双效溴化锂吸收式冷水机组＋热交换器和燃气直燃型溴化锂吸收式冷温水机组等四种冷热源方案作了能耗和经济性比较,认为利用热电厂余热蒸汽为能耗的方案是最适合该住宅楼的空调方案。     

回收循环水余热的热泵供热系统经济性分析

利用热泵技术回收电厂循环水余热,能够提高机组的热效率和供热能力,降低机组的冷源损失。从热泵制热性能系数COP出发,分析压缩式和溴化锂吸收式热泵的节能机理,并以300MW机组为例,在保证供热负荷不变的情况下,计算分析2种热泵供热系统的经济性。计算结果表明:溴化锂吸收式热泵供热机组的经济性优于压缩式热泵机组,整个供暖期间,获得的总节能收益比压缩式热泵供热机组高785.8万元。在乏汽利用方面,压缩式热泵供热机组的节水量要远高于溴化锂吸收式热泵供热机组,这对于某些缺水地区有重要意义。     

太阳能双效吸收式空调系统的研究

介绍了太阳能空调技术的研究现状,分析了太阳能溴化锂双效吸收式制冷机的工作原理,提出了采用直通式真空集热管、槽式抛物面聚光机构跟踪和聚焦太阳能加热产生热媒水驱动双效吸收式空调运行的技术构思,并对其结构、工作流程和推广应用进行了研究和展望。     

单双效结合运行的溴化锂第一类吸收式热泵

在传统的单效和双效溴化锂第一类吸收式热泵的基础上,开发单双效结合运行的溴化锂第一类吸收式热泵机组。当用户需求热水温度较低时,机组以双效模式运行;反之,机组则以单效模式运行。克服了溴化锂第一类吸收式热泵供热系统中机组模式单一化、运行效率低的缺点,实现了一台机组两种模式运行的方案,提高了设备和资源的利用率,具有良好的节能效益和经济效益。     

集成吸收式热泵的超临界CO_2循环聚光太阳能热发电系统

通过研究超临界CO_2工质的特性和循环的特点,提出集成第一类溴化锂吸收式热泵的简单回热循环系统。吸收式热泵驱动热源的温度远低于超临界CO_2循环主加热器热源的温度,可采用较低成本的低聚光比集热器,从而降低聚光集热系统的造价。吸收式热泵的设备成本较高,但其作用十分明显,除冷端优化外,其良好的变工况变负荷性能有利于提高系统在部分负荷工况下的发电效率。集成吸收式热泵的超临界CO_2循环聚光太阳能热发电系统从降低聚光集热系统造价和提高系统发电效率两方面进行设计,有利于提高系统整体的性价比。     

采用抛物面槽聚焦集热器的太阳能双效吸收式制冷系统的性能研究

建立了采用抛物面槽聚焦集热器(PTC)的太阳能双效LiBr/H_2O吸收式制冷系统的理论模型,对其性能进行了数值模拟,研究了运行温度对系统总效率的影响,计算结果显示:PTC在高温工作条件下具有非常高的集热效率;运行温度为173.5℃时,系统总效率最高,达到0.8250;与采用复合抛物面聚焦集热器(CPC)和高效真空管集热器(ETC)相比,采用PTC的太阳能双效吸收式制冷系统具有最佳的系统性能;相同条件下,选用PTC时集热面积最小,但由于PTC的价格很高,导致系统成本很高。     

溴化锂吸收式热泵的研究及应用

主要探讨第I类和第Ⅱ类溴化锂吸收式热泵的性能,并从节能的角度分析了这两类热泵回收利用低温热源的经济性。     

太阳能吸收式空调系统在别墅中的应用

根据别墅建筑的特点,建立一套太阳能与小型溴化锂吸收式制冷机相结合的制冷／热泵系统。该系统可为别墅建筑实现夏季制冷、冬季供暖以及全年提供生活用热水多项功能。介绍了整个系统的形式及其工作原理以及如何选择太阳能集热器和吸收式制冷机,并指出了系统的初投资较高、系统效率较低等不足;建议了提高制冷机制冷系数的措施以提高系统的总效率。     

