冷轧Ti/Al层状复合材料固-液反应过程中的界面微观组织演变（英文）

将冷轧Ti/Al层状复合材料在675～750℃下进行不同时间的退火处理,退火过程中钛和铝都保持过剩,研究了Ti/Al层状复合材料的界面微观组织演变。结果表明:Ti和Al的界面层由2个亚层组成,其中一个为紧密的TiAl_3亚层,其微观结构为紧密的TiAl_3层,其中分布着随机取向的充满Al的裂纹,另一个为颗粒状的TiAl_3亚层,其微观组织结构是颗粒状的TiAl_3分布在Al基体中。在不同的退火温度和时间条件下,紧密TiAl_3亚层的厚度几乎没有变化,但是颗粒状亚层的厚度随着退火温度及时间的增加而增加;另外,界面层中的TiAl_3颗粒的体积分数在不同的温度下均随着退火时间的延长而下降。因此提出了反应扩散模型来描述界面层的形成机理,在此模型中,TiAl_3相是化学反应和扩散的结果,并且也考虑了TiAl_3相的溶解。计算结果表明TiAl_3相的形成与生长由化学反应控制,其等效厚度与退火时间之间遵循线性规律,这主要是因为Ti和Al原子能够快速地通过紧密的薄TiAl_3亚层。     

TC4钛合金与Al6061铝合金热等静压扩散连接接头的界面特征及力学性能

对TC4钛合金和Al6061铝合金的异种金属进行了热等静压扩散连接实验,研究了TC4/Al6061连接接头的界面特征、形成机制和力学性能,并通过热力学分析解释相关实验现象。结果表明,热等静压扩散连接及后续退火处理后,两侧母材元素发生了明显的互扩散,其中Si、Mg元素在化学势驱动力作用下分别富集于扩散过渡区和Al侧界面。接头界面发生冶金反应生成TiAl₃、TiAl、Ti₃Al等金属间化合物,通过有效生成热模型计算表明TiAl₃相优先生成。硬度实验表明界面生成的Ti-Al金属间化合物具有较高的硬度。拉伸实验显示接头最大抗拉伸强度达到了144 MPa。     

温度对Cf/Al与TiAl自蔓延连接接头界面及性能的影响

采用自蔓延连接方法,在真空炉中利用中间层14Al-2Ni-3CuO实现了C_f/Al复合材料与TiAl合金的连接.在连接接头中,靠近TiAl侧,中间层与TiAl生成TiAl₃;靠近C_f/Al侧,中间层与C_f/Al生成 NiAl₃;在C_f/Al复合材料中,中间层的Ni原子扩散到复合材料中,在C_f/Al也有 NiAl₃生成.连接温度对接头界面组织及接头强度影响较大,随着连接温度的升高,中间层与TiAl生成的TiAl₃层厚度明显增加.接头抗剪强度先逐渐增大,在550℃时最高可达26.9 MPa,当连接温度达到600℃时,接头的抗剪强度迅速降低.连接温度较低时,断裂多发生在靠近中间层的TiAl侧;连接温度较高时,断裂多发生在靠近中间层的C_f/Al复合材料侧.     

钛/铝/钛层状复合材料的爆炸复合制备及后续热压处理研究

本文以纯钛板与纯铝板为原料,通过爆炸复合法制备钛/铝/钛层状复合材料,之后采用热处理以及热压工艺对钛/铝/钛层状复合材料进行进一步处理。研究结果表明：复合板界面主要由波状界面和平直状界面构成,铝元素与钛元素在界面上发生了互扩散,界面结合性能优良,可以承受后续较大的二次塑性变形;热处理后的复合板界面发生明显扩散,在热处理25 h后热压2.5 h后铝层完全反应,扩散反应层主要由TiAl₃相以及Ti₂Al₅相构成。     

保温时间对瞬时液相扩散连接的Ti3Al /Ti2AlNb接头微观结构及力学性能的影响

采用Ni-Ti复合箔片作为中间层,在990 ℃、低连接压力（0.1 MPa）下,通过瞬时液相（TLP）扩散连接制备了Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb异种合金接头。分析了保温时间（10~90 min）对Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb接头微观结构及力学性能的影响,并研究了TLP扩散连接接头的界面演变和形成机制。结果表明,Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb接头具有典型的“Ti₃Al | Al_0.5Nb_0.5Ti₃ | 残余 Ni | NiTi | NiTi₂ | 残余 Ti | Al_0.5Nb_0.5Ti₃ | Ti₂AlNb”多层梯度结构。随着保温时间的延长,接头的抗剪切强度先增大后减小,当保温时间达到60 min时,Ti₃Al/Ti₂AlNb接头的抗剪切强度最大,达到167±12 MPa。另外,接头的断裂主要发生在Ti₂AlNb/Ti附近的NiTi₂层,并向Ti层延伸,呈现出脆性断裂的特征。     

