海洋温差发电系统蒸发压力及工质优选分析

文章基于热力学原理,建立了海洋温差发电系统仿真模型,分析了R717,R134a和R600这3种工质系统的性能参数随蒸发压力的变化。研究结果表明:随蒸发压力的增大,不同工质系统的蒸发器和冷凝器的热负荷和海水泵功率均近似呈幂递减的变化趋势,不同工质系统的泵功率均近似呈指数递增的变化趋势,不同工质系统的质量流量均近似呈幂递减的变化趋势,不同工质系统的热效率均近似呈对数递增的变化趋势;蒸发压力越大,R717和R600工质系统的单位换热面积发电量越大,但R134a工质系统的单位换热面积发电量随蒸发压力的增加存在峰值;在不同工质的饱和蒸汽压力下,R600工质系统的单位换热面积发电量最大,但其透平进出口压降较小,乏汽温度高,工质流量大,导致透平尺寸较大;R717工质系统具有较大的蒸发压力操作范围,且其热效率较大,单位换热面积发电量在合适的范围内,适用于海洋温差能发电系统。     

海上油气平台余热朗肯循环发电系统热力学分析

海上油气平台存在大量的燃气轮机余热。通过建立海上平台余热朗肯循环发电系统仿真模型,开展平台余热发电热力学及热经济性分析。选取工质泵功率、发电机输出功率、系统热效率、换热面积和单位面积发电量等参数作为优化目标,研究不同冷凝温度下优化目标函数随蒸发器烟气进出口温差的变化规律。结果表明:随着蒸发器烟气进出口温差的增加,工质泵功率、发电机输出功率和系统APR先增大后减小。冷凝温度越高,工质泵功率越大,发电机输出功率和系统热效率越小。当冷凝温度为65℃时,系统APR最大。受透平出口蒸汽干度的限制,所研究工况下,系统发电机最大输出功率为7 496 kW,系统最大热效率和APR分别为14.16%和5 kW·m~(-2)。研究结果可为撬装化、集成化海上油气平台余热发电系统研制提供理论参考。     

基于粒子群算法的海洋温差能朗肯循环系统多目标优化

为提高海洋温差能发电系统的综合性能,以单位换热面积发电量和单位海水流量发电量为基础建立综合目标函数,选取蒸发温度、冷凝温度、蒸发器和冷凝器的海水出口温度为优化变量,利用粒子群算法对海洋温差能朗肯循环系统进行多目标参数优化。研究结果表明,在28℃温海水和5℃冷海水条件下,循环工质为R717时,蒸发器内的最佳蒸发温度为23.10℃,温海水出口温度为23.42℃;冷凝器内的最佳冷凝温度为12.31℃,冷海水出口温度为10.80℃;在换热器的海水进出口温差超过4℃时,换热器的海水出口温度对系统性能的影响较小。综上,采用多目标优化可实现对各评价指标间的协调,相比单目标优化的传统模型,多目标优化改善了系统的综合性能。     

基于海底黑烟囱的海洋温差发电热力循环系统研究

与传统的海洋温差发电系统不同,海底黑烟囱海洋温差发电系统是以海洋地热为热源,以深海冷水为冷源的发电系统。文章分别分析和计算了以水蒸气为工质的开式系统和以纯氨为工质的闭式系统的循环热效率、换热器负荷、泵耗以及循环净功等相关参数。结果表明,与以纯氨为工质的闭式系统相比,开式系统的热水泵功耗过大,降低高温海水的温度和提高闪蒸压力对开式系统是不利的;以水蒸气为动力循环工质有利于降低换热器的负荷,这对换热器的设计是十分有利的。     

以R134a为工质的OTEC朗肯循环热力计算软件开发

以海洋温差热能转换（OTEC）的热力循环为研究对象，为给循环分析提供方便准确的性能计算工具，采用Python程序设计语言，开发了OTEC朗肯循环热力计算软件。软件可以完成简单朗肯循环、再热朗肯循环、抽气回热朗肯循环等3种循环的热力计算，输出结果包括循环最高限制压力、冷凝压力、工质泵功、膨胀机功、蒸发器热负荷、冷凝器热负荷、循环净功以及循环热效率等朗肯循环性能参数。工质热力性质采用R134a的最新国际标准关联式，计算结果足够精确，在蒸发温度24.34℃、冷凝温度8.14℃，泵效率和透平效率均为1.0的工况下，与采用NIST提供的热物性数据进行循环计算结果对比表明，二者完全一致，循环热效率均为5.15%。软件可作为OTEC发电装置的热工设计参考，也可用于R134a工质的 -103.15℃~426.85℃之间的亚临界朗肯循环、跨临界朗肯循环和超临界循环等领域的应用，软件的成功开发对我国OTEC发电应用领域的发展具有相当程度的技术保障与引领作用。     

