我国石化成套装置的回顾与展望

在企业安全生产、政府安全监察的双重需求下,自2000年以来,基于风险的检验（RBI）技术在我国承压类特种设备中的研究和应用得到了快速发展,本文按照技术积累、工程试用、法规引用、标准转化、全面开展和总结提升等六个阶段,对RBI技术在我国石化成套装置中的研究和应用情况,进行了系统总结,并对RBI技术在我国应用的未来工作进行了展望。     

RBI技术在石化企业中的应用

RBI技术在石化企业中的应用与主管领导的重视程度、准备工作是否到位、是否有专人负责、培训推广工作等有很大关系。提出要在企业中应用RBI技术就必须独立自主开展风险评价工作。分析了RBI技术在石化企业的9个方面的应用问题。     

RBI技术在炼化企业设备管理中的应用

近年来，RBI技术在国内炼化企业得以推广使用，如何有效应用RBI技术对设备风险进行科学管理，最终实现提高企业设备管理的技术水平是值得我们探讨和研究的课题。本文结合克拉玛依石化公司RBI技术的应用，说明了通过应用RBI技术不仅能够有效的优化检验资源，还可以提高设备的管理水平和管理效率。     

Impact of climate change on corrosion risks

Abstract

According to most pundits on the topic, climate change will have a serious impact on many aspects of our life on the planet. At the onset it is not obvious how most of the predicted changes will take their toll on the integrity of the equipment and systems presently in use. This paper will examine three aspects of climate change that may alter the corrosive behaviour of the environment and increase the risk of corrosion failures: changes in precipitation patterns, corrosivity of coastal regions, and increased stresses on marine systems.     

风险检验技术（RBI）在茂名石化的应用

基于风险的检验技术（RBI）已在国内多家石化企业进行了示范应用,2003年茂名石化与合肥通用机械研究院、法国BV公司合作,应用RBI风险技术对加氢裂化装置和乙烯裂解装置开展定量分析评估,评估结果达到了预期目标。从2006年起。茂名石化成立了领导小组和工作小组,制定了相关职责,负责RBI的推进及应用工作。3a多的自主实施经验表明：RBI风险技术可合理延长装置的运行周期;优化装置检修计划。降低设备开盖率：重新核算装置原料含硫、含酸设防值,保证装置安稳运行;为装置大修时设备、管线材质升级提供依据;指导装置管线定点测厚计划的编制与实施;指导制定装置重点部位腐蚀监测方案及检验方案。同时,提出了在实施RBI风险技术评估时。应注意基础数据的收集、经验数据库的建立和全体工作人员对该技术的认识等问题。     

大型储罐群的RBI应用

根据API581基于风险的检验原理．采用储罐RBI软件对一大型储罐群进行了风险评估，得到了储罐壁板和底板的失效可能性、失效后果与风险等级。通过分析结果，识别出储罐的主要失效模式及损伤机理。针对不同的失效可能性等级和风险等级制定了相应的检验策略，达到降低风险的目的。     

基于风险的检验（RBI）技术在PX装置中的应用

对PX装置运用基于风险的检验技术，识别装置内的高度危害介质及其危害种类，工艺危害性分析及损伤机理分析表明主要的损伤机理是高温氢损伤、回火脆化和外部腐蚀。定量风险分析结果显示，该PX装置中155台压力容器中高风险设备项6个，占5．09％；中风险155项，占78．67％；低风险55项，占18．4％。根据设备风险制定推荐性检验策略，为装置的风险识别和降低风险提供参考。     

Estimation of risk of hot corrosion in gas turbines by thermodynamic modelling

Abstract

Different types of coal fired combined cycle power systems are currently under development. However, the use of hot flue gases, originating from coal combustion or gasification, to directly drive a gas turbine may pose a problem in terms of corrosion. Cleanup of the hot gas is required in order to prevent corrosion of the turbine blading. One of the main problems associated with hot flue gases is their high alkali concentration, as alkalis are released during the coal conversion process. During the development of a hot gas cleanup protocol it is necessary to repeatedly check the effectiveness of the method in preventing hot corrosion. In the present study, thermodynamic modelling was used to estimate the risk of hot corrosion and therefore reduce the timescale and cost of the testing process. The coexistence of alkali sulphates and NiSO₄, or the formation of liquid alkali sulphates were taken as the criterion for a risk of hot corrosion. In addition, the results from coal based processes were compared to thermodynamic calculations for a well characterised gas turbine, burning fuel oil. The calculations were performed for second generation circulating pressurised fluidised bed combustion and pressurised pulverised coal combustion. In both processes, the corrosion risk, if there is any, should be much lower than the risk in a gas turbine, burning fuel oil.     

