南极中山站30 kW光伏发电系统工作特性研究

研究南极中山站地区太阳辐照度和环境温度的联合分布情况,确定极端环境条件;建立不同辐照度和温度条件下光伏电池I-V特性分析模型,分析极端条件对电池发电特性的影响;研究确定2种30 kW光伏发电阵列方案,并对光伏阵列的发电性能进行仿真分析。研究结果:极区环境对光伏组件的发电特性有较大影响,在倾角、辐照度和环境温度等因素影响下,光伏组件的开路电压、最大功率电压能够增大16.9%,短路电流、最大功率电流增大31%,瞬间最大功率可能增大50.2%。     

考虑太阳张角的聚光器设计北大核心CSCD

通过聚光等形式提高光能密度,减少光伏材料的使用量,有助于保护环境和节约能源。文章提出一种新型聚光器设计方案,其在分析太阳张角对光路影响基础上,对聚光器模型进行改进,并得到接收器上反射光线分布规律。根据节省材料比和聚光硅电池效率选取聚光器参数,建立聚光器三维模型,在TracePro软件中进行仿真,得到接收器表面的辐照度分布和总光通量,与传统光伏聚光器聚光效果对比,验证聚光器模型的有效性,为聚光光伏发电系统的实物设计奠定了理论基础。     

太阳能等照度带聚焦菲涅耳透镜研究

为了提高聚光发电时太阳电池的光电转换效率,从提高太阳电池表面会聚光强分布的均匀性入手,对传统平板型线聚焦透镜进行改进,提出一种用于聚光光伏发电的等照度带聚焦菲涅耳透镜设计方法。带聚焦菲涅耳透镜分为奇数个单元,每个单元宽度与太阳电池宽度相等,单元内所有尖劈角φ相等并将太阳辐射等宽度折射至太阳电池表面,从而实现各单元透过的太阳能等照度叠加。最大聚光比由光伏电池宽度、透镜与太阳电池间距以及透镜材料折射率决定。对带聚焦和线聚焦两种透镜聚光条件下电池表面温度分布情况进行比较分析,验证了等照度带聚焦透镜设计的可行性。     

一种固定式和跟踪式光伏阵列功率的估算模型

为估算光伏阵列的发电输出,提出一种能精确到分钟的光伏功率估算模型,适用于固定式和双轴跟踪式阵列。该模型首先根据测量的水平直射、散射辐照度、太阳的位置、组件的安装结构来计算组件表面吸收的辐照度,再结合组件和逆变器的实际效率,估算输出功率。该模型考虑了入射角修正、组件的衰减、灰尘带来的损失、法向直射辐射的修正。使用澳大利亚沙漠知识太阳能中心的数据验证该模型,并应用该模型研究双轴跟踪相对固定光伏阵列的发电量增益。     

太阳能自动跟踪发电系统的创新设计

针对现有太阳能光伏发电装置能量转换效率较低的缺陷,设计了一种新型太阳能光伏发电系统——双轴自动跟踪发电系统。研制了光电传感器,分析了光电传感器的工作原理;设计了系统的信号处理及控制电路。该系统能使太阳电池板在晴天始终保持与太阳光线垂直,在夜晚、阴天或太阳光辐照度低于工作照度时自动关机。为了得到该系统的发电功率随时间和天气变化的情况,进行了实验研究,最终得到光伏发电功率随时间和天气变化的规律。     

太阳能聚光光伏-膜蒸馏海水淡化复合系统研究

提出一种可在海岛或偏远地区同时产生电力和淡水的聚光光伏-膜蒸馏海水淡化复合系统。对该系统的工作原理以及结构设计进行介绍。对系统的聚光结构进行光学仿真,研究汇聚到太阳电池上的光线接收率及能流密度的均匀性,结果表明,入射角在15°以内时,位置聚光比方差均小于0.8。在实际天气条件下对系统进行实验研究,结果表明,在夏秋季太阳辐照度为800 W/m²的条件下,系统每小时淡水产量可达375.8 g/m²,产水效率可达33.1%,每小时平均输出功率可达61.7 W/m²,电效率为8.0%,系统整体效率可达41.3%。在冬季条件下,对光伏发电功率和发电效率影响不大,但对装置的产水量有较明显的影响,但产水效率仍可达到26%以上。     

