晶粒组元沿晶界旋转的铜双晶在循环变形中的滑移形貌与位错组态

对晶粒组元因晶体生长时沿晶界发生旋转的铜双晶体进行了恒定塑性应变幅下的循环形变研究,塑性应变幅为1.5X10-3通过扫描电子显微镜-电子通道衬度技术（SEM-ECC）对滑移形貌和位错组态的演化进行了观察,发现由于晶粒内部的几何效应使沿晶界的位错组态随着晶粒的旋转方向的变化也相应发生变化,逐渐表现为由滑移带与晶界的相互作用过渡到形变带与晶界的相互作用.形变带Ⅱ（DB Ⅱ）对于主滑移有着明显的阻碍作用.晶界无位错区（DFZ）伴随着形变带Ⅱ在晶界的出现而产生.胞状结构的形成是由于次滑移系的开动使形变带Ⅱ中的位错墙结构先破坏而后形成.     

氢促进纯镍位错发射的分子动力学模拟及实验证明

采用 ＥＡＭ多体势的分子动力学模拟表明，Ｎｉ中固溶的氢能使裂尖发射位错的临界应力强度因子ＫＩｅ（θ＝４５°）从 １．００ ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２降为 ０．９０ＭＰａｍ·１／２；使 ＫＩｅ（θ＝７０°）从 ０．８２ ＭＰａ＞·ｍ１／２降为 ０．７０ ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２，即氢能促进位错的发射 另外 氢能使（１１１）滑移面上的 Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ裂纹解理扩展的临界应力强度因子ＫＩＧ（θ＝０°）从 １．０３ ＭＰ·ａｍ１／２降为０．９３ ＭＰａ·ｍ１／２、即氢使(１１）面的表面能下降 γ１１１（Ｈ）＝０．８２θθγ１１１；从而促进位错的发射 透射电＃（ＴＥＭ）原位观察表明，在氢致裂纹形核之前氢就能促进位错的发射和运动。     

单晶Ni_3Al裂纹扩展的TEM原位观察

利用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）原位拉伸在室温下对（１１０）［１１０］取向 Ｎｉ３ＡＩ合金单晶中裂纹的萌生与扩展进行了研究结果表明：裂纹沿之字形路径扩展且裂纹的总体扩展路径与拉伸轴平行迹线分析表明,首先激活的是（１１１）和（１１１）两个主滑移面上的滑移系;其后在 Ｓｃｈｍｉｄ因子为零的两个滑移面上的滑移系激活．为了解释所观察到的现象而建立了一个位错塞积模型位错应力场的计算表明,塞积位错列所产生的应力场导致了第二滑移系的启动,并使得裂纹扩展路径平行于拉伸轴的方向     

Zr-4合金双轴疲劳行为及其微观变形机理Ⅱ.双轴循环变形亚结构及其织构的发展

用透射电镜分别观察了Zr-4合金比例和非比例双轴疲劳变形亚结构.结果表明:等效应变幅为0.8%,不同主应变比下,Zr-4合金比例双轴疲劳后典型的位错组态是{1010}柱面滑移产生的平行位错线.随着等效应变幅提高,从平面状向波纹状滑移转化,有形成位错胞的趋势.非比例加载过程中,随着相位角从30°增大到90°,位错组态从平行位错墙变化成位错胞.相位角为90°时,随着等效应变幅提高,位错保持位错胞结构,但位错密度增高.非比例变形前后织构分析表明:随着相位角提高,{1010}极点密度减弱,{1011}锥面极点密度增强,表明合金塑性变形从以{1010}柱面滑移为主向柱面滑移加锥面滑移多系滑移转化.Zr-4合金非比例附加强化一方面是由于部分柱面滑移被锥面滑移取代后,滑移系本身临界分切应力提高;另一方面由于多滑移导致〈a/a〉和〈c+a〉/〈a〉位错与位错之间交互作用力提高.     

