外加电位对X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉仲试验(SSRT)研究了不同外加电位下X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为,并用扫描电镜分析了不同电位下的断面形貌.结果表明,X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中具有SCC敏感性;在Ecorr附近施加弱极化时,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增加;施加强阳极电位时,发生强烈阳极溶解,导致阳极溶解断裂;施加强阴极电位时,析氢过程加强,导致氢致应力腐蚀断裂.     

Stress corrosion cracking study of microalloyed pipeline steels in dilute NaHCO3 solutions

Studies were carried out to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of a X-70 microalloyed pipeline steel, with different microstructures by using the slow strain rate testing (SSRT) technique at 50 °C, in NaHCO₃ solutions. Both anodic and cathodic potentials were applied. Additionally, experiments using the SSRT technique but with pre-charged hydrogen samples and potentiodynamic polarization curves at different sweep rates were also carried out to elucidate hydrogen effects. The results showed that the different microstructures in conjunction with the anodic applied potentials shift the cracking susceptibility of the steel. In diluted NaHCO₃ solutions cathodic potentials close to their rest potential values decreased the SCC susceptibility regardless the microstructure, whereas higher cathodic potentials promote SCC in all steel conditions. Certain microstructures are more susceptible to present anodic dissolution corrosion mechanism. Meanwhile concentrated solution did not promotes brittle fracture.     

Effect of AC on stress corrosion cracking behavior and mechanism of X80 pipeline steel in carbonate/bicarbonate solution

The influence of various AC current densities on stress corrosion cracking behavior and mechanism of X80 pipeline steel was investigated in carbonate/bicarbonate solution by polarization curves and slow strain rate tensile tests. With the increasing AC current density, the SCC susceptibility of the steel increases, especially at high AC current density. A significant difference in the SCC behavior and mechanism is found for the steels with or without AC application. In the absence of AC, the fracture mode is intergranular and the mechanism is attributed to anodic dissolution. Under AC application, the cracks propagation is transgranular, and the mechanism is mixed controlled by both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement.     

X70管线钢在近中性及高pH值溶液中的电化学行为和SCC敏感性

采用动电位极化曲线测试法研究了温度、通气条件和pH值对X70管线钢在NS4溶液和0.5 mol/LNa2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3溶液中的电化学极化行为的影响,并用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了X70管线钢在这些溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,X70管线钢在NS4溶液中不出现活化—钝化转变区,随外加电位负移,SCC敏感性增加,表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征;在0.5 mol/L Na2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3高pH值溶液中出现活化—钝化转变区,在阴极极化区,也表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征,但在阳极极化区,发生的是阳极溶解型应力腐蚀破裂(ADSCC)。     

Relationship between electrochemical characteristics and SCC of X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil simulated solution

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel in simulated solution of the acidic soil in Yingtan in China was investigated using slow strain rate test (SSRT), SEM and potentiodynamic polarization technique. Experiment results indicate that X70 steel is highly susceptible to SCC as applied potential reduces, which is manifested in loss of toughness and brittle fracture. Constant polarization current can detect the occurrence of SCC. The lower the polarization current is the sooner stress corrosion cracking occurs. The SCC mechanisms are different at varying potentials. When potential is higher than open circuit potential, anodic process controls SCC, whereas when potential is far lower than open circuit potential, cathodic process controls SCC, and between these two potential regions, a combined electrochemical process controls the SCC. Stress or strain has a synergistic effect with electrochemical reactions to accelerate the cathodic hydrogen evolution process, which makes the X70 pipeline steel to be more susceptible to SCC.     