高辐照度多准直角太阳模拟光学系统设计与仿真研究

为实现不同光束准直角下的辐照度模拟,依据太阳模拟器基本成像原理,设计高辐照度多准直角太阳模拟器光学系统。根据太阳辐照度、光束准直角、辐照均匀度、光谱特性和辐照稳定性等指标要求,选取氙灯作为光源,利用Lighttools软件建立嵌套灯弧模拟模型,分析氙灯体光源、发光功率分布和空间光强分布模拟方法;同时,设计椭球聚光系统、匀光系统和准直系统,实现0.1S0(32′)、0.3S0(45′)和1.0S0(±1°)的太阳辐照度与光束准直角模拟;利用光学系统仿真模型对氙灯和光学积分器进行离焦分析,建立离焦位置与辐照均匀性的函数关系。由仿真结果可知:设计的光学系统可实现142.5 W/m~2(32′)、428.4 W/m~2(45′)和1395.6 W/m~2(±1°)的太阳辐照度与光束准直角模拟,且辐照均匀度优于95.7%。     

抛物面槽式太阳能SolTrace 模拟与实验分析

结合抛物面槽式聚光器的光学特性,应用Sol Tarce光学仿真模拟软件,采用蒙特卡洛射线追踪法对设计搭建的呈东西轴布置的抛物面槽式聚光集热实验系统,建立光学系统模型并进行Sol Tarce模拟分析,获得抛物面槽式吸热管在当天不同时刻下及不同太阳直射辐照度下的有效辐射能通量和抛物面槽式吸热管壁面的能流密度分布,并将模拟得到的结果与实测实验数据进行对比分析,结果表明:模拟结果与实验数据具有较好的一致性,最小及最大偏差分别为8.1%和16.4%,实验数据可较好地验证Sol Tarce模拟系统的可行性及模拟结果的可信度,抛物面槽式吸热管吸收太阳辐射能受太阳光入射角和太阳辐照度的影响较大。模拟结果能够有效地反映聚光型太阳能热发电系统的光学性能及热性能,为聚光型太阳能热发电系统的设计与优化以及工程应用提供参考依据。     

并网光伏逆变器 转换效率的仿真与实证研究

通过研究光伏阵列数学模型和并网光伏逆变器拓扑结构,利用Matlab/Simulink构建并网光伏发电系统模型建立并网光伏逆变器转换效率与环境参数间联系,绘制出太阳辐照度、温度与逆变器转换效率三维曲面图,并与西藏羊八井光伏电站实测数据进行对比,验证仿真模型正确稳定,数据准确可靠。     

二次反射聚光分频光伏系统的三维光学模型

建立了考虑太阳张角的抛物槽式二次反射聚光分频光伏系统的三维光学模型,模拟计算了分频器和光伏电池表面入射的能流密度分布情况,结果表明:受分频器对入射光遮拦和抛物槽中心安装光电池的影响分频器表面能流密度分布中心低两边均匀,而光伏电池表面能流密度分布中间高两边低.分析了不同跟踪系统误差对能流密度及集光效率的影响.     

PV power conversion and short-term forecasting in a tropical,densely-built environment in Singapore

With the substantial growth of solar photovoltaic installations worldwide, forecasting irradiance becomes a critical step in providing a reliable integration of solar electricity into electric power grids. In Singapore, the number of PV installation has increased with a growth rate of 70% over the past 6 years. Within the next decade, solar power could represent up to 20% of the instant power generation. Challenges for PV grid integration in Singapore arise from the high variability in cloud movements and irradiance patterns due to the tropical climate. For a thorough analysis and modeling of the impact of an increasing share of variable PV power on the electric power system, it is indispensable (i) to have an accurate conversion model from irradiance to solar power generation, and (ii) to carry out irradiance forecasting on various time scales. In this work, we demonstrate how common assumptions and simplifications in PV power conversion methods negatively affect the output estimates of PV systems power in a tropical and densely-built environment such as in Singapore. In the second part, we propose and test a novel hybrid model for short-term irradiance forecasting for short-term intervals. The hybrid model outperforms the persistence forecast and other common statistical methods.     