BCHP系统中吸收式热泵性能模拟

使以天然气为能源的楼宇式小型热电冷三联供系统（BCHP，Building Cooling Heating ＆ Power）中的烟气型双效吸收式制冷机在冬季作热泵运行，利用回收烟气冷凝热的运行方式进行了建模与模拟研究，证明了在该方式下运行是可行的，指出影响热泵温升提高的主要因素是高压发生器的溶液浓度、温度和压力，根据这些影响因素可以分析热泵机组的升温特性，用于指导机组实际运行时的参数调节。     

高效利用地热水的系统型式及其经济分析

讨论了解决当前地热水严重浪费问题的几种技术方案。分析了三种系统型式：用于普通热水锅炉给水的系统；有蒸气锅炉和溴化锂吸收式热泵的复合系统；有电动蒸汽压缩式热泵的系统。证明地热水供热系统中使用热泵具有节能与经济意义。     

Building integration of concentrating systems for solar cooling applications

The high energy consumption in buildings in Mediterranean countries, especially in the spring and summer months due to the extensive use of air conditioning, requires immediate actions to minimise energy costs and environmental impact given the current energy crisis. Solar cooling systems offer an attractive solution, but the main drawbacks of this type of systems are the low efficiency of the currently used single-effect absorption chillers and the large areas of thermal collectors needed to produce the thermal energy. These large solar installations make difficult their building integration. A way to overcome these difficulties is the use of high efficient integrated solar concentrator systems able to achieve temperatures around 150 °C that could be used to activate the more energy efficient double-effect absorption chillers. In the frame of this concept, in the present work a comparison between two cooling systems for a specific three-floor building, with and without solar concentration, is performed. The first is a conventional system which consists of evacuated tube collectors feeding a single-effect absorption chiller. On the other hand, a Fresnel reflective solar concentrating system, integrated on the building façade, is coupled to a double-effect absorption chiller. The results show an important reduction of the solar collectors absorber area in the concentrating system compared with the standard solar thermal installation. However, the solar concentrating system requires a large aperture area. In addition, the rejected heat in the double-effect chiller is lower, implying that the investment and operation costs of the solar concentrating cooling system can be reduced significantly.     

Solar cooling system using concentrating collectors for office buildings: A case study for Greece

On a European level there is intense research activity to broaden the applications of solar thermal systems beyond their established domains (hot water, space heating support) and to foster their participation in the energy maps of the EU-Member States. Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) systems are expected to play a key role in this effort, especially for achieving the medium and high temperatures needed, for electricity generation, for industrial applications but also for hybridized solar heating/cooling and desalination applications.This paper presents a proposal for implementation of a CST system in the building sector, based on a research carried out in the Laboratory of Environmental and Energy Efficient Design of Buildings and Settlements at the University of Thrace. Specifically, an integrated solar cooling system using parabolic trough solar collectors and double-effect chiller is discussed, used to cover the cooling needs of typical office building in Greece.As it was shown, the use of concentrating solar collectors leads to significantly higher output temperatures that can enable the use of two stage absorption chillers with a higher COP. Alternatively, when low or medium temperature heat is required, the use of CST systems takes less space to cope with it than traditional flat plate collectors. The combination of these parameters can contribute to removing key barriers associated with the broader diffusion of solar cooling technology, enhancing the potential to become more competitive to the conventional air conditioning technologies.     