阴极极化下X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为研究

采用电化学阻抗和慢应变速率方法,结合扫描电子显微镜,研究了不同阴极极化电位下X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为。结果表明：鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中,X80钢/溶液界面处电荷转移电阻随阴极极化程度增加先升后降。在自腐蚀电位条件下开裂机理为阳极溶解,当外加电位为-1000 mV (vs SCE),应力腐蚀敏感性最低,此电位为最佳保护电位;继续增大阴极极化程度,应力腐蚀敏感性增加,此时开裂机制为氢和应力协同作用下的氢致开裂。     

酸性土壤环境中剥离涂层下X80钢应力腐蚀行为及机理

目的研究酸性土壤环境中剥离涂层下X80管线钢应力腐蚀行为及机理。方法采用电化学极化曲线测试、慢应变速率拉伸试验和腐蚀形貌扫描电子显微镜观察,对服役于鹰潭土壤环境的X80管线钢在剥离涂层下滞留液中的应力腐蚀行为及机理进行了分析研究。结果 X80管线钢在剥离涂层下的滞留液中具有一定的SCC敏感性,应力腐蚀开裂类型属于TGSCC,敏感性较大位置为近漏点处、剥离区中下部及剥离区底部,且近漏点处滞留液体系中X80钢的SCC机理受阳极溶解(AD)机制控制,剥离区底部滞留液中SCC机理受阳极溶解+氢脆(AD+HE)的混合机制控制。结论服役于酸性土壤中的X80管线钢在外防腐涂层破损后,除开放破损处将发生腐蚀外,剥离涂层下的管线钢还会存在一定的应力腐蚀敏感性。     

Mechanistic aspect of near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines under cathodic polarization

This paper investigates mechanistically stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of an X70 pipeline steel that is under cathodic protection (CP) in a near-neutral pH solution. It was found that there is a critical potential range, i.e., ?730 and ?920 mV_SCE, where the steel is in a non-equilibrium electrochemical state, and anodic dissolution (AD) reaction may occur when the steel is polarized cathodically. When the applied potential is more positive than this range, SCC is AD-based; while the applied potential is more negative, SCC of pipelines is under hydrogen embrittlement (HE) mechanism. When the polarization potential is within the range, SCC of the steel is under the combined effect of AD and HE. Therefore, AD may still occur on pipeline steel that is under CP with the potential within this critical range, contributing to the cracking process.     

X100管线钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用慢拉伸(SSRT)、动电位极化和SEM观察等方法,研究了在不同的阴极保护电位条件下X100钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,X100钢发生穿晶裂纹的应力腐蚀,裂纹的萌生和发展与阴极保护电位有关.完全阳极过程控制时,X100钢无裂纹出现,但出现晶间腐蚀;在混合过程控制时,应力腐蚀敏感性较低,裂纹发展缓慢;在完全阴极过程控制时,氢脆机制起主要作用,裂纹扩展迅速.     

Effect of inclusions on initiation of stress corrosion cracks in X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil environment

The effect of inclusions on the initiation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) X70 pipeline steel was investigated in an acidic soil solution using slow strain rate test, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. The results demonstrated that stress corrosion cracks are not initiated in X70 steel when it is under anodic polarization. At cathodic polarization, hydrogen evolution is enhanced, and hydrogen is actively involved in SCC processes. Two types of inclusions exist in the steel and play different role in crack initiation. The inclusions enriching in Al are brittle and incoherent to the metal matrix. Microcracks and interstices are quite easily to be resulted in at the boundary between inclusions and metal. There is no crack initiating at inclusions containing mainly Si.     

Local additional potential model for effect of strain rate on SCC of pipeline steel in an acidic soil solution

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil solution was investigated by slow strain rate test, surface characterization, potentiodynamic polarization curve measurement and electrochemical hydrogen permeation technique. A local additional potential model (LAPM) was developed to illustrate the critical role of strain rate in SCC of the steel. According to LAPM, both density and mobility of local active spots on the steel surface, i.e., dislocation emergence point, increase linearly with strain rate. Generation of such active spots introduces an additional negative potential locally, affecting the electrochemical reaction and, consequently, the susceptibility of the steel to SCC. It is found that a maximum of the SCC susceptibility occurs at strain rate of 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹, which is associated with an enhanced hydrogen evolution due to the local additional potential (LAP) effect. When strain rate is sufficiently high to exceed 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹, the mobility of the dislocation emergence points is so fast that the reactive species in solution cannot combine with them for cathodic reaction, resulting in a decrease of the SCC susceptibility. Similarly, a maximum of hydrogen permeation current observed at the strain rate of 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ is also attributed to the effect of strain rate on the density and mobility of dislocations in the steel. Diffusion of hydrogen atoms in a strained steel is through both body diffusion and dislocation diffusion, with the latter enhanced by an increasing strain rate. When strain rate is so high that the dislocation mobility is sufficiently fast, hydrogen atoms become incapable of catching up with the dislocations. As a result, the hydrogen diffusion is dominated by the body diffusion mode.     