以R508B与R23为低温工质的复叠循环理论模拟

在医用超低温场景下,研究了以R404A为高温级工质,分别以R508B与R23为低温级工质的复叠循环的理论循环性能。通过计算,模拟了高温级冷凝温度、高温级蒸发温度和冷凝蒸发器换热温差对系统COP的影响。得到结论,随着高温级冷凝温度的升高,复叠系统的COP逐渐下降;随着高温级制冷系统蒸发温度的升高,复叠系统的COP呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势;而随着冷凝蒸发器换热温差的升高,复叠系统的COP出现逐渐下降的趋势。综合来看,应优先考虑R508B作为低温级制冷工质。     

海洋温差能发电循环系统热力学分析

对海洋温差发电朗肯循环系统进行分析,分别研究蒸发压力、氨水浓度、冷热海水温度等参数对系统热效率和?效率的影响,对比分析纯氨和二氟一氯甲烷工质系统热效率和?效率,为海洋温差能开发及商业级发电系统研建提供技术支撑。结果表明:系统热效率和?效率与密切相关,氨水浓度的影响较小;纯氨质量流量远小于二氟一氯甲烷,且其热效率和?效率均大于二氟一氯甲烷系统,是海洋温差发电系统较为理想的循环工质。     

对流热采油页岩过程低温余热ORC系统热力分析

为回收利用对流热采油页岩过程中产生的低温余热蒸汽,提出并设计有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统进行热力发电。在特定余热蒸汽参数条件下,基于R245fa循环工质,编制计算程序模拟分析了ORC系统变工况参数对该系统热效率及输出功率的影响规律。数值模拟结果表明:设定汽轮机背压为0.25MPa时,工质最高蒸发压力为2.566MPa,在此范围内,系统热效率随蒸发压力升高单调增加,增幅减缓;取蒸发器出口温度85℃时,对于不同的蒸发压力系统允许运行工质流量范围不同,在同一蒸发压力下,由于热源限制导致系统热效率并未随工质流量增加显著提高,但可得到更多输出净功;蒸发压力为1.5 MPa时,随余热排放温度的降低,系统输出净功显著提高;随汽轮机背压的降低,系统热效率得到明显改善,但汽轮机背压的降低增加了工质冷凝的困难,合适的背压值取0.2MPa。     

亚临界有机朗肯循环系统的热经济分析与优化

以系统发电成本(electricity production cost,EPC)为评价指标,对用于回收工业锅炉烟气余热的有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统进行了热经济分析与优化。结果表明,随着蒸发器和冷凝器节点温差的增大,系统发电成本先减小、再增大,即存在一组最优的蒸发器和冷凝器节点温差使发电成本最小。分别以纯工质R245fa和R236ea、非共沸混合工质R141b/RC318和乙烷/丁烷为循环工质,得到了最小发电成本时有机朗肯循环系统的最优工作参数,以及对应的系统净输出功、热效率和火用效率。     

低温余热有机朗肯循环发电系统热经济性分析

针对工业中排放的低温烟气,建立有机朗肯循环发电系统的热经济分析模型,分析蒸发压力、热源温度及蒸发器最小传热温差对系统经济性能的影响。分析结果表明:热源温度为140℃,循环采用R123的经济性最佳,相应的发电成本与动态投资回收期分别为0.142元(/kW.h)与3.68年。余热发电系统存在一个经济性最高的蒸发压力,不同工质对应的最佳蒸发压力也不同。蒸发器内最小传热温差为15℃时,系统的经济性较好。烟气温度在100～180℃时,系统采用R123的投资回收期最短,而烟气温度高于180℃时,R141b的经济性更高;不宜采用有机朗肯循环发电技术回收温度低于100℃的低温烟气。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.