A solar thermal cooling and heating system for a building: Experimental and model based performance analysis and design

A solar thermal cooling and heating system at Carnegie Mellon University was studied through its design, installation, modeling, and evaluation to deal with the question of how solar energy might most effectively be used in supplying energy for the operation of a building. This solar cooling and heating system incorporates 52 m² of linear parabolic trough solar collectors; a 16 kW double effect, water-lithium bromide (LiBr) absorption chiller, and a heat recovery heat exchanger with their circulation pumps and control valves. It generates chilled and heated water, dependent on the season, for space cooling and heating. This system is the smallest high temperature solar cooling system in the world. Till now, only this system of the kind has been successfully operated for more than one year. Performance of the system has been tested and the measured data were used to verify system performance models developed in the TRaNsient SYstem Simulation program (TRNSYS). On the basis of the installed solar system, base case performance models were programmed; and then they were modified and extended to investigate measures for improving system performance. The measures included changes in the area and orientation of the solar collectors, the inclusion of thermal storage in the system, changes in the pipe diameter and length, and various system operational control strategies. It was found that this solar thermal system could potentially supply 39% of cooling and 20% of heating energy for this building space in Pittsburgh, PA, if it included a properly sized storage tank and short, low diameter connecting pipes. Guidelines for the design and operation of an efficient and effective solar cooling and heating system for a given building space have been provided.     

Solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine trigeneration system for marine applications

Shipping contributes 4.5% to global CO₂ emissions and is not covered by the Kyoto Agreement. One method of reducing CO₂ emissions on land is combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) or trigeneration, with typical combined thermal efficiencies of over 80%. Large luxury yachts are seen as an ideal entry point to the off-shore market for this developing technology considering its current high cost.This paper investigates the feasibility of combining a SOFC-GT system and an absorption heat pump (AHP) in a trigeneration system to drive the heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and electrical base-load systems. A thermodynamic model is used to simulate the system, with various configurations and cooling loads. Measurement of actual yacht performance data forms the basis of this system simulation.It is found that for the optimum configuration using a double effect absorption chiller in Ship 1, the net electric power increases by 47% relative to the electrical power available for a conventional SOFC-GT-HVAC system. This is due to more air cooled to a lower temperature by absorption cooling; hence less electrical cooling by the conventional HVAC unit is required. The overall efficiency is 12.1% for the conventional system, 34.9% for the system with BROAD single effect absorption chiller, 43.2% for the system with double effect absorption chiller. This shows that the overall efficiency of a trigeneration system is far higher when waste heat recovery happens.The desiccant wheel hardly reduces moisture from the outdoor air due to a relative low mass flow rate of fuel cell exhaust available to dehumidify a very large mass flow rate of HVAC air, Hence, desiccant wheel is not recommended for this application.     

Numerical simulation and performance assessment of a low capacity solar assisted absorption heat pump coupled with a sub-floor system

A prototype low capacity (10 kW) single stage Li–Br absorption heat pump (AHP), suitable for residential and small building applications has been developed as a collaborative result between various European research institutes and industries. The primary heat source for the AHP is supplied from flat plate solar collectors and the hot/chilled water from the unit is delivered to a floor heating/cooling system. In this paper we present the simulation results and an overview of the performance assessment of the complete system. The calculations were performed for two building types (high and low thermal mass), three climatic conditions, with different types of solar collectors and hot water storage tank sizes and different control systems for the operation of the installation. The simulations were performed using the thermal simulation code TRNSYS. The estimated energy savings against a conventional cooling system using a compression type heat pump was found to be in the range of 20–27%.     

Parametric analysis and yearly performance of a trigeneration system driven by solar‐dish collectors