外加电位对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学动电位极化技术、慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)实验和SEM对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明:X80管线钢在酸性土壤环境中具有较高的SCC敏感性,其断口模式为穿晶SCC;SCC机制随外加电位的不同而改变,在外加电位高于-930 mV时,其SCC机制由阳极溶解和氢致腐蚀两种电极过程控制,呈现阳极溶解和氢脆复合机制;当电位低于该电位时,其SCC为氢脆机制.随着外加阴极电位的降低,X80管线钢的SCC敏感性不断增大;与X70钢相比,氢脆作用在X80管线钢SCC过程中发挥了更重要的作用.     

A New Understanding of Stress Corrosion Cracking Mechanism of X80 Pipeline Steel at Passive Potential in High-pH Solutions

Susceptibilities to stress corrosion cracking(SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in relatively concentrated carbonate/bicarbonate solutions with different chloride ion concentrations or p H value at a passive potential of-200 m V vs SCE were investigated by slow strain rate tensile test.In order to explore the SCC mechanism and the evaluation criterion for the SCC susceptibility of the steel in passive state,electrochemical measurements were taken.Potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained at different potential sweep rates,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were taken after fast polarization to the passive potential.The effects of chloride ion and p H on SCC behaviors of X80 steel at the passive potential were also discussed.The results showed that the SCC mechanism of X80 pipeline steel was greatly influenced by the passive film formed in these solutions.The SCC behaviors followed the film suppressed anodic dissolution mechanism in these circumstances,because the filming process accounted for a considerable proportion of the overall electrode process.The criteria for evaluating the SCC susceptibility of the steel at passive potential were proposed and validated.Decreasing in the concentration of chloride ion or increasing in p H value resulted in the reduction in SCC susceptibility.The existence of chloride ion greatly lowered the passivation tendency and the film stability,while its concentration determined the dissolution rate of the steel matrix.Higher p H value was responsible for the stable and tenacious passive films and the high repassivation capability.It was also inclined to lower the anodic dissolution rate at crack tips by retarding the cathodic oxygen reduction.     

不同组织X70钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)及断口观测研究了不同显微组织X70钢的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性.结果表明:X70钢及其不同热处理后的劣化组织在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中均具有明显的SCC敏感性;三种组织X70钢的SCC敏感性整体上表现为随外加电位的降低而增大,组织硬化和晶粒过大都能增加材料的SCC敏感性.     

Micro-electrochemical characterization of corrosion of welded X70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solution

The local corrosion behavior of welded X70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solution was studied by micro-electrochemical measurements, including scanning vibrating electrode and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The microstructure of the welded steel was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that the microstructure of weld metal consists of acicular ferrite and grain boundary ferrite, while that of heat-affected zone is a mixture of acicular ferrite, bainitic ferrite and a few martensite/austenite microconstituents. The microstructure of base steel is typically ferrite and pearlite. Electrochemical corrosion mechanism of welded X70 steel does not experience change upon hydrogen-charging, or stressing, or both. Hydrogen-charging is capable of enhancing the local anodic dissolution of the steel. The resistance of corrosion product layer decreases with hydrogen-charging, and heat-affected zone has the largest dissolution current upon hydrogen-charging. The increase of applied stress enhanced the anodic dissolution of welded X70 steel, especially the heat-affected zone, in near-neutral pH solution. Maximum current is observed in heat-affected zone, and increases with the increase of applied stresses. The total synergistic effect of hydrogen-charging (10 mA/cm²) and applied stress (550 MPa) on anodic dissolution of welded X70 steel in near-neutral pH solution is determined to be within the range of 5.7 and 6.5, with a maximum value encountering in heat-affected zone.     