CO2 Emissions Mitigation Potential of Some Renewable Energy Technologies in India

Abstract

An attempt to develop simple frameworks for quantification of the CO₂ emissions mitigation potential of renewable energy technologies for domestic water heating, domestic lighting, water pumping, and crop drying has been made. The annual useful energy provided by each of the renewable energy technology and the annual saving of fuel/electricity have been estimated. The gross annual amount of CO₂ emissions mitigation, as well as net amount of annual CO₂ emissions mitigation potential of each technology, is estimated by taking into account the CO₂ emissions embodied in the device.     

Integer programming with random-boundary intervals for planning municipal power systems

Uncertainty attached to municipal power systems has long been crucial considerations for the related planners. Such an uncertainty could be expressed as random-boundary intervals (RBIs). In this study, an integer programming with random-boundary intervals (IPRBI) approach was developed for municipal electricity-supply management under uncertainty. A concept of random-boundary interval (RBI) was introduced to reflect dual uncertainties that exist in many system components. A solution method named two-boundary approach (TBA) was proposed to solve the IPRBI model. A case study was provided for demonstrating applicability of the developed method. The results indicated that the RBI and integer-interval concepts were effective in dealing with highly uncertain parameters. The IPRBI method solutions could be used for generating efficient electricity-supply schemes under various complexities. They can also be used for analyzing tradeoffs between system cost and electricity-shortage risk. Compared with the existing methods, IPRBI was advantageous in reflecting the complexities of system uncertainties that were presented as RBIs, integer-intervals and intervals.     

Ultrasonic and Microwave Desulfurization of Coal in Tetrachloroethylene

Abstract

The extractive desulfurization of four high sulfur coals from China were promoted with ultrasonic and microwave in tetrachloroethylene organic solvents. It was shown that the joint promotion with ultrasonic and microwave had an active effect on extractive desulfurization. The rate of desulfurization increased with the increase of time in ultrasonic field as well as with the power of ultrasonic, but declined with the increase of the particle size of coal. The rate of desulfurization was not identical for different coal, which was perhaps related to the existed forms of organic sulfur in coal.     

Investigation of Natural Draft Cooling Tower in China

ABSTRACT

The natural draft cooling tower has been widely used in thermal power plants because of its stable operation, lower maintenance cost, and smaller environmental impact. Hundreds of natural draft cooling towers have been built in China, including different types and various capacities of conventional cooling towers, seawater cooling towers, flue gas injection cooling towers, cooling towers with water collecting device, dry cooling towers, and others. A wide range of investigation for natural draft cooling towers was carried out for the first time by the Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute in 2013 in China. Based on the collected data and summarized information, the statistical results and conclusive opinions are analyzed. The development trend of natural draft cooling tower technology is also explored in this paper. The investigation results are expected to be a reference for designing and operating natural draft cooling towers in thermal power plants.     

Materials for plasma facing components of fusion reactors

Abstract

According to current knowledge and understanding, nuclear fusion can be developed to a sustainable energy technology. Fuel is abundant and key points for fusion power production and alpha particle heating have already been demonstrated. The next step device, international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER), is designed to demonstrate net fusion power production and to address most of the technological issues on the way to a power reactor. There is, however, a series of materials problems related to the plasma facing components and to the structural materials which cannot be fully addressed by ITER. These developments are covered by long term development of radiation resistant low activation materials, heat sink materials, plasma facing protection materials as well as functional tritium barrier materials.

A brief survey of the current status of materials development for plasma facing applications is given in the present paper. To provide materials which can sustain the severe loading conditions in a fusion environment is a key issue in developing fusion as an economic energy technology without long lived radioactive waste.     

Thermal Load of Direct Steam-Generating Absorber Tubes with Large Diameter in Horizontal Linear Fresnel Collectors

Solar thermal power plants are presently the cheapest technology for solar electricity production. Today, level electricity costs of 15 ct/kWh are achievable at good sites with high levels of direct normal irradiation. Nevertheless, further cost reductions are necessary to make solar thermal power plants economically feasible. One possibility for a further cost reduction might be the use of so-called Linear Fresnel Collectors in solar thermal power plants. Preliminary cost estimates of this option show that this is a promising potential for cost reduction. The technical feasibility of the linear Fresnel collector has to be checked in theoretical studies as well as during the operation of a life-sized prototype under real solar conditions. This paper presents results of preliminary theoretical studies regarding the thermal load of the absorber tube used in a linear Fresnel collector with a secondary concentrator.     