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF 321 STAINLESS STEEL SINGLE CRYSTAL UNDER MODE Ⅱ LOADING

研究了不锈钢Ⅱ型单晶试样在４２％沸腾ＭｇＣｌ＿２溶液中的应力腐蚀。结果表明，对任何晶面取向的试样，其应力腐蚀裂纹均在最大正应力处形核，而在最大剪应力位置并不发生应力腐蚀．在最大正应力位置的周围虽有滑移线，但在裂纹形核的区域并无滑移线，而在有滑移线的地方却没有宏观裂纹。观察表明，有些滑移线上存在很多蚀坑，在蚀坑较轻微的滑移线上，有许多微裂纹，这些裂纹与滑移线成一定角度（约２０°）．在应力腐蚀裂纹的形核与扩展中起作用的是位错局部塞积所形成的应力集中．位错塞积应力与电化学过程的联合作用下导致了应力腐蚀开裂，金属表面的滑移台阶虽然也会发生腐蚀，但并不起主要作用。     

不锈钢Ⅱ型单晶试样的应力腐蚀

研究了不锈钢Ⅱ型单晶试样在４２％沸腾ＭｇＣｌ＿２溶液中的应力腐蚀。结果表明，对任何晶面取向的试样，其应力腐蚀裂纹均在最大正应力处形核，而在最大剪应力位置并不发生应力腐蚀．在最大正应力位置的周围虽有滑移线，但在裂纹形核的区域并无滑移线，而在有滑移线的地方却没有宏观裂纹。观察表明，有些滑移线上存在很多蚀坑，在蚀坑较轻微的滑移线上，有许多微裂纹，这些裂纹与滑移线成一定角度（约２０°）．在应力腐蚀裂纹的形核与扩展中起作用的是位错局部塞积所形成的应力集中．位错塞积应力与电化学过程的联合作用下导致了应力腐蚀开裂，金属表面的滑移台阶虽然也会发生腐蚀，但并不起主要作用。     

Ti_3Al基合金超塑形变的微观观察

Ｔｉ－２５Ａｌ－１０Ｎｂ－３Ｖ－１Ｍｏ（ａｔ．－％）合金在９００－９８０℃温度范围和１×１０~（－３）Ｓ~（－１）拉伸速率下显示了良好的超塑性能，δ＝３８２％．其超塑形变受控于晶界滑动（主要为α_２／α_２晶界滑动），并协调以扩散、位错、位错环和层错机制．扩散协调机制表现为螺旋位错和割阶的攀移，位错协调制主要为的位错的滑移．位错环主要为的切变型位错环，并伴有少量的扩散切变型位错环．     

Zr—4合金双轴疲劳行为及其微观变形机理Ⅱ.双轴循环变形亚结构及其？…

用透射电镜分别观察了Zr-4合金比例和非比例双轴疲劳变形亚结构.结果表明等效应变幅为0.8%,不同主应变比下,Zr-4合金比例双轴疲劳后典型的位错组态是{1010}柱面滑移产生的平行位错线.随着等效应变幅提高,从平面状向波纹状滑移转化,有形成位错胞的趋势.非比例加载过程中,随着相位角从30°增大到90°,位错组态从平行位错墙变化成位错胞.相位角为90°时,随着等效应变幅提高,位错保持位错胞结构,但位错密度增高.非比例变形前后织构分析表明随着相位角提高,{1010}极点密度减弱,{1011}锥面极点密度增强,表明合金塑性变形从以{1010}柱面滑移为主向柱面滑移加锥面滑移多系滑移转化.Zr-4合金非比例附加强化一方面是由于部分柱面滑移被锥面滑移取代后,滑移系本身临界分切应力提高;另一方面由于多滑移导致〈a/a〉和〈c+a〉/〈a〉位错与位错之间交互作用力提高.     

Ti_3Al金属间化合物氢致解理断裂及其机理

Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ合金在室温下恒载荷动态充氢以及交变载荷动态充氢时，氢通过促进裂纹在滑移面上的解理，促进了裂纹扩展。不连续的氢致解理裂纹优先在α_２相形核，α_２／β相界面是裂纹扩展的有效障碍。氢通过促进裂尖位错的发射、解理微裂纹在无位错区（ＤＦＺ）的形核以及解理裂纹的扩展，导致氢致解理断裂     