激光沉积Mg2Si/Al的原位反应动力学

通过激光沉积制备了原位Mg₂Si/Al复合材料,建立了其动力学模型。结果表明,激光功率（温度）、富Mg层厚度、Si颗粒大小及Al含量是影响原位生成Mg₂Si/Al复合材料的速率及程度的主要因素。增加激光功率（温度）、降低富Mg层厚度、缩小Si颗粒大小及减少Al含量使原位反应的速率及程度提高。     

Ti/Al层状复合板组织和力学性能研究

采用真空热压扩散+轧制复合工艺在不同工艺参数下制备Ti/Al层状复合材料。通过SEM观察、XRD分析以及力学性能试验,研究了Ti/Al复合板的组织和力学性能。结果表明:在500、550℃两种不同热压扩散温度工艺参数下,反应的初生相为Al_3Ti,但是反应层的厚度不同。500℃时,Al_3Ti层的厚度约为1.9μm。550℃时,Al_3Ti厚度约为2.6μm,各层界面处结合状态良好,层间结合紧密。复合板经轧制复合之后具有较高的抗拉强度。钛层的断裂方式为典型的韧性断裂,断裂表面存在大量韧窝;铝层属于解理断裂,铝层断裂表面出现解理面和解理台阶。     

SiCf/Ti-60热稳定性研究

本文对采用磁控溅射先驱丝法制备的SiC_f/Ti-60复合材料进行不同温度下长时间热暴露实验,分析了热等静压态和热暴露态复合材料界面区结构稳定性及元素扩散规律。研究结果表明,界面反应层主要产物为TiC,纤维中C、Si元素和基体中Ti及其它合金元素进行互扩散;C元素扩散速率较快,在界面处和基体内形成TiC,基体中的TiC主要集中分布在α相晶界处。SiC_f/Ti-60复合材料反应层长大受扩散控制并遵循抛物线定律,界面反应层长大指数因子为2.27×10_-4 m/s_1/2,界面反应层长大激活能为118 kJ/mol。     

Ti-Cu-Ni-Nb-Al-Zr-Hf非晶钎料合金真空钎焊Ti50Al50 接头的界面组织与剪切强度

在钎焊温度1140~1220 ℃、钎焊时间30 min的工艺参数下,采用Ti-9.5Cu-8Ni-8Nb-7Al-2.5Zr-1.8Hf（质量分数,%）非晶钎料成功实现了Ti₅₀Al₅₀ (at%)合金的真空钎焊连接,并研究了钎焊温度对钎焊接头的显微组织、剪切强度的影响规律。结果表明,在任何钎焊温度下获得的Ti₅₀Al₅₀钎焊接头均有3个界面反应层且每个反应层都含有α₂-Ti₃Al和Ti₂Cu(Ni) 2个物相。随着钎焊温度的增加,α₂-Ti₃Al和Ti₂Cu(Ni)在钎焊接头中的尺寸与分布发生了明显的变化,尤其是等温凝固层Ⅱ中的Ti₂Cu(Ni)相。1200 ℃下稳定存在的连续α₂-Ti₃Al层Ⅰ对母材和钎料原子的相互扩散具有阻隔壁垒作用,温度一旦超过1200 ℃,α₂-Ti₃Al相变得不稳定使得连续α₂-Ti₃Al层被打破从而失去阻隔壁垒效应。在钎缝中析出且弥散分布的α₂-Ti₃Al对焊缝中物相的形成可以起到抑制形核和细化晶粒的作用。随着钎焊温度升高,Ti₅₀Al₅₀钎焊接头平均抗剪切强度先增加后减小,在钎焊温度1180 ℃、钎焊时间30 min时钎焊接头的抗剪切强度最大,达184 MPa。剪切断口表面呈典型解理断裂特征且α₂-Ti₃Al占绝大多数。     