The performance analysis and evaluation of C‐PV/T aided power generation system

In this paper, a novel solar aided power generation (SAPG) hybrid system based on the structural characteristics of coal‐fired power generation is established. In this system, the extraction steam of No.8 low pressure heater is replaced by the hot water coming from a concentration‐photovoltaic/thermal (C‐PV/T) module. The extraction steam returns into the steam turbine to do work, which increases the output power. And the electricity from the parallel C‐PV/T module goes directly into the power grid, which increases the generated power. The C‐PV/T module coupled with coal‐fired power generation improves the solar energy efficiency and provides hot water. As a case study, the economic calculation is performed with actual operation data extracted from a 600‐MW coal‐fired unit. The results show that the total efficiency increased by 1.3%, the coal fuel consumption is lowered by 11 g/kW·h, and the investment recovery period is approximately 7 years. This study offers a theoretical support to the engineering demonstration.     

Integrating photovoltaic and power converter characteristics for energy extraction study of solar PV systems

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is becoming an increasingly important part of the world’s renewable energy. A grid-connected solar PV system consists of solar cells for energy extraction from the sun and power converters for grid interface. In order for effective integration of the solar PV systems with the electric power grid, this paper presents solar PV energy extraction and conversion study by combining the two characteristics together to examine various factors that may affect the design of solar PV systems. The energy extraction characteristics of solar PV cells are examined by considering several practical issues such as series and parallel connections, change of temperatures and irradiance levels, shading of sunlight, and bypassing and blocking diodes. The electrical characteristics of power converters are studied by considering physical system constraints such as rated current and converter linear modulation limits. Then, the two characteristics are analyzed in a joint environment. An open-loop transient simulation using SimPowerSystem is developed to validate the effectiveness of the characteristic study and to further inspect the solar PV system behavior in a transient environment. Extensive simulation study is conducted to investigate performance of solar PV arrays under different conditions.     

A new integrated single‐diode solar cell model for photovoltaic power prediction with experimental validation under real outdoor conditions

The output power prediction by a photovoltaic (PV) system is an important research area for which different techniques have been used. Solar cell modeling is one of the most used methods for power prediction, the accuracy of which strongly depends on the selection of cell parameters. In this study, a new integrated single‐diode solar cell model based on three, four, and five solar cell parameters is developed for the prediction of PV power generation. The experimental validation of the predicted results is done under outdoor climatic conditions for an Indian location. The predicted power by three models is found close to measured values within 4.29% to 4.76% accuracy range. The comparative power estimation analysis by these models shows that the three‐parameter model gives higher accuracy for low solar irradiance values <150 W/m², the four‐parameter model in the range of 150 to 500 W/m², and the five‐parameter model for >500 W/m². The present model is also compared with other models in literature and is found to be more accurate with less percentage error. The overall results also show that the power produced depends on temperature and solar radiation levels at a particular location. Thus, single solar cell model developed can be used with sufficient accuracy for power forecast of PV systems for any location worldwide. The follow‐up research areas are also identified.     

Analysis of grid connected solar PV system in the southeastern part of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a potential site of implementing renewable energy system to reduce the severe power crisis throughout the year. According to this, Chittagong is the southeastern part of Bangladesh is also a potential site for implementing renewable energy system such as grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. Financial viability and green-house gas emission reduction of solar PV as an electricity generation source are assessed for 500 kW grid connected solar PV system at University of Chittagong, Chittagong. Homer simulation software and monthly average solar radiation data from NASA is used for this task. In the proposed system monthly electricity generation varies between 82.65 MW h and 60.3 MW h throughout the year with a mean value of 68.25 MW h depending on the monthly highest and lowest solar radiation data. It is found that per unit electricity production cost is US$ 0.20 based on project lifetime 25 years. The IRR, equity payback and benefit-cost ratio shows favorable condition for development of the proposed solar PV system in this site. A minimum 664 tones of green-house gas emissions can be reduced annually utilizing the proposed system.     