球磨纯铁中纳米铁素体的形成机制

通过形貌观察和硬度测试研究了球磨纯铁中纳米铁素体的形成机制，结果表明，在球磨过程初期，纳米铁素体首先在球磨颗粒的表层区域形成并呈现层片状结构，扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM）和高分辨电镜（HREM）观察表明，层片状纳米铁素体区与颗粒内部加工硬化区具有不同的微观结构，而且它们之间的界面十分明显，显微硬度测试试表明，前者的硬度数值明显高于后者，进一步的球磨过程导致颗粒细化并完成转变为纳米铁素体，分析表明，纳米铁素体的形成是由于球磨过程中加工硬化效应产生的位错胞墙结构向晶界结构转变而导致的，这也是造成加工硬化区与纳米铁素体之间存在的硬度差异的原因。     

8090Al—Li合金的疲劳裂纹扩展

研究了8090型Al—Li合?疲劳裂纹扩展行为以及组织结构和环境的影响,结果表明,在空气中,自然时效和欠时效?现出最好的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力,其次是峰时效状态,而过时效状态的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力最低,在3.5%NaCl水溶液中,时效状态对疲劳裂纹扩展行为有着同空气中相同的影响规律,但在同样的时效条件下,在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力要比空气中的低,在相同的应力强度因子范围△K作用下,缺口短裂纹和物理短裂纹均表现出比长裂纹高的扩展速率,用位错的平面滑移性和循环滑移可逆性解释了时效的影响,用裂纹的闭合效应和裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸说明了长短裂纹扩展行为的差别。     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN Al-Li ALLOY 8090

Fatigue crack growth rates of Al-Li alloy 8090 in air were found to be strongly dependent up-on the aging conditions.The naturally aged and underaged specimens showed the highest re-sistance to the fatigue crack propagation.The fatigue crack growth resistance of the overagedspecimen is the lowest and that of the peakaged specimen in between.As compared to air,3.5% NaCl solution does not change the effect of aging conditions on the fatigue crackgrowth,but causes a decrease of the resistance to the fatigue crack growth under the same ag-ing condition.Both short cracks from notch and physically short cracks showed much higherrates of fatigue crack propagation in comparison with long cracks under the same aging condi-tion and stress intensity level.The growth behavior of the short crack depends on its type.Thegrowth rate of short crack from notch decreases first to a minimum and then increases with in-creasing △K.However,the physically short crack grows at a progressively increasing rate.The effects of aging conditions are explained in terms of the slip planarity of dislocations andthe cyclic slip reversibility.The observed short crack behavior is considered to be dependent onthe crack closure and the local plasticity near the crack tip.     

30CrMnSiNi2A高强钢的疲劳小裂纹扩展特性及寿命预测

研究了３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ高强钢在恒幅载荷下的小裂纹起始特征和裂纹扩展特性。试验结果表明，小裂纹起始于缺口表面初始缺陷（如夹杂或孔洞）处。在应力比Ｒ＝０的恒幅载荷下，未显示小裂纹效应：在Ｒ＝－１的恒幅载荷下，则显示出小裂纹效应的存在。利用裂纹闭合模型和微观结构缺陷作为初始裂纹尺寸的方法预测了小裂纹扩展速率和疲劳全寿命，预测值与实验值符合良好。     

基于Tanaka-Mura位错模型的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测

为了准确预测材料的疲劳寿命,提高结构疲劳寿命预测精度,对ABAQUS有限元数值模拟预测试样疲劳寿命的方法进行了研究. 基于Tanaka-Mura位错理论,利用python语言对ABAQUS进行二次开发,模拟预测了S960QL马氏体钢和Ti₂AlNb钛合金接头各区域疲劳裂纹萌生寿命. 利用泰森多边形法生成了晶体特征单元建立了微观子模型,考虑了体心立方结构相互垂直的两条滑移带作为潜在的裂纹萌生位置,并对具有相同取向的多条平行滑移带都进行了模拟计算. 通过计算得到的裂纹扩展速率变化,给出了裂纹萌生阶段过渡到裂纹扩展阶段的临界点处的裂纹萌生寿命. 模拟结果表明,除焊缝柱状晶组织外裂纹萌生寿命与试验数据吻合良好.     

