泄水闸泄流方式对引航道口门区水流的影响

引航道口门区通航水流条件作为制约枢纽航运效益发挥的重要因素,受到泄水闸泄水方式、电站日调节方式、引航道尺寸等多方面的影响。基于SMS软件,对橄榄坝枢纽建立概化模型,提出流量分布不均匀系数K,推导并验证临界不均匀系数Kr的计算公式,分析下泄水流主流位于不同区域及不同主流强度时口门区最大回流流速变化规律。结果表明,当K≤K_r,主流远离船闸区域时产生的最大回流流速大于主流位于中间区域时产生的最大回流流速;当KK_r,主流位于中间区域时产生的最大回流流速大于主流远离船闸区域时产生的最大回流流速。     

曹娥江出口船闸建设若干关键问题初探

为研究支流口门区船闸建设涉及的口门水流流态、泥沙淤积等关键问题,以浙江省钱塘江强涌潮河口支流曹娥江出口为例,采用实测资料分析、二维水沙耦合数学模型等方法初步研究了拟建船闸出口水域河床稳定性、引航道口门水流流态及泥沙淤积等问题。结果表明,船闸出口水域及口外引航道局部冲淤幅度较大,需对局部碍航段采取疏浚措施;闸下引航道水域横向流速满足通航要求的时间较短,需通过乘潮航行及船闸的优化调度提高通航频次,闸下引航道及口门区泥沙淤积较严重,需深入研究减淤措施。     

感潮河段支流口门枢纽物理模型流量边界确定方法

感潮河段支流口门枢纽受试验场地限制常采用部分江宽模型,由于涨落潮不对称及枢纽引排水牵制作用,加之部分江宽模型中支流口门断面的流量与实际流量不符,这些问题在模型试验中亟需解决。为此,以界牌水利枢纽为例,针对感潮河段涨、落潮复杂潮汐边界,通过建立水位流量关系,结合枢纽引排水条件,得出一系列组合工况;针对流量偏差问题,采用数学模型计算口门区断面真实流量,对模型边界条件进行流量补偿计算,从而给出修正后的边界条件。采用模型试验方法进行了半江模型整体流态试验,观测结果与已验证的全江模型结果对比表明,回流出现位置及引航道口门横流大小均较为接近。可见采用模型试验方法可简化并准确设置模型边界条件,实现了支流口门流态的准确模拟,可为类似工程的模型试验提供借鉴和依据。     

蜀河泄水建筑物规模的优化计算

在保证安康、蜀河水库安全以及安康水库下游防护对象安全的前提下,考虑安康、蜀河区间洪水,以最大削峰为准则,建立安康水库的优化调度模型,采用动态规划法进行求解。结果分析表明优化调度后,削减了蜀河入库洪水,从而减小了蜀河枢纽泄水建筑物的规模,优化了船闸建筑物的布置,降低了工程成本。     

基于RNG κ-ε与LES模型的盲肠河段口门区水力特性数值模拟分析

为分析RNGκ-ε模型和LES大涡模型对盲肠河段数值模拟的影响,采用RNGκ-ε模型和LES大涡模型数值模拟盲端内及口门区的水流特性,并在此基础上研究了口门掺混区的涡流特性及其对盲端内水位和流速的振荡影响。结果表明,相对于RNGκ-ε模型,LES大涡模型模拟的结果更精细、全面;涡流从口门掺混区上游产生,顺水流方向向下游发展,直至溃灭,在主流与盲端下游交汇处涡量最大;剪切涡流造成盲端内流速及水面波动的周期性变化,其中水面振荡的方向与水流方向一致。研究成果为盲肠河段口门区涡流特性研究提供了参考。     

燕山水库枢纽工程布置及设计特点

从地形、地质、施工、工程投资等角度介绍了燕山水库的枢纽工程布置及主要建筑物的设计特点.工程实际建设表明,该水库枢纽工程布置方案安全可靠、便于施工,为开工后提前截流、缩短工期创造了便利条件.     

深覆盖层上砂砾石坝渗流特性及防渗措施分析

以某水电站枢纽工程为倒,构建三维渗流有限元模型,分析了各材料区渗透稳定性,通过不同防渗布置方案对比研究了厂坝址区渗流特性,并评价了各方案的可行性.结果表明,采用设计值方案,防渗墙和帷幕灌浆渗控作用很好,坝体和坝基各料区的渗透稳定性均符合要求,坝基渗控合理.     

楞古水电站坝址左岸~#3山梁稳定性分析

楞古水电站坝址左岸为斜顺向坡,地形呈叠瓦状,坝址左岸发育有规模大于1 000×104 m3的#3山梁,该山梁的稳定性直接影响坝区左岸建筑布置,因此有必要分析#3山梁的稳定性。根据坝址左岸地表调查资料和上、下共5层勘探平硐的精测资料,坝址左岸边坡的变形破坏模式有块体滑移破坏、块体坠落式破坏和块体滑移-剪切破坏等,#3山梁的主要变形破坏模式为滑移-剪切破坏。采用定性判断、二维极限平衡法和三维数值模拟等方法综合评价了#3山梁的稳定性为整体稳定,局部为基本稳定—欠稳定状态。研究成果为坝址区左岸枢纽建筑布置和边坡设计提供了参考依据。     

塔坑水电站引水防沙设施试验研究

针对低闸引水开发式电站库小,沙多、落差大、泥沙严重的问题,以塔坑水电站为例,通过模型试验验证了枢纽布置,并修改和优化了引水防沙设施.试验结果表明,电站枢纽布置合理,优化后的引水防沙设施效果理想.可满足工程规划设计要求.     

娘娘滩水库枢纽布置方案选择

本文通过对工程所在地娘娘滩的地形、地貌、水文及地质条件分析,论述了娘娘滩水库枢纽布置的可能性方案,经综合分析,择优选择了枢纽总体布置方案,在此基础上并进一步计算论证,优化选取了双曲三心拱坝方案。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093