钼表面包埋渗法制备(Ti, Mo)Si2/MoSi2 涂层及其在1200 ℃周期性氧化环境下的氧化行为

利用连续沉积的包埋渗法,在钼表面制备了(Ti,Mo)Si₂/MoSi₂复合涂层。利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和热力学计算对涂层进行了表征与反应机理分析。结果表明,共沉积法无法实现Ti的有效沉积。先渗Ti、再渗Si的两步沉积工艺能有效制备Ti改性硅化物涂层。涂层分为3层,最外层为(Ti,Mo)Si₂三元化合物层,次外层为MoSi₂层,次外层与基体间为Mo₅Si₃过渡层。渗硅温度对涂层结构无明显影响。Ti改性硅化物涂层的生长速率略低于单一渗硅涂层的生长速率。(Ti,Mo)Si₂/MoSi₂复合涂层的形成由Ti、Si内扩散控制。Ti元素集中在涂层表层,Si元素通过(Ti,Mo)Si₂化合物层与基体作用形成MoSi₂层和Mo₅Si₃过渡层。渗Ti过程中,埋渗料间反应会引入游离态铝氟化物AlF₃。在随后的渗硅过程中,游离态Al以Al₃Mo的形式在(Ti,Mo)Si₂层中靠近MoSi₂层的上界面处析出。在1200 ℃周期性氧化过程中,(Ti,Mo)Si₂/MoSi₂复合涂层持续循环氧化180 h后未出现明显失重。(Ti,Mo)Si₂层氧化形成的SiO₂与TiO₂致密复合氧化层能填充涂层表面裂纹,持续阻碍氧扩散,因此其在周期性氧化环境下的抗氧化性能显著优于单一渗硅涂层。     

冷轧Ti/Al层状复合材料中TiAl3相在退火过程中的形成机理及生长动力学

将冷轧Ti/Al层状复合材料在525～625℃温度范围内退火0～128 h,并对复合材料的界面显微组织演变进行研究.结果表明,仅金属间化合物TiAl3相在Ti/Al界面形成,大多数TiAl3晶粒为细小的等轴晶,其平均尺寸从数百纳米到数微米,且随温度和/或退火时间的增加而增加,其中退火温度对晶粒尺寸的影响远大于退火时间的...     

Al/Ti扩散层形成的扩散溶解机制

分别在铝组元熔点之下和之上对Al/Ti镶嵌式扩散偶进行退火热处理,形成固-固和固-液扩散偶.利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和电子探针显微分析仪观察和分析Al/Ti固-固和固-液扩散层的形态和结构,并对其形成微观机理进行了研究.结果表明,Al/Ti固-固扩散层由一层TiAl₃构成;固-液扩散层由TiAl₃单相层与TiAl₃和Al(Ti)固溶体双相层两层构成,双相层TiAl₃和Al(Ti)固溶体的形态自铝向钛呈现规律性变化.Al/Ti固-固TiAl₃扩散层和固-液TiAl₃单相层的形成都是铝扩散溶解到钛中形成以钛为溶剂的Al-Ti固溶体结晶形成的;而Al/Ti固-液TiAl₃和Al(Ti)固溶体双相层是钛先溶解再扩散到液态铝中形成的Al-Ti液溶体结晶形成的.铝液中Ti原子浓度自铝向钛逐渐升高,导致了双相层TiAl₃和Al(Ti)固溶体形态的规律性变化.     

Joining mechanism of Ti/Al dissimilar alloys during laser welding-brazing process

Joining mechanism of Ti/Al dissimilar alloys was investigated during laser welding-brazing process with automated wire feed. The microstructures of fusion welding and brazing zones were analysed in details by transmission electron microscope (TEM). It was found that microstructures of fusion welding zone consist of α-Al grains and ternary near-eutectic structure with α-Al, Si and Mg₂Si. Interfacial reaction layers of brazing joint were composed of α-Ti, nanosize granular Ti₇Al₅Si₁₂ and serration-shaped TiAl₃. For the first time, apparent stacking fault structure in intermetallic phase TiAl₃ was found when the thickness of the reaction layer was very thin (approximately less than 1 μm). Furthermore, crystallization behavior of fusion zone and mechanism of interfacial reaction were discussed in details.     

Effect of hot dip aluminising on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al joint by TIG arc welding brazing

Abstract

The joint of Al 5A06 and aluminised Ti–6Al–4V dissimilar alloys was achieved by means of tungsten inert gas arc welding brazing. The effect of aluminized coating on the spreading behaviour of filler metal on Ti substrate was studied. The spreadability of liquid filler metal on the Ti substrate was enhanced obviously due to the presence of aluminised coating. The interfacial reaction layer was characterised by a uniform lamellar layer of TiAl₃ intermetallic, with a thickness of 1 μm. Sound joints with well appearance were obtained, and the optimised tensile strength of the joint reached 216 MPa. The failure initiated from the interfacial layer at the root face and then propagated within the weld seam at the upper part of the joint. Capable welding parameters were broadened by the presence of aluminised coating for dissimilar metal joining of Ti/Al.     