8090Al—Li合金疲劳短裂纹门槛值的研究

本文研究了8090Al-Li合金穿透疲劳短裂纹的门槛值,测定了不同长度短裂纹的门槛值和裂纹闭合效应,探讨了该合金疲劳短裂纹门槛值、裂纹尾迹和裂尖屏蔽之间的关系,给出了该合金穿透疲劳短裂纹的上界值和理论最低门槛值。     

THRESHOLD OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACK FOR Al-Li ALLOY 8090

Threshold of fatigue for short through cracks for Al-Li alloy 8090 was evaluated to be lowerthan that of long cracks,and to decrease with the shortening of the crack length.The correla-tion among the threshold,crack wake,and crack tip shielding of the short fatigue cracks wasdiscussed.The super demarcation length and lowest theoretical threshold of short through fa-tigue cracks were presented.     

淬火条件对砂铸A356合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

在相同固溶和时效条件下，选择3种不同温度的水对砂铸A356合金进行了淬火处理，并对这3种不同淬火态下的合金进行了拉伸及疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究。结果表明，随淬火介质温度的降低，淬火冷却速率提高，合金的强度增加，塑性下降；当应力比R较低时，淬火条件对合金门槛区的裂纹扩展有明显影响，降低淬火介质温度可以提高合金的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力。此外，不同淬火态合金的疲劳扩展均明显地表现出与应力比R的相关性，这种相关性可以用裂纹闭合来说明。     

Nanoscale and submicron fatigue crack growth in nickel microbeams

This paper presents a novel edge-notched microbeam technique for the study of short fatigue crack growth. The technique is used to study submicron and nanoscale fatigue in LIGA Ni thin films with columnar microstructures. The edge-notched microbeams were fabricated within LIGA Ni thin films, using focused ion beam (FIB) techniques. The microbeams were then cyclically deformed to failure at a stress ratio of 0.1. Different slip-band structures were observed below the nanoscale notches. Cyclic deformation resulted in the formation of primary slip bands below the notch. Subsequent crack growth then occurred by the unzipping of fatigue cracks along intersecting slip bands. The effects of the primary slip bands were idealized using dislocation-based models. These were used to estimate the intrinsic fatigue threshold and the fatigue endurance limit. The estimates from the model are shown to be consistent with experimental data from prior stress-life experiments and current/prior fatigue threshold estimates.     

Discrete dislocation plasticity modeling of short cracks in single crystals

The mode-I crack growth behavior of geometrically similar edge-cracked single crystal specimens of varying size subject to both monotonic and cyclic axial loading is analyzed using discrete dislocation dynamics. Plastic deformation is modeled through the motion of edge dislocations in an elastic solid with the lattice resistance to dislocation motion, dislocation nucleation, dislocation interaction with obstacles and dislocation annihilation incorporated through a set of constitutive rules. The fracture properties are specified through an irreversible cohesive relation. Under monotonic loading conditions, with the applied stress below the yield strength of the uncracked specimen, the initiation of crack growth is found to be governed by the mode-I stress intensity factor, calculated from the applied stress, with the value of K_init decreasing slightly with crack size due to the reduction in shielding associated with dislocations near a free surface. Under cyclic loading, the fatigue threshold is ΔK-governed for sufficiently long cracks. Below a critical crack size the value of ΔK_I at the fatigue threshold is found to decrease substantially with crack size and progressive cyclic crack growth occurs even when K_max is less than that required for the initiation of crack crack growth in an elastic solid. The reduction in the fatigue threshold with crack size is associated with a progressive increase in internal stress under cyclic loading. However, for sufficiently small cracks, the dislocation structure generated is sparse and the internal stresses and plastic dissipation associated with this structure alone are not sufficient to drive fatigue crack growth.     

海洋用结构钢在NaCl溶液中疲劳短裂纹的扩展

本文用海洋平台结构钢A537CL1的单边裂纹样品,在空气和3.5％ NaCl水溶液中进行了腐蚀疲劳短裂纹扩展实验,比较不同裂纹长度及环境介质对疲劳短裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明,在门槛值附近,对于相同的应力强度因子范围,短裂纹扩展速率比长裂纹扩展快。短裂纹扩展的门槛值随裂纹长度的减小而减小。与空气介质相比较,盐水对疲劳短裂纹扩展加速的程度远大于长裂纹。