Solar‐driven polygeneration systems are promising technologies for covering many energy demands with a renewable and sustainable way. The objective of the present work is the investigation of a trigeneration system, which is driven by solar‐dish collectors. The examined trigeneration system includes an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), which operates with toluene, and an absorption heat pump, which operates with LiBr/H₂O. The absorption heat pump is fed with heat by the condenser of the ORC, which operates at medium temperature levels (120°C to 150°C). The absorption heat pump produces both useful heat at 55°C and cooling at 12°C. The ORC produces electricity, and it is fed by the solar dishes. The examined ORC is a regenerative cycle with superheating. The total analysis is performed with a developed model in Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The system is investigated parametrically for different ORC heat‐rejection temperatures, different superheating levels in the turbine inlet, and various solar‐beam irradiation levels. Furthermore, the system is investigated on a yearly basis for the climate conditions of Athens (Greece) and for Belgrade (Serbia). It is found that the yearly system energy and exergy efficiencies are 108.39% and 20.92%, respectively, for Athens, while 111.38% and 21.50%, respectively, for Belgrade. The values over 100% for the energy efficiency are explained by the existence of a heat pump in the examined configuration. For both locations, the payback period is found close to 10 years and the internal rate of return close to 10%. The final results indicate that the examined configuration is a highly efficient and viable system, which operates only with a renewable energy source.     

Energy and economic assessment of desiccant cooling systems coupled with single glazed air and hybrid PV/thermal solar collectors for applications in hot and humid climate

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the energy and economic performance of desiccant cooling systems (DEC) equipped with both single glazed standard air and hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/t) collectors for applications in hot and humid climates. The use of ‘solar cogeneration’ by means of PV/t hybrid collectors enables the simultaneous production of electricity and heat, which can be directly used by desiccant air handling units, thereby making it possible to achieve very energy savings. The present work shows the results of detailed simulations conducted for a set of desiccant cooling systems operating without any heat storage.System performance was investigated through hourly simulations for different systems and load combinations. Three configurations of DEC systems were considered: standard DEC, DEC with an integrated heat pump and DEC with an enthalpy wheel. Two kinds of building occupations were considered: office and lecture room. Moreover, three configurations of solar-assisted air handling units (AHU) equipped with desiccant wheels were considered and compared with standard AHUs, focusing on achievable primary energy savings.The relationship between the solar collector’s area and the specific primary energy consumption for different system configurations and building occupation patterns is described. For both occupation patterns, sensitivity analysis on system performance was performed for different solar collector areas. Also, this work presents an economic assessment of the systems. The cost of conserved energy and the payback time were calculated, with and without public incentives for solar cooling systems. It is worth noting that the use of photovoltaics, and thus the exploitation of related available incentives in many European countries, could positively influence the spread of solar air cooling technologies (SAC). An outcome of this work is that SAC systems equipped with PV/t collectors are shown to have better performance in terms of primary energy saving than conventional systems fed by vapour compression chillers and coupled with PV cells.All SAC systems present good figures for primary energy consumption. The best performances are seen in systems with integrated heat pumps and small solar collector areas. The economics of these SAC systems at current equipment costs and energy prices are acceptable. They become more interesting in the case of public incentives of up to 30% of the investment cost (Simple Payback Time from 5 to 10 years) and doubled energy prices.     

几种电厂冷凝热回收系统的节能经济性对比分析

提出了两种新型的热泵回收冷凝热供热系统——汽水双热源供热量可调集中供热系统和电热泵回收冷凝热供热系统,并与现有的热泵回收冷凝热供热系统比较,分析比较各自的节能经济性。结果表明,汽水双热源供热量可调集中供热系统和电热泵回收冷凝热供热系统的经济效益比常见的吸收式热泵回收冷凝热供热系统分别高出33％和117．9％。对于296MW供热机组,汽水双热源可调集中供热系统和电热泵回收冷凝热供热系统每年可分别减排二氧化碳10万t和11．5万t。电热泵回收冷凝热供热系统节约的冷却水量要远高于其他两个系统,这对北方缺水地区意义重大。     

大型太阳能空调/热泵系统

详细介绍了位于北京天普集团工业园区的太阳能空调,热泵系统。该系统主要由太阳能集热器阵列、溴化锂制冷机、热泵、控制系统等几部分组成。系统以太阳能为主,热泵为辅,可以完全满足新能源示范大楼全年的空调、采暖及生活热水的需要。介绍了系统的技术参数及部分运行数据,分析了系统的特点及运行状况。