微型半导体桥电容抗静电加固技术研究

针对微型半导体桥在强静电放电脉冲作用下可能出现损伤,从而导致半导体桥火工品早爆、误爆、可靠性降低等问题,研究了微型半导体桥在不同强度静电电压作用下的桥区损伤以及电阻变化情况,分析了静电电压强度与桥区损伤面积以及电阻变化之间的关系,并采用抗静电电容对微型半导体桥进行了抗静电加固以及性能实验.实验结果表明,半导体桥并联电容后抗静电能力增强,半导体桥桥区未出现损伤,药剂完好无损,但发火电压随电容值的增大而增大,作用时间随电容值的增大而变长,可根据具体半导体桥选择合适的并联电容.     

半导体桥上尖角、圆孔对其电爆性能的影响（英）

设计了14种带有尖角和圆孔的半导体桥,研究了在电容放电发火条件下尖角、圆孔对其发火时间、发火所消耗的能量等性能参数的影响规律,并从半导体桥的作用机理方面对实验结果进行了分析.结果表明,SCB上V型尖角使得SCB发火时间和发火所消耗的能量明显降低,而圆孔对SCB发火性能影响不明显.     

一种半导体桥火工品抗静电技术

为提高半导体桥火工品脚壳间的抗静电能力,利用瞬态抑制二极管(TVS)的瞬态电压抑制特性对半导体桥火工品脚壳之间的静电放电进行保护。静电放电试验表明:在静电加载时,大部分的电流从TVS通过,半导体桥火工品未发火,说明TVS能有效地对半导体桥火工品脚壳间起静电防护作用。     

半导体桥静电作用前后点火特性

对静电作用过的半导体桥和未经受静电作用的半导体桥进行D-最优化点火实验,得到全发火电压,并在全发火电压下点火,用示波器采集电压、电流以及发火时间等信号,用显微镜观察桥面的烧蚀情况并计算烧蚀面积。分析得到:静电对半导体桥的桥膜产生了损伤,静电电压越大,烧蚀面积越大;经过静电作用的桥与未静电作用的桥相比,全发火电压降低,发火能量减小,桥变得更加敏感。对全发火电压下的发火能量和发火时间进行t检验,得到21 kV是临界值,静电电压大于21 kV,静电对桥的性能影响明显;小于21 kV,静电对桥的影响不大。     

不同掺杂元素对 SCB 电爆特性的影响

为研究不同掺杂元素对半导体桥电爆特性的影响规律,利用电容放电发火系统,对硼掺杂SCB和磷掺杂SCB的临界发火电压、发火时间以及发火所消耗的能量进行了测试,并做了对比分析。结果表明:在尺寸相同、掺杂浓度相同的条件下,磷掺杂半导体桥比硼掺杂半导体桥临界发火电压低;相同发火电压下,掺杂元素对发火时间的影响较小,并且磷掺杂半导体桥的发火能量比硼掺杂半导体桥的高,说明磷掺杂SCB性能优于硼掺杂SCB。     

新型碳基导电药无桥火工品研究

为开发抗静电能力强、制作工艺简单的新型火工品,利用碳纤维独特形状及特殊电热转换特性,将其分别与叠氮化铅（LA）、斯蒂芬酸铅（LS）和叠氮肼镍（NHA）混合制备了碳基含能复合起爆药（CEC）,并用于陶瓷塞火工品和M100独脚电雷管。通过改变碳纤维含量,研究了CEC火工品发火性能及静电感度等性能。发火特性及安全性实验结果表明：当碳纤维添加量为30%时,火工品发火电压最低,3种火工品50%发火电压由低到高依次为NHA-CEC火工品（14.1 V）、LS-CEC火工品（17.6 V）和LA-CEC火工品（27.8 V）,安全电流分别为280 mA、250 mA和180 mA,其对应的脚-脚间50%发火静电电压分别为28.9 kV、27.3 kV和30 kV,脚-壳间抗静电能力大于25 kV. 高速摄影和雷管铅板实验结果表明：3种火工品均具有可靠的点火能力,其中LA-CEC和NHA-CEC能可靠起爆黑索今炸药并将铅板炸穿。相比于桥丝火工品和半导体桥火工品,该碳基含能复合物装配的无桥火工品具有抗静电能力好、制备方法简便、成本低廉的优点。     

瞬态电压抑制二极管对半导体桥换能元电爆特性影响的模拟

为了解决瞬态电压抑制二极管(TVS)用于半导体桥火工品抗静电设计的参数优化问题,采用电路模拟和试验相结合的方法,构建了电容放电发火测试电路等效模型和半导体桥PSpice电子器件模型,研究了TVS参数对半导体桥换能元电爆特性的影响。结果表明,当钽电容等效串联电阻为288 mΩ,钽电容等效串联电感为0.68μH,导线电感为40 nH和回路电阻为3.3 mΩ时,22μF/16 V电容放电发火电路的等效电路模型和实际吻合。以阻抗-能量列表模型的方式创建的半导体桥PSpice电子器件模型模拟曲线和实际曲线吻合,且模拟电爆数据偏差小于3%。模拟和试验结果表明,TVS对半导体桥电爆性能的影响程度随着其击穿电压的升高而降低。当TVS的击穿电压在8～12 V之间时,即使TVS击穿电压低于半导体桥发火电压,半导体桥仍能正常爆发,TVS击穿造成的分流导致半导体桥爆发延迟(2μs),且延迟时间随着TVS击穿电压的降低而延长。     

斯蒂芬酸铅的半导体桥点火试验研究

通过对半导体桥(Semiconductor Bridge,SCB)装药条件下发火电压、发火电容及积分能量对点火时间影响的对比,结合不同点火条件下,桥体两端电压曲线、电流曲线和电流二次峰出现时间的比较,研究了斯蒂芬酸铅(LTNR)的半导体桥点火机理。试验发现特定的点火电路下,SCB点火时间存在一个临界值,且SCB等离子体形成的快慢直接影响点火时间。在充电电压从大到小的点火过程中,在桥与药剂之间存在2种不同的点火机理,在较高点火电压下为等离子体点火机理,在低电压为热点火机理。     

碳晶膜电点火桥特性研究

利用碳晶膜作为发火元件制作了碳晶电点火桥,研究了碳晶填量及脚线极距对点火桥发火性能的影响,并比较了5种药剂的碳晶点火桥发火感度,同时对碳晶电点火桥进行了脚-脚间抗静电性能测试。结果表明:当电极塞凹槽面积一定、碳晶填量为1.2mg、脚线极距为2.4mm时,碳晶电点火桥最小全发火电压最低为17.3V(电容47μF),且在一定范围内,随着碳晶填量的增加,点火桥最小全发火电压先下降后上升;在一定范围内极距越大,最小全发火电压越大;5种药剂碳晶点火桥发火感度从高到低依次为:斯蒂芬酸铅、叠氮化铅、硝酸肼镍、B/KNO3、苦味酸铅;此外,点火桥脚-脚间抗静电电压大于50k V。     

半导体桥电爆过程的能量转换测量与计算

对电容激励模式下半导体桥(SCB)的电流、电压以及光的变化进行了测试,从能量的角度对半导体桥电爆换能过程进行了分析,并对电爆换能过程中硅桥物质形态的变化进行了量化分析,在电容为22μF、充电电压为45 V的情况下,SCB上电压为最低时(2.18μs,10 V)有61.1%的桥区熔化,SCB上电压为最高时(3.48μs,43 V)桥区有14.5%气化,在SCB发火光强最亮时(17.60μs)有70.3%的半导体硅桥电离。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.