4，7-二氨基哒嗪并［4，5-c］氧化呋咱含能盐的合成和性能

以多氨基稠环化合物4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱（4）为原料,分别与3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮（NTO）及其它高氮类硝胺化合物构筑的富氮阴离子结合制备了一系列含能离子盐（5~11）。运用核磁共振、元素分析和红外光谱等分析方法对化合物（5~11）进行了结构表征,结合量子计算对3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（6）进行¹⁵N NMR谱分析,并通过X-射线单晶衍射技术对5,5′-二硝氨基-3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4-噁二唑的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（9）进行晶体结构解析。通过Explo5软件计算得到化合物的爆轰性能;采用BAM法测得化合物的撞击和摩擦感度。结果发现,5硝氨基四唑的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（5）具有优异的爆轰性能和较低的感度,其爆速爆压分别为8816 m·s^-1和32.1 GPa,撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为15 J和200 N。     

3-五唑基吡啶及其衍生物作为N5－离子前体的理论研究

高能五唑离子盐的合成是含能材料领域的研究热点,五唑阴离子的制备是合成高能五唑离子盐的关键步骤。为了拓宽五唑阴离子的来源,寻求稳定性更好,性能更优的五唑阴离子前体,采用密度泛函理论计算研究了3-五唑基吡啶及其衍生物的桥连C—N键和五唑环的稳定性。结果表明：除—OH、—OMe、—N（Me）₂对位取代物外,3-五唑基吡啶及其—NO₂、—CN、—NF₂对位取代,—NO₂、—CN、—NF₂、—OH、—OMe、—N（Me）₂间位取代,—NO₂、—CN、—NF₂、—OH、—OMe、—N（Me）₂对位和间位双取代物的桥连C—N键断裂所需的能量E_a1均小于苯基五唑,说明这些化合物比苯基五唑更易于得到五唑阴离子。—OMe、—N（Me）₂对位取代,—OMe、—N（Me）₂间位和对位双取代物的五唑环破裂的能垒E_a2与苯基五唑相当,说明这些化合物的五唑环具有较好的稳定性。—N（Me）₂间位取代物的E_a1和E_a2的差值ΔE最小,说明该化合物在切断桥连C—N键获得N₅ˉ离子过程中,最易维持五唑环的稳定。相比于苯基五唑,—N（Me）₂间位取代和双取代的3-五唑基吡啶具有较低的ΔE_a1、较高的ΔE_a2和较低的ΔE,说明其具有替代苯基五唑作为五唑阴离子前体的潜力。     

高纯3，5-二氨基-2，4，6-三硝基氯苯的合成

为了合成高纯3,5-二氨基-2,4,6-三硝基氯苯（DATNCB）,分别以1,3,5-三氯-2,4,6-三硝基苯（TCTNB）或苦味酸（2）为原料,对DATNCB的合成进行了路径筛选及工艺优化研究。采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱分析对产物进行了结构表征;通过差示扫描量热仪和热失重分析仪研究了DATNCB的热分解及热失重历程;采用高效液相色谱对DATNCB进行了纯度分析。结果表明：以苦味酸为原料,经间接芳香亲核取代（VNS）氨基化再氯代是大量合成高纯DATNCB的适宜路线,总收率为39.2%;当VNS氨基化温度为90 ℃,后处理pH值为3时,3,5-二氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯酚（3）的收率最高为74.8%;以三氯氧磷/N,N-二甲基苯胺为氯代试剂,反应温度为80 ℃,反应时间为10 h时,DATNCB的收率最高为52.4%;DATNCB的熔融温度为224.0 ℃,在179.7~270.9 ℃范围内存在1个失重阶段,失重率为91.6%,峰值分解温度为256.1 ℃;未经进一步纯化时DATNCB的纯度即达到97.09%,经乙酸乙酯/石油醚重结晶纯化后纯度达到99.8%。     

1-羟基-N-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-5-基）-1H-四唑-5-甲酰胺的合成和性能

为制备新型富氮杂环含能化合物，以5-氰基-1-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-3-基）-1H-四唑（1）为原料，经偕胺肟化、重氮化、取代及亲电加成等步骤，合成一种以酰胺键桥联的富氮含能化合物1-羟基-N-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-5-基）-1H-四唑-5-甲酰胺（3）；利用核磁共振（NMR）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、元素分析（EA）等方法对化合物3进行了结构表征，并通过单晶X-射线衍射分析（SC-XRD）进一步确定了其结构；利用差示扫描量热（DSC）和热重（TG）方法研究了化合物3的热分解过程。结果表明，化合物3初始分解温度为265 ℃，爆速为 8017 m·s^-1，爆压为23.1 GPa，撞击感度为20 J，摩擦感度为288 N。     

十硝基杯［4］芳烃（ZXC-51）及其含能离子盐的合成与性能

以间苯三酚和1,3-二氟苯为原料,经硝化、成环等三步反应得到化合物1²,1⁴,1⁶,3⁴,3⁶,5²,5⁴,5⁶,7⁴,7⁶-十硝基-2,4,6,8-四氧桥-1,3,5,7（1,3）-杯［4］芳烃-1⁵,5⁵-二醇（ZXC-51）。化合物ZXC-51与有机碱反应得到系列杯芳烃类含能盐。通过X射线单晶衍射分别获得化合物ZXC-51和4个盐的单晶结构;采用核磁以及元素分析对这些化合物的结构进行了表征;采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和热重分析仪（TG）研究了这些化合物的热稳定性;对ZXC-51的爆轰与安全性能进行了研究,结果表明,ZXC-51的爆速为8193 m·s^-1、爆压为31.18 GPa、撞击感度为36 J、摩擦感度大于360 N。     