The necessity of and policy suggestions for implementing a limited number of large scale,fully integrated CCS demonstrations in China

CCS is seen as an important and strategic technology option for China to reduce its CO₂ emission, and has received tremendous attention both around the world and in China. Scholars are divided on the role CCS should play, making the future of CCS in China highly uncertain. This paper presents the overall circumstances for CCS development in China, including the threats and opportunities for large scale deployment of CCS, the initial barriers and advantages that China currently possesses, as well as the current progress of CCS demonstration in China. The paper proposes the implementation of a limited number of larger scale, fully integrated CCS demonstration projects and explains the potential benefits that could be garnered. The problems with China's current CCS demonstration work are analyzed, and some targeted policies are proposed based on those observations. These policy suggestions can effectively solve these problems, help China gain the benefits with CCS demonstration soon, and make great contributions to China's big CO₂ reduction mission.     

应用风险管理技术加强设备安全管理

以某厂加氢裂化装置为例,说明了在加工高硫、高酸的劣质原油时,应严细设备管理工作,加强腐蚀监测。通过详细分析发生于2008年4月份的一次火灾事故,指出了消除设备管理盲点的必要性。在分析了目前设备管理工作中存在的一些问题后．提出了运用RBI技术来实现设备管理工作的系统化与数字化的方法．并介绍了RBI技术在设备管理中的具体应用。     

Augmentation of Thermal Effectiveness in the Fixation of Fibrous Material Structures

Abstract

The technology of structure fixation of fibrous or porous media is a heat-consuming content process. In this study, an experimental investigation of the augmentation of thermal effectiveness for this technology was carried out. This can be performed with better utilization of heat from polycondensation's reaction of a binder solution and a convective–conductive heat transfer. The possible construction of technological equipment and new technology of fixation structure fibrous materials were proposed based on the results of our investigation.     

Photocatalysis of TiO2 nanoparticles supported on natural zeolite

Abstract

In order to achieve rapid and efficient decomposition of organic pollutants and put it to wastewater treatment, the composite materials of nanoTiO₂ powder immobilised on zeolite were synthesised. Moreover, the effects of technology parameters, such as TiO₂ loading content, calcining temperature and ultrasonic treatment, on photocatalytic reactivity were examined. The proposed research investigates the following aspects, which are important in understanding the preparation and application of TiO₂/zeolite composite photocatalysts: nanosize TiO₂ particles were supported on natural zeolite by a simple sol–gel method in order to maximise the photocatalytic performance of the nanosize TiO₂ as well as reduce the preparation cost; and the effects of TiO₂ loading content, calcining temperature and ultrasonic treatment on photocatalytic reactivity were researched. The novel aspect of the proposed photocatalysts is the combination of nanosize TiO₂ particles and natural zeolite by a simple sol–gel method. The product of the research can be used in wastewater treatment resolving the difficulties of TiO₂ recovery and surface contact based photocatalytic reaction.     

Predicting lifetimes of components in power station engineering plant

Abstract

Today, there is an increasing demand for power station plant to be operated cost effectively and to reliably maintain required electrical supply. This requires minimising the risk of having to shut down the plant for emergency repairs. Of paramount importance is plant operating integrity and well prepared and executed maintenance programmes. The present paper reports on the recent developments to the auto-reference creep management and control system used by E.ON UK. This includes achieving biaxial strain measurement with increased resolution and the employment of digital image correlation.     

Investigating the driving factors of regional CO2 emissions in China using the IDA-PDA-MMI method

In this paper, we systematically summarized existing research on the driving factors of CO₂ emissions and found that changes in technology gap may be one of the key driving factors of CO₂ emissions. Technology efficiency, technology progress, and technology gap were decomposed by using the Meta-frontier Malmquist index (MMI), which was then combined it with the Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA) and the Production-theoretical Decomposition Analysis (PDA). Our framework was applied to Chinese provincial data from 2000 to 2016. We identified nine factors to explain changes of regional CO₂ emissions. Results demonstrate that economic scale, energy technology efficiency, and output technology efficiency increased CO₂ emissions in Eastern, Central, and Western regions of China, with the economic scale being the largest contributor. Energy structure, energy intensity, energy technology progress, and output technology progress decreased regional CO₂ emissions, with the energy technology progress playing the strongest role. Energy technology gap and output technology gap led to an increase in CO₂ emissions in Central China and, to a lesser extent, in Western China. The effects of each driving factor on CO₂ emissions varied across provinces. Finally, policy implications are suggested to reduce CO₂ emissions in China.