En24钢在海水中的应力腐蚀

用恒位移弯曲试验,慢应变速率试验、动电位扫描和浸蚀试验研究了En24钢在海水中的应力腐蚀特性。结果表明,En24钢的环境敏感断裂倾向随强度降低而降低;强度低于临界值,则不出现应力腐蚀裂缝。外加电位对En24钢的环境敏感特性有重要影响,裂缝扩展平台速度于-900mV处出现极小值。依据裂缝扩展动力学、断口形貌、物理冶金参数和电化学等方面的判据,认为En24钢在海水中的应力腐蚀与电位密切相关。低于-900mV,属氢致开裂;高于-900mV,则由阳极溶解过程所制约;在一定电位范围内,不排除两种机理共同作用的可能性。     

Effect of Strength and Microstructure on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior and Mechanism of X80 Pipeline Steel in High pH Carbonate/Bicarbonate Solution

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors and mechanisms of X80 pipeline steels with different strength and microstructure in high pH carbonate/bicarbonate solution were investigated by slow strain rate testing and electrochemical test. The results showed that the cracking mode of low strength X80 steel composed of bulky polygonal ferrite and granular bainite in high pH solution was intergranular (IGSCC), and the SCC mechanism was anodic dissolution (AD). While the mixed cracking mode of high strength X80 steel consisted of fine acicular ferrite and granular bainite was intergranular (IGSCC) in the early stage, and transgranular (TGSCC) in the later stage. The decrease of pH value of crack tip was probably the key reason for the occurrence of TGSCC. The SCC mechanism may be a mixed mode of AD and hydrogen embrittlement (HE), and the HE mechanism may play a significant role in the deep crack propagation at the later stage. The cracking modes and SCC mechanisms of the two X80 steels were associated with its microstructure and strength.     

外加电位对X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂的影响

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了不同电位下X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为．同时研究丁溶液中通入不同含量CO2对SCC的影响．结果表明．X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的开裂方式是穿晶型的．具有准解理特征．并且随着外加阴极电位的降低，SCC敏感性增加；随CO2含量的增加，pH值降低，SCC敏感性增加．均表现为氢致开裂占主导．     

X70管线钢焊缝应力腐蚀破裂的研究

采用慢应变速率试验、扫描电镜试验研究了X70管线钢焊缝拉伸试样在通5％CO2 95％N2的NS4溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明断口和柱面SCC裂纹均发生在热影响区(HAZ)。施加阴极电位时，在试样断口观察到明显的准解理断裂特征，断口和柱面有穿晶SCC裂纹。在自腐蚀电位和阳极电位条件下，SCC敏感性很低。在所研究的电位区间，总体趋势是随电位正向增加，断面收缩率、断裂时间和延伸率增加，而断口部位SCC裂纹平均扩展速率减少、即SCC敏感性降低。并利用显微组织变化和电化学理论分析了焊缝试样HAZ的SCC机理。     

Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel in a CO2-Containing Solution

The electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in CO₂-containing solution were studied by electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate tensile tests, and surface characterization. The results found that the electrochemical corrosion of X70 steel in aerated, alkaline solution is an activation-controlled process, and a stable passivity cannot develop on steel. Corrosion rate of the steel increases with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced anodic dissolution due to the additional cathodic reaction in the presence of CO₂, rather than the film-formation reaction, dominates the corrosion process. The mass-transfer step through FeCO₃ deposit is the rate-controlling step in corrosion of the steel. The susceptibility of steel to SCC and the fracture brittleness increase with the CO₂ partial pressure. The enhanced fracture brittleness is attributed to the evolution and penetration of hydrogen atoms into the steel, contributing to crack propagation. The formed deposit layer is not effective in reducing hydrogen permeation due to the loose, porous structure.