BPTAP的荧光特性及其稳定性

为了掌握2,4,8,10-四硝基苯并-1,3a,6,6a-四氮杂戊搭烯并吡啶（BPTAP）独特的荧光性能,研究了BPTAP在不同溶剂（乙腈、甲醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、N′,N′-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜）、含水量（0~100%）和pH（2.0~12.0）中的光谱性质,考察了光照、温度、pH等对BPTAP溶液荧光稳定性的影响,并结合超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术解析了BPTAP的荧光衰退机制。结果表明,尽管BPTAP拥有4个硝基取代基,但其在部分有机溶剂中展现出较强的绿色荧光。BPTAP在乙腈中荧光强度最大,其最大吸收/发射波长为460 nm/508 nm。低含水量（≤10%）会增加BPTAP荧光强度,而高含水量（>10%）会使BPTAP荧光强度急剧下降。BPTAP在酸性、中性及弱碱性中具有较强荧光,当pH大于≥9.0时,BPTAP荧光强度随pH增大急剧下降。BPTAP在室温和自然光下稳定性较好,光照波长越接近其最大吸收波长,荧光稳定性越差。升高温度会使BPTAP荧光稳定性变差。pH增大不仅会降低BPTAP的荧光强度,同时也会加速BPTAP荧光的衰退。BPTAP在碱性条件下的荧光衰退机制涉及基于亲核取代反应的化学变化过程,BPTAP吡啶环对位的硝基在碱性溶液中被羟基所取代,形成新的化合物1（［M-H］^-的元素组成为C₁₁H₃N₈O₇）。     

从不同升温速率下的DSC曲线数据计算/确定含能材料放热分解反应Arrhenius/非Arrhenius动力学参数的方法

提出了从不同恒速升温速率(β)条件下的DSC曲线起始温度(T₀)、onset温度(T_e)、峰温(T_p)、T_e和T_p处的反应转化率α_e和α_p及相应各等转化率α_i的β_i、Tα,i (i=1,2,…,L)数据计算/确定含能材料放热分解反应Arrhenius/非Arrhenius动力学参数的方法。用该法得到了四水双(3-(5-硝基-1,2,4-三唑))钠［Na₂(BNT)(H₂O)₄］放热分解反应的Arrhenius/非Arrhenius动力学参数。用所得非Arrhenius动力学参数计算了［Na₂(BNT)(H₂O)₄］的热爆炸临界温度(T_b),并与用Arrhenius动力学参数所得的T_b值作了比较。验证了本工作所得［Na₂(BNT)(H₂O)₄］非Arrhenius动力学参数的有效性和可靠性。      

空位对五唑阴离子盐Mn（N5）2冲击反应和损伤演化的影响

为探究微缺陷对五唑阴离子盐冲击响应、化学分解及损伤演化的影响,采用从头算分子动力学模拟方法研究了完美型Mn（N₅）₂晶体及含有3%空位浓度的Mn（N₅）₂晶体在不同速度（8,9,10,11,12 km·s^-1）c轴冲击波作用下的动力学演化和初始分解反应机理。冲击雨贡纽线的计算结果表明,含空位的Mn（N₅）₂体系比完美型体系在高压条件下表现出更大的体积压缩比。分子动力学模拟结果显示,当冲击波速v_shock<10 km·s^-1时,完美型及含有空位的体系在5000 fs内均未出现分解反应,而仅出现了不足10%的体积压缩;当v_shock=10 km·s^-1时,完美型体系于512.8 fs时刻开始在晶体内均匀地出现N—N键断裂的现象,而含空位体系的初始反应时间则提前至281.6 fs,并且N—N键的断裂集中发生在空位附近;当v_shock继续增加至11 km·s^-1和12 km·s^-1时,两种体系的初始反应时间不断提前,反应进程不断加快,但空位对体系冲击波感度的提升作用和对分解反应进程的加速作用随着冲击波速的提升而不断减弱。研究结果表明空位是热点的早期成核结构之一,空位的存在促进周围的五唑分子发生级联分解,使损伤不断演化成长和传播,进而引起含能材料的点火。     

3,3′-二(四唑-5-基)二呋咱基醚的合成与表征

以3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱为起始原料,经氧化、醚化、环化三步反应合成了未见文献报道的化合物3,3′-二(四唑-5-基)二呋咱基醚,总收率46.7%,经¹³C NMR、IR、MS、元素分析确认了其结构。确定了环化反应适宜的反应条件： 反应时间4 h,ZnCl₂·2H₂O为催化剂,n(ZnCl₂·2H₂O):n(FOF-2)=1:1,并对锌盐催化的四唑环合成机理进行了探讨。     

5，5 ′ ⁃二硝胺基⁃2，2 ′ ⁃联⁃1，3，4⁃噁二唑含能离子盐的合成及性能研究（英）

以5,5′-二硝胺基-2,2′-联-1,3,4-噁二唑为原料合成了一系列含能盐,采用了红外（FT-IR））、核磁（NMR）和元素分析进行了结构表征。并用X-射线单晶衍射进一步确定了3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐（9·2H₂O）和4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐（10）的结构,用差热扫描法（DSC）测定了它们的热分解温度,用Explos 5 v6.02计算了它们的爆轰性能。结果表明它们的热分解温度范围为146.8~ 239.9 ℃;计算爆速高于7693 m·s^-1,爆压高于21.3 GPa;密度介于1.683~1.941 g·cm^-3,实测撞击感度介于10~28 J,摩擦感度介于160~360 N,表明5,5′-二硝胺基-2,2′-联-1,3,4-噁二唑类含能盐是一类性能较好的高能量密度材料。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.