Ti/Al异种合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面断裂行为分析

采用TIG电弧的方法实现了钛合金与铝合金熔钎焊连接,分析了不同焊丝形成的熔钎焊接头的界面组织和断裂特征.结果表明,纯铝接头界面为单一的TiAl3相,裂纹主要沿着TiAl3反应层与焊缝之间的界面扩展.拉伸时首先从坡口拐角启裂,当裂纹扩展至接头反面时,断裂扩展形式转变为从焊缝金属撕裂,接头抗拉强度为139MPa.添加Al-Cu-La焊丝的接头界面结构为TiAl3+ Ti2Al20La双化合物层,拉伸时沿TiAl3反应层与钛合金界面开裂,以界面内的微裂纹为裂纹源并向反应层内扩展,属于准解理断裂,接头抗拉强度达270 MPa.稀土La元素作用下形成的双化合物层是提高接头强度的关键.     

Microstructure and synthesis mechanism of Al-Ti-C-Sr master alloy

Al-5Ti-0.5C-8Sr (mass fraction,%) master alloy was prepared using a melt reaction method.The microstructure and synthetic process of the master alloy were investigated by optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy-dispersive spectrum.The results show that the master alloy is composed of α(Al),TiAl3,TiC,Al4Sr and Al-Ti-Sr phases.The synthesis mechanisms of the master alloy are as follows:TiAl3 is formed through the reaction between K2TiF6 and Al melt at 850 ℃;when the melt was heated up to 1 200?1 300 ℃,TiC was formed through the reaction:Ti+C(s)=TiC(s);Al4Sr was formed through the binary uniform reaction when Sr was added into the melt;after the following solidification process in the peritectic reaction:L(Al,Sr)+α(TiAl3)→β(Al-Ti-Sr),the enwrapped structure was formed with the outer layer of Al-Ti-Sr phase and the internal layer of TiAl3 phase.     

Surface alloying of Al films/Ti substrate based on high-current pulsed electron beams irradiation

Ti–Al surface alloy was fabricated using a cyclic pulsed liquid-phase mixing of predeposited 100 nm Al film with a-Ti substrate by low-energy high-current electron beam. Electron probe micro-analysis(EPMA),grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis(GIXRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and nanoindentation were used to investigate the characterization of Ti–Al surface alloy. The experimental results show that the thickness of alloy layer is *3 lm, and the content of Al in the *1 lm thickness surface layer is *60 at%. The tetragonal TiAl and TiAl2intermetallics were synthesized at the top surface, which have nanocrystalline structure.The main phase formed in the *2.5 lm thick surface is TiAl, and there are few TiAl2and Ti3Al phase for the alloy.Dislocation is enhanced in the alloyed layer. The nanohardness of Ti–Al surface alloy increased significantly compared with a-Ti substrate due to the nanostructure and enhanced dislocation. Since the e-beam remelted repeatedly, the Ti–Al surface alloy mixed sufficiently with Ti substrate. Moreover, there is no obvious boundary between the alloyed layer and substrate.     

Electron microscopy study of reaction layers between single-crystal WC particle and Ti–6Al–4V after laser melt injection

Laser melt injection of single-crystal WC particles (WC_p) into Ti–6Al–4V was demonstrated to produce functionally graded materials (FGMs). A detailed electron microscopy examination was performed to study the microstructure of the FGMs. A thermal simulation experiment was designed to clarify the existing controversy about the formation of the W₂C reaction layer. Twinning deformation occurred in the W₂C layer can explain the absence of orientation relationships between the W₂C layer and the parent phase WC during solid-phase transformation. A new W layer with a thickness of 200–300 nm at the WC_p/Ti reaction zones is found. As a diffusion barrier, this W layer can suppress further dissolution of WC_p and inhibit interfacial reactions. Although particle cracking is still the main failure mechanism, the tensile strength of the composites is increased by at least 17% when granular WC_p is used instead of single-crystal WC_p.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten inert gas welded–brazed Al/Ti joints

The tungsten inert gas welding–brazing process using Al-based filler metal has been developed for joining 5052 Al alloy to Ti–6Al–4V alloy in a butt configuration. The results indicated that heat input influenced the morphology and thickness of the interfacial reaction layer of Al/Ti joints, which played an important role in the mechanical properties of weldment. With the optimised tungsten electrode offset D of 1.0?mm from Al/Ti initial interface to Al side and welding current of 70?A, the thin cellular-shaped and club-shaped TiAl₃ reaction layers formed in the brazing zone, which contributed to suppressing crack initiation and propagation during tensile test. Eventually, the maximum tensile strength of 183?MPa was obtained and the optimised Al/Ti joint fractured at Al alloy base plate. Moreover, the power density characterisation and joining mechanism of Al/Ti joints were discussed.