太阳能光伏光热一体化系统的实验研究

为提高太阳能的利用率同时得到可资利用的热水和电力，将小型贮能式光伏系统与家用平板型太阳能热水器结合起来，把光优电池组件层压在热水器的扁盒式铝合金集热板上，构成一套光优光热(PV／T)一体化系统，并在合肥地区进行了自然循环模式下的光电光热性能测试。实验结果表明，在晴朗或多云的天气条件下实验系统日平均热效率可达40％，日平均发电效率约9．5％，系统综合性能效率多在60％以上，比单独的光伏或热水系统效率有显著提高。     

抛物面聚光太阳能PV/T系统的热电性能分析

建立了带有散热翅片的聚光太阳能PV/T热电联产系统内部传热过程的一维稳态数学模型,对传热过程进行了数值模拟,分析了空气质量流速、入射光强度、聚光比、环境温度、上部通道高度及翅片参数对系统的空气温度、电池板温度及系统热、电效率的影响.结果表明:随着入射光强、聚光比的增加,空气出口温度和电池板温度都会增加,系统热电总效率增加;通过增空气流量可以有效降低电池温度,提高电池的光电转换效率和系统的总能量利用效率;吸热板背面的翅片可以强化通道内空气的传热过程,降低电池板的温度,系统效率可增加约2%;在相同的光照条件下,人口空气温度越低,上部通道越窄,系统热效率越高.研究结果为聚光太阳能PV/T热电联产系统的设计和运行提供了理论依据.     

基于光伏组件的太阳能资源观测

鉴于太阳能资源的测量和评价是太阳能开发利用的重要基础,按照光伏电池两种主要安装方式(倾斜固定和太阳跟踪),利用单晶、多晶和非晶三种典型的光伏组件设计进行了太阳能光伏资源观测试验,获得了各季节典型晴天条件下各类型光伏组件辐照度的日变化特征和倾斜面光伏组件一年中月均每日可发电量的极大值、极小值及其月份。通过对比各类型光伏组件在太阳跟踪器上和纬度倾斜面上光伏辐照度变化,得出跟踪光伏组件日均光伏曝辐量与倾斜光伏组件日均光伏曝辐量的相比较优势。根据光伏组件的观测结果推算出各类型光伏组件的光伏反演辐照度,与气象辐射观测用总辐射表的总辐射辐照度趋势非常一致,在太阳能光伏主要利用时段相对误差基本在10%以内。     

Solar energy—A look into power generation,challenges, and a solar‐powered future

Sun is an inexhaustible source of energy capable of fulfilling all the energy needs of humankind. The energy from the sun can be converted into electricity or used directly. Electricity can be generated from solar energy either directly using photovoltaic (PV) cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. Progress has been made to raise the efficiency of the PV solar cells that can now reach up to approximately 34.1% in multi‐junction PV cells. Electricity generation from concentrated solar technologies has a promising future as well, especially the CSP, because of its high capacity, efficiency, and energy storage capability. Solar energy also has direct application in agriculture primarily for water treatment and irrigation. Solar energy is being used to power the vehicles and for domestic purposes such as space heating and cooking. The most exciting possibility for solar energy is satellite power station that will be transmitting electrical energy from the solar panels in space to Earth via microwave beams. Solar energy has a bright future because of the technological advancement in this field and its environment‐friendly nature. The biggest challenge however facing the solar energy future is its unavailability all‐round the year, coupled with its high capital cost and scarcity of the materials for PV cells. These challenges can be met by developing an efficient energy storage system and developing cheap, efficient, and abundant PV solar cells. This article discusses the solar energy system as a whole and provides a comprehensive review on the direct and the indirect ways to produce electricity from solar energy and the direct uses of solar energy. The state‐of‐the‐art procedures being employed for PV characterization and performance rating have been summarized . Moreover, the technical, economic, environmental, and storage‐related challenges are discussed with possible solutions. Furthermore, a comprehensive list of future potential research directions in the field of direct and indirect electricity generation from solar energy is proposed.     

Enhancement of grid-connected photovoltaic system using ANFIS-GA under different circumstances

In recent years, many different techniques are applied in order to draw maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) modules for changing solar irradiance and temperature conditions. Generally, the output power generation of the PV system depends on the intermittent solar insolation, cell temperature, efficiency of the PV panel and its output voltage level. Consequently, it is essential to track the generated power of the PV system and utilize the collected solar energy optimally. The aim of this paper is to simulate and control a grid-connected PV source by using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithm (GA) controller. The data are optimized by GA and then, these optimum values are used in network training. The simulation results indicate that the ANFIS-GA controller can meet the need of load easily with less fluctuation around the maximum power point (MPP) and can increase the convergence speed to achieve the MPP rather than the conventional method. Moreover, to control both line voltage and current, a grid side P/Q controller has been applied. A dynamic modeling, control and simulation study of the PV system is performed with the Matlab